阿魏菇与胶红酵母共培养产漆酶对活性艳蓝W-RV的脱色

利用阿魏菇与胶红酵母共培养所产漆酶对染料活性艳蓝W-RV进行脱色,同时考察不同p H、温度、染料浓度和漆酶酶活等条件对脱色的影响。结果显示,酸性范围内的p H有利于活性艳蓝W-RV的脱色,较高温度并不适于脱色反应。在研究不同染料浓度的影响时发现,不同浓度染料的脱色率在7 h反应后都达到了稳定,而漆酶酶活在达到200 U/L后脱色率不再变化。因此,最终得到的最适反应条件为p H 4.5、30℃、染料质量浓度100 mg/L、漆酶酶活200 U/L,在此条件下,活性艳蓝W-RV的最高脱色率为89.91%。     

一色齿毛菌对刚果红的脱色优化及其毒性变化研究

一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor是分离自野外的一株能够降解木质素的白腐真菌。为明确一色齿毛菌对染料的脱色能力及脱色前后染料毒性的变化,本研究利用一色齿毛菌对固体条件下4种染料进行脱色能力的检测,筛选出较易脱色的染料后,对该染料的脱色条件进行优化,并以3种豆类发芽率为指标测定该染料脱色前后的毒性变化。结果表明,一色齿毛菌对4种染料均可脱色,其中对刚果红的脱色效果最为明显;一色齿毛菌对刚果红脱色条件的优化结果为：20g/L麦芽糖,1g/L硝酸铵,1mmol/L硫酸镁,接种9块直径1cm菌饼,10mg/L染料浓度,pH 7时脱色效果最好;刚果红染料脱色前后毒性测试结果显示：染料脱色前发酵液毒性>染料脱色后发酵液毒性>清水处理毒性,表明刚果红染料存在一定的毒性,但在被一色齿毛菌脱色后,染料毒性有所降低。本研究为一色齿毛菌在染料废水脱色方面的应用及降低染料废水毒性提供一定的参考依据。     

黄孢原毛平革菌对RBBR脱色降解及其降解机制

为研究白腐真菌对蒽醌染料的生物降解机制,以白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌为脱色降解菌株,分析了蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R（RBBR）的浓度、金属离子及脱色参数对染料脱色的影响;采用紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析和植物种子毒性实验进行降解产物分析,以揭示RBBR可能的降解路径及其产物的毒性。结果表明：在pH 4.2、28℃、5mmol/L的Mn²⁺条件下,脱色降解200mg/L RBBR,24h脱色率可达95%以上。推测RBBR的降解途径为：RBBR中连接苯环和蒽醌的氮键裂解,产生了1-氨基蒽醌和间-(β-羟乙基砜硫酸酯钠)苯胺。1-氨基蒽醌上的氨基被羟基取代,再经过氧化、脱环、重排产生了邻苯二甲酸,接着邻苯二甲酸氧化开环生成丁二酸;同时,间-(β-羟乙基砜硫酸酯钠)苯胺上的氨基被氧化,生成丁二酸及其他小分子酸、二氧化碳和水。植物种子毒性实验表明,黄孢原毛平革菌对RBBR有较好的脱毒作用。综上,黄孢原毛平革菌能高效降解高浓度的RBBR,同时可显著降低染料对植物的毒害作用。     

绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体在无营养条件下对偶氮染料刚果红的脱色作用

【目的】在无营养条件下,利用白腐真菌绒毛栓孔菌(Trametes pubescens)菌丝体对染料进行脱色可减少试验成本,提高染料处理的实用性。【方法】将该菌株液体培养的菌丝体在无营养条件下对染料进行脱色,并对其中脱色效果较好的偶氮染料刚果红的脱色过程进行分析。在此过程中,测定了该菌株分泌的胞外胞内酶活力,优化影响因子如初始pH值、温度、染料浓度和盐度,同时利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析无营养条件下偶氮染料刚果红的降解产物。植物毒性试验测定刚果红经绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体脱色前后的毒性变化。【结果】菌丝体对偶氮染料刚果红有较好的脱色效果,在初始pH值为2.0,温度为30°C,染料浓度为80 mg/L,盐度为2.5%(质量体积比)时,150 r/min转速下培养7 d后脱色率可达80.52%。在此过程中,菌丝体可被连续使用2次,且其所分泌的酶系可降解染料。此外,通过气相色谱-质谱联用分析得到刚果红的降解产物为萘胺、联苯胺和叠氮萘。植物毒性试验显示在无营养条件下的绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体对染料有明显的脱毒作用。【结论】研究发现绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体在无营养条件下的偶氮染料废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

新月弯孢霉菌丝球对染料脱色作用的研究

研究了新月弯孢霉Curvularia lunata JQH-100液体培养时产生的菌丝球对多种染料的脱色能力。结果表明,多种染料在24h内的脱色率均达到80%以上,且菌丝球稳定性良好,可重复使用6次;以菌丝球对孔雀绿脱色效果为优化指标,正交实验优化获得制备菌丝球的最佳条件为:葡萄糖20g/L、硫酸铵5g/L、马铃薯200g/L、KH2PO43g/L、MgSO45mg/L、CuSO40.5mg/L、VB15mg/L及pH5、摇床转速120r/min。在上述优化后的基础培养基(不含MgSO4、CuSO4)中分别添加微量元素Cu2+、Mn2+、Mg2+或Ca2+制备的菌丝球,对孔雀绿脱色能力增强;添加Fe2+制备的菌丝球,对孔雀绿脱色能力下降;分别添加Zn2+、Al3+或Na+制备的菌丝球对孔雀绿脱色能力与对照相近。应用优化后培养条件制备的菌丝球处理含多种染料的混合废水,也获得了较好的脱色效果。     

东方栓孔菌在染料脱色中的应用及其脱色条件的优化

本研究利用东方栓孔菌(Trametes orientalis)菌株Cui 6300发酵所得的粗酶液,对刚果红、结晶紫、铬天青、亚甲基蓝和中性红5种染料进行了催化脱色试验,并对其中脱色效果较好的染料进行了脱色条件优化.结果表明:东方栓孔菌漆酶粗酶液对结晶紫有相对较好的脱色效果.添加2,2'-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸) (ABTS)的粗酶液对结晶紫的降解效果没有明显促进作用,因此后续试验中直接采用粗酶液.脱色条件优化结果为:最佳初始pH值6.0,最佳培养温度55℃,最佳接种量2.0%,最佳转速160 r/min,最佳底物浓度160 mg/L.在此条件下反应96 h,脱色率可达98.45%.本试验说明东方栓孔菌在印染废水治理方面具有较好的应用前景,可以作为一种新型菌株应用于染料脱色.     

一株高效广谱染料降解细菌的分离鉴定及其脱色特性初探

从土壤样品中分离到一株高效染料脱色菌株N-4,根据形态学特征及16S rDNA基因序列分析,该菌株初步鉴定为Leucobacter sp.。利用表面响应法(RSM)对菌株N-4脱色活性深蓝K-R的主要因素进行优化,实验结果表明,菌株N-4脱色K-R的最优条件为:湿菌量10 g/L,染料浓度222 mg/L,硫酸铵1.5 g/L,果糖3.5 g/L,最佳脱色率为100%。此外,实验证明其对多种染料均具有较高的脱色效率。同时,考察了金属离子对染料脱色效率的影响,其中K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Ba2+、Mn2+等对脱色具有促进作用,而Ni2+、Cu2+、Hg2+对脱色具有明显的抑制作用。     

