用cDNA微阵列技术快速筛选粗毛栓菌的表达基因(英)

利用cDNA微阵列技术快速筛选具有较强降解木质纤维素能力的白腐真菌粗毛栓菌(Trametes gallica)的表达基因.利用木质素生物降解模式菌株黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）的cDNA制备研究所用微阵列.在含有2 596个cDNA片段的芯片上共检测到172个阳性克隆,其中有165个克隆的荧光信号比值（Cy-5/Cy-3）在0.5和2.0之间,占所检测阳性克隆数的95.9％.对应于在限氮条件下生长５天和12天的粗毛栓菌培养物,分别有３个和４个时序特异性差异表达基因.随机挑取122个克隆进行测序和序列比对,发现所测序列中有118个能够很好地定位于黄孢原毛平革菌的基因组上.结果显示,粗毛栓菌与黄孢原毛平革菌在表达序列上存在较大差异,表明这两种真菌之间存在着较远的亲缘关系.通过同源性比对分析,发现２个令人感兴趣的克隆,一个对应于黄孢原毛平革菌过氧化物酶基因lpoB的部分片段,另一个为编码一种热激蛋白的基因.     

黄孢原毛平革菌基因启动子的分离与鉴定

利用启动子探针型载体pSUPV8直接在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中分离黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)基因启动子片段,获得6个潮霉素抗性(Hyg-r)重组子。对重组子CH2、CH6进行序列分析,结果发现它们都存在真核生物基因启动子的保守序列;用原生质体转化法将其转化黄孢原毛平革菌,仅pCH6获得了潮霉素抗性转化子;PCR和斑点杂交分析表明,pCH6已成功导入黄孢原毛平革菌,并启动潮霉素抗性基因的表达。     

木质素过氧化物酶基因5'端上游调控序列的分析

黄孢原毛平革菌（Ｐｈａｎｅｒｏｃｈａｅｔｅｃｈｒｙｓｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ）能产生降解木质素的胞外木质素过氧化物酶（ＬＩＰ） 和锰过氧化物酶（ ＭｎＰ）同工酶。为研究ＬＩＰ基因的转录调控机理, 对ＬＩＰ基因（ ＧＬＧ３ 和ＧＬＧ６） 的５′端上游序列进行亚克隆, 获得６ 个亚克隆ＤＮＡ 片段, 然后应用凝胶迁移率变动分析技术筛选能与菌体蛋白质专一性结合的ＤＮＡ片段。结果表明： ＬＩＰ基因ＧＬＧ６ 的５′端上游有一个约６７０ ｂｐ 的ＤＮＡ 片段能与总蛋白质组分专一性结合, 其核苷酸序列分析表明该片段可能含有蛋白质结合的序列特征。研究结果初步显示, 黄孢原毛平革菌可能存在有与ＬＩＰ基因上游某些顺式调控元件相互作用的蛋白质, 调控着ＬＩＰ基因的转录表达。     

黄孢原毛平革菌木质素过氧化物酶基因在甲醇毕赤酵母中的表达

将编码黄孢原毛平革菌木质素过氧化物酶(lip)的cDNA克隆到酵母整合型质粒pMETA上,电转化Ade缺陷型甲醇毕赤酵母(Pichiamethanolica)PMAD16,通过MD平板及PCR方法筛选和鉴定重组子。重组子发酵液经SDSPAGE分析和木质素过氧化物酶活力测定等方法鉴定,表明带自身信号肽的黄孢原毛平革菌木质素过氧化物酶基因(lip)在甲醇毕赤酵母中得到表达。优化其发酵培养条件,以藜芦醇为底物进行酶活测定,其酶活可达932U/L。相应发酵指数为12.94U/h·L。比出发菌株提高了24.18%。     

黄孢原毛平革菌漆酶基因lac1680的克隆、表达及产酶研究

以先前筛选到的高产漆酶黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)为模板,利用同源克隆技术合成一个全长为1 680 bp的漆酶基因,核苷酸及氨基酸序列比对显示该基因与真菌漆酶基因有较高的同源性,将其命名为lac1680,将该基因连接到构建好的p ET24a载体上,并转入表达菌株BL21 Escherichia coli(DE3)中,经对重组菌预表达的全菌裂解物进行SDS-PAGE检测,获得75 k D目的条带,表明诱导表达成功。随后利用NI-NTA层析柱对洗脱下来的lac1680蛋白进行纯化,纯化回收后,漆酶纯度可达98%以上。通过对比基因工程菌和黄孢原毛平革菌野生菌株不同培养时间产酶活力,结果表明构建好的工程菌活力比原菌酶活力有明显的提高,提高了近39%。     

木质素过氧化物酶基因（LipH8）的克隆及在甲醇毕赤酵母中的表达

以黄孢原毛平革菌 (Phanerochaetechrysosporium)RNA为模板 ,克隆LipH8基因片段 ,研究LipH8基因在甲醇毕赤酵母中的表达。构建了甲醇酵母表达质粒pMETA_LipH8载体 ,并将其线性化后用电穿孔法导入PichiamethabolicaPMAD16 ,部分阳性克隆的PCR结果表明LipH8基因已经整合到甲醇毕赤酵母染色体上 ,经摇瓶培养筛选出表达水平较高的酵母工程菌株。胞外木质素过氧化物酶活力达 932U L。     

根癌农杆菌介导的白腐丝状真菌——黄孢原毛平革菌的转化

利用农杆菌介导的方法成功地对黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）进行了遗传转化。将含有潮霉素磷酸转移酶融合基因的双元质粒pCH61300转入根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）208中,然后用该转化菌分别感染黄孢原毛平革菌的分生孢子和原生质体,获得16株可能的转化子,经复筛,共获得6株潮霉素抗性水平为100μg/mL的稳定转化子,分生孢子和原生质体的转化频率没有明显差别。PCR检测结果显示,抗性基因已导入黄孢原毛平革菌细胞中;Southern杂交表明,TDNA以单拷贝形式整合到黄孢原毛平革菌基因组中。其中的一个转化子菌落形态与原野生型菌株相比有所不同,菌丝稀薄,分生孢子较少。利用分生孢子转化更为简便易行,无需特殊的设备和制备原生质体,此方法为深入开展该菌的遗传转化研究奠定了基础。     

黄孢原毛平革菌对松木、稻草和芦苇去木质化作用的研究

为确定黄孢原毛平革菌对不同植物材料的去木质化作用,以pH、干物质重、半纤维素、纤维素和木质素为主要技术指标,比较黄孢原毛平革菌对松木、稻草和芦苇降解能力的差异。松木、芦苇在发酵过程中pH呈下降趋势,稻草呈上升趋势。在干物质重、半纤维素、纤维素降解率三个指标上皆为松木〈芦苇〈稻草,在木质素降解率上则为松木〈稻草〈芦苇,且差异显著。表明黄孢原毛平革菌对不同植物材料去木质化能力有较大差异,其中芦苇的木质素降解率为13％,是三种材料中最易于被去木质化的。     

黄孢原毛平革菌对黄瓜连作土壤酚酸物质的降解

研究了黄孢原毛平革菌对黄瓜连作土壤中对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸及阿魏酸的降解及连作障碍修复作用.结果表明,在摇瓶条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌在8 d内,对3种酚酸的降解率都达99％以上. 在连续种植7年黄瓜的大棚土壤中,施入黄孢原毛平革菌菌剂后,土壤中3种酚酸的含量都有所降低,降解率为54.46%. 与对照相比,修复土壤真菌数量变化无明显规律. 修复处理后黄瓜株高、茎粗、鲜质量及干质量无明显变化,黄瓜根部病害明显减轻,枯萎病及根结线虫病相对病情指数分别降低10.2%和14.6%.表明施入黄孢原毛平革菌剂对黄瓜连作障碍的解除具有一定的效果.     

黄孢原毛平革茵对黄瓜连作土壤酚酸物质的降解

研究了黄孢原毛平革菌对黄瓜连作土壤中对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸及阿魏酸的降解及连作障碍修复作用.结果表明,在摇瓶条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌在8 d内.对3种酚酸的降解率都达99%以上.在连续种植7年黄瓜的大棚土壤中,施入黄孢原毛平革菌菌剂后,土壤中3种酚酸的含量都有所降低,降解率为54.46%.与对照相比,修复土壤真菌数量变化无明显规律.修复处理后黄瓜株高、茎粗、鲜质量及干质量无明显变化,黄瓜根部病害明显减轻,枯萎病及根结线虫病相对病情指数分别降低10.2%和14.6%.表明施入黄孢原毛平革茵剂对黄瓜连作障碍的解除具有一定的效果.     

Studies on the decolourisation of an artificial textile-effluent by white-rot fungi in N-rich and N-limited media

Coriolopsis gallica and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were selected for their potential ability to degrade five dyes in an artificial effluent. Degradation experiments were carried out in N-rich (C:N ratio 11.6:1) and N-limited (116:1) conditions at an effluent concentration of 100 mg l(-1). P. chrysosporium decolourised 53.6% of the effluent in N-rich conditions and 48% in N-limited conditions. C. gallica decolourised 80.7% in N-rich conditions and 86.9% in N-limited conditions. Nitrogen supplementation improved enzyme activities and dye decolourisation for P. chrysosporium. Additional nitrogen increased enzyme activities for C. gallica but did not improve decolourisation. The results highlight the potential of C. gallica for textile dye degradation.     