白腐真菌生物法处理染料亚甲基蓝的研究

实验采用白腐菌降解染料亚甲基蓝,研究了在不同振荡条件下,不同浓度的亚甲基蓝、染料废水的不同培养时间、不同转速、碳源的不同浓度等条件对染料亚甲基蓝的脱色效果的影响。实验结果表明,白腐菌在无氮条件下,染料亚甲基蓝浓度为4mg/L,振荡速度为120rpm,碳源浓度为2.0%时,其降解能力达到最大,脱色率为78.5%。     

烟管孔菌G14产锰过氧化物酶条件优化及其对染料的脱色

利用组织分离从未成熟有机蓝莓的表皮中分离出菌株G14,根据其菌落形态、ITS序列对比及系统发育树的分析,鉴定菌株G14为一株烟管孔菌Bjerkandera adusta。菌株G14可以分泌漆酶（laccase,Lac）、木质素过氧化物酶（lignin peroxidase,LiP）和锰过氧化物酶（manganese peroxidase,MnP）3种木质素降解酶,利用单因素和正交试验对活性较高的MnP进行发酵条件优化,同时检测B.adustaG14所产MnP粗酶液对5种染料的脱色能力。结果表明,B.adustaG14在培养6d时MnP活性最大,最优条件为：蔗糖10g/L、pH 7、0.5mmol/L Mn²⁺、0.1mmol/L Zn²⁺,该条件下MnP活性达17.74U/L,比优化前提高了1.42倍,B.adustaG14 MnP粗酶液对5种染料均可以脱色,对刚果红和铬黑T染料的脱色效果最好,6d后脱色率达76%和68%。     

混合培养体系对染料的脱色和降解条件研究

目的:探讨混合培养体系对染料的脱色和降解的条件,为实际应用奠定一定基础.方法:利用4株细菌和4株丝状真菌组建了一真菌细菌混合物培养体系,考察了该混合培养体系对各单一依染料的脱色与降解情况,初步研究了其对混合染料脱色与降解的工艺条件,包括接种比例、处理时间、氧气供应、接种顺序等.结果:真菌与细菌同时接种,且接种比例为2:1,振荡培养到3h就达到很高的脱色率和降解率,12h时脱色率和降解率分别达到98.36%和89.89%;而且该混合培养体系对高浓度染料有较强的耐受性,在染料浓度高达320 mg/L时,脱色率和降解率仍高达97.03%和74.03%.结论:得到了该混合培养体系对染料脱色和降解的最佳工艺条件.     

Decolorization of industrial dyes by a Brazilian strain of Pleurotus pulmonarius producing laccase as the sole phenol-oxidizing enzyme

The ability of a Brazilian strain ofPleurotus pulmonarius to decolorize structurally different synthetic dyes (including azo, triphenylmethane, heterocyclic and polymeric dyes) was investigated in solid and submerged cultures. Both were able to decolorize completely or partially 8 of 10 dyes (Amido Black, Congo Red, Trypan Blue, Methyl Green, Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Methyl Violet, Ethyl Violet, Brilliant Cresyl Blue). No decolorization of Methylene Blue and Poly R 478 was observed. Of the four phenol-oxidizing enzymes tested in culture filtrates (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, aryl alcohol oxidase, laccase),P. pulmonarius produced only laccase. Both laccase activity and dye decolorization were related to glucose and ammonium starvation or to induction by ferulic acid. The decolorizationin vivo was tested using three dyes — Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Trypan Blue and Methyl Green. All of them were completely decolorized by crude extracellular extracts. Decolorization and laccase activity were equally affected by pH and temperature. Laccase can thus be considered to be the major enzyme involved in the ability ofP. pulmonarius to decolorize industrial dyes.     

Evaluation of Argentinean white rot fungi for their ability to produce lignin-modifying enzymes and decolorize industrial dyes

The decolorizing capacity of 26 white rot fungi from Argentina was investigated. Extracellular production of ligninolytic enzymes by mycelium growing on solid malt extract/glucose medium supplemented with different dyes (Malachite Green, Azure B, Poly R-478, Anthraquinone Blue, Congo Red and Xylidine), dye decolorization and the relationship between these two processes were studied. Only ten strains decolorized all the dyes, all ten strains produced laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase on solid medium. However, six of the strains could not decolorize any of the dyes; all six strains tested negative for lignin peroxidase, and produced less than 0.05 U/g agar of manganese peroxidase. Comparing the isolates with the well-known dye-degrader Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a new fungus was identified: Coriolus versicolor f. antarcticus, potentially a candidate for use in biodecoloration processes. Eighteen day-old cultures of this fungus were able to decolorize in an hour 28%, 30%, 43%, 88% and 98% of Xylidine (24 mg/l), Poly R-478 (75 mg/l), Remazol Brilliant Blue R (9 mg/l), Malachite Green (6 mg/l) and Indigo Carmine (23 mg/l), respectively. Laccase activity was 0.13 U/ml, but neither lignin peroxidase nor manganese peroxidase were detected in the extracellular fluids for that day of incubation.     

Decolorization of triphenylmethane and azo dyes by Citrobacter sp.

A Citrobacter sp., isolated from soil at an effluent treatment plant of a textile and dyeing industry, decolorized several recalcitrant dyes except Bromophenol Blue. More than 90% of Crystal Violet and Methyl Red at 100 M were reduced within 1 h. Gentian Violet, Malachite Green and Brilliant Green lost over 80% of their colors in the same condition, but the percentage decolorization of Basic Fuchsin and Congo Red were less than the others, 66 and 26%, respectively. Decolorization of Congo Red was mainly due to adsorption to cells. Color removal was optimal at pH 7–9 and 35–40 °C. Decolorization of dyes was also observed with extracellular culture filtrate, indicating the color removal by enzymatic biodegradation.     

白腐真菌落叶松锈迷孔菌产漆酶液体培养基的优化及其对染料的脱色作用

以白腐真菌落叶松锈迷孔菌(Porodaedalea laricis)胞外漆酶为响应值,通过将Plackett-Burman设计、最陡爬坡设计和Box-Behnken设计相结合,获得了P.laricis产胞外漆酶的最适培养基为:去皮马铃薯365.61 g/L、蛋白胨5.0 g/L、葡萄糖20.0 g/L、KH2PO41.0 g/L、MgSO47H2O 0.5 g/L、MnSO4 H2O 0.15 g/L、CaCl22H2O 0.03 g/L、酒石酸铵6.68 g/L、琥珀酸钠1.5 g/L、吐温800.48 mL/L、玉米芯46.43 g/L、维生素B10.01 g/L。在该条件下,P.laricis漆酶活性为3.29 U/mL,相比于优化前提高了2.81倍,与理论值3.32 U/mL相近,说明该模型准确可靠。此外,将漆酶应用于降解多种合成染料包括活性亮蓝X-BR、雷马素亮蓝R、酸性黑172、刚果红、亚甲基蓝、中性红、靛蓝、萘酚绿B和结晶紫,反应168 h后脱色率分别可达到95.64%、97.21%、36.11%、91.63%、61.42%、74.65%、48.60%、25.13%和68.80%。     

Contributions of functional groups and extracellular polymeric substances on the biosorption of dyes by aerobic granules

The contributions of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), residual sludge (the sludge left after EPS extraction) and functional groups such as amine, carboxyl, phosphate and lipid on aerobic granules on biosorption of four different dyes (Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R (KN-R), Congo Red (CR), Reactive Brilliant Red K-2G (RBR) and Malachite Green (MG)) were investigated. EPS may be responsible for biosorption of cationic dyes. However, residual sludge always made greater contribution than that of EPS. The biosorption mechanisms were dependent on the functional groups on aerobic granules and dyes’ chemical structures. The lipid and phosphate groups might be the main binding sites for KN-R biosorption. Amine, carboxyl, phosphate and lipid were all responsible for the binding of CR. The lipid fractions played an important role for RBR biosorption. For MG, the phosphate groups gave the largest contribution.     