粗毛栓菌cDNA文库的构建和漆酶基因的表达分析

粗毛栓菌（Trametes gallica）能够分泌多种胞外氧化酶并且快速降解木质纤维素.为了快速高效分离鉴定粗毛栓菌木质纤维素降解酶相关基因,用Trizol试剂提取不同培养条件下粗毛栓菌总RNA,用Creator^TM SMART^TM cDNA Library Construction Kit和Advantage^®2 PCR Kit成功构建了该菌全长cDNA文库.原始文库滴度为1.5×10⁵cfu,重组率达99%,插入片段在0.7～2.0 kb之间,平均大小约1 kb. 随机取16个重组子进行测序,全长cDNA序列完整性率为85.7%;并筛选到1个漆酶基因,编码区长1 551 bp,预测的蛋白质由517个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为55.41 kD,等电点为4.76.用半定量RT-PCR法分析了该漆酶基因在不同培养条件下的表达水平. 结果显示,高浓度的碳源,氮源,Cu^2＋均能诱导此基因的表达,该结果为漆酶基因的表达调控机制的深入研究奠定了基础.     

The helminth parasites of the bullhead Cottus gobio (L.) and the stone loach Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) from the River Avon, Hampshire

Specimens of Cottus gobio and Noemacheilus barbatulus from the River Avon, Hampshire, were examined between July 1970 and July 1971. Both fish were found to act as hosts for Nicolla gallica (adult), Pomphorhynchus laevis (adult) and Triaenophorus nodulosus (plerocercoid). The incidence and intensity of infection were lower in N. barbatulus than in C. gobio , and this was related to differences in host diet. A small number of N. barbatulus were also found to harbour Proteocephalus torulosus . Seasonal cycles of incidence and intensity were evident in N. gallica , with a peak occurring in the winter. P. laevis and T. nodulosus showed no such cycles. Increasing host size was associated with a higher infection of both N. gallica and P. laevis , but not T. nodulosus . The diet of the host was considered to be important in influencing this increase. Differences in host reproductive condition affected the population levels of N. gallica only, where an increased parasite burden was evident in gravid female fish. This was considered to influence the observed increase in incidence and intensity of this parasite during the winter. None of the parasites showed any seasonal maturation cycles. There was no evidence of any interactions between the parasite populations. Host diet and the availability of infective larvae were considered to be the most important features influencing the number of parasites which became established, and the rate at which this occurred. Temperature probably acted indirectly on the establishment of N. gallica , by controlling the availability of the larval stages, and also, by influencing the host reproductive condition, on the length of time for which the parasite was retained by the host.     

Cloning and characterization of a lignin peroxidase gene from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor

Six putative lignin peroxidase (LIP) genes were isolated from a lambda EMBL3 phage library of the white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor, using the Phanerochaete chrysosporium LIP cDNA CLG5 as the probe. Sequence analysis of one of the genes, VLG1, showed that its coding region is interrupted by six small introns (49-64 bp) and that it encodes a mature LIP protein (341 aa; Mr: 36,714) that is preceded by a 25 aa signal sequence. This protein has a relatively high degree of aa homology to the N-termini of the LIP proteins purified from T. versicolor and has an aa homology of 55-60% to the LIP proteins of P. chrysosporium, which is comparable to that found between P. chrysosporium and Phlebia radiata LIP proteins.     

木质素降解条件下黄孢原毛平革菌lip基因转录调控序列的筛选与鉴定

用DNA-蛋白质体外结合实验和凝胶迁移率变动分析技术筛选黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）木质素过氧化物酶基因lipA、lipC、lipF的5′-端调控区内能与该菌在木质素降解条件下形成的蛋白特异结合的顺式作用元件。结果表明,来自lipC、lipF基因的5′-端片段LG2P3(396 bp)和 LG6S1-2（738 bp）能特异结合培养于Kirk低氮培养基中的菌丝体蛋白;而来自于lipF基因的5′-端的LG6S2 (226 bp) DNA片段能特异结合培养于天然冷杉木片中的菌丝体蛋白。对这些片段的DNA序列分析表明,它们均存在各种顺式作用元件,由此推测它们可能是被一些木质素过氧化物酶基因转录调控相关的蛋白质所结合的序列。     

Correlation of brightening with cumulative enzyme activity related to lignin biodegradation during biobleaching of kraft pulp by white rot fungi in the solid-state fermentation system.

Biobleaching of hardwood unbleached kraft pulp (UKP) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor was studied in the solid-state fermentation system with different culture media. In this fermentation system with low-nitrogen and high-carbon culture medium, pulp brightness increased by 15 and 30 points after 5 days of treatment with T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium, respectively, and the pulp kappa number decreased with increasing brightness. A comparison