Decolorization of triphenylmethane, azo, and anthraquinone dyes by a newly isolated Aeromonas hydrophila strain

A broad-spectrum dye-decolorizing bacterium, strain DN322, was isolated from activated sludge of a textile printing wastewater treatment plant. The strain was characterized and identified as a member of Aeromonas hydrophila based on Gram staining, morphology characters, biochemical tests, and nearly complete sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene and the gyrase subunit beta gene (gyrB). Strain DN322 decolorized a variety of synthetic dyes, including triphenylmethane, azo, and anthraquinone dyes. For color removal, the most suitable pH and temperature were pH 5.0–10.0 and 25–37°C, respectively. Triphenylmethane dye, e.g., Crystal Violet, Basic Fuchsin, Brilliant Green, and Malachite Green (50 mg l⁻¹) were decolorized more than 90% within 10 h under aerobic culture condition and Crystal Violet could be used as sole carbon source and energy source for cell growth. The color removal of triphenylmethane dyes was due to a soluble cytosolic enzyme, and the enzyme was an NADH/NADPH-dependent oxygenase; For azo and anthraquinone dyes, e.g., Acid Amaranth, Great Red GR, Reactive Red KE-3B, and Reactive Brilliant Blue K-GR (50 mg l⁻¹) could be decolorized more than 85% within 36 h under anoxic condition. This strain may be useful for bioremediation applications.     

The use of biological stains in the analysis of late Palaeozoic pteridosperm cuticles

The use of biological stains in the cuticular analysis of late Palaeozoic pteridosperms based on specimens from the Stephanian Blanzy-Montceau Basin (Central France) is discussed. Bismarck Brown, Malachite Green G, Methylene Blue, Methyl Green, Neutral Red, Safranin T, and a double staining with Neutral Red and Malachite Green G, were tested. Bismarck Brown, Malachite Green G, Methylene Blue, and Neutral Red increase contrast and emphasize differences in cutinization. The double staining in Neutral Red and Malachite Green G enhances the three-dimensional morphology of complex epidermal structures. Safranin T increases contrast, emphasizes cutinization differences, and enhances the three-dimensional morphology of complex epidermal features. The colour photography of cuticles is normally not affected by the presence of stains, but some stains mask black-and-white half-tones.     

Accumulation of Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 18 and Reactive Black 5 by growing Schizophyllum commune

The effect of Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 18 and Reactive Black 5 on the growth and decolorization properties of Schizophyllum commune was studied with respect to the initial pH varying from 1 to 6 and initial dye concentration (10-100 mg/L). The optimum pH value was found to be 2 for both growth and color removal of these azo dyes. Increasing the concentration of azo dyes inhibited the growth of S. commune. It was observed that S. commune was capable of removing Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 18 and Reactive Black 5 with a maximum specific uptake capacity of 44.23, 127.53 and 180.17 (mg/g) respectively for an initial concentration of 100 mg/L of the dye. Higher decolorization was observed at lower concentrations for all the dyes. Finally it was found that the percentage decolorization was more in the case of Reactive Black 5 dye compared to the other two dyes used in the present investigation.     

Comparison of static and shake culture in the decolorization of textile dyes and dye effluents byPhanerochœte chrysosporium

Decolorization of several dyes (Red HE-8B, Malachite Green, Navy Blue HE-2R, Magenta, Crystal Violet) and an industrial effluent with growing cells ofPhanerochœte chrysosporium in shake and static culture was demonstrated. All the dyes and the industrial effluent were decolorized to some extent with varying percentages of decolorization (20–100%). The rate of decolorization was very rapid with Red HE-8B, an industrial dye. Decolorization rates for all the dyes in static condition were found to be less than the shake culture and also dependent on biomass concentration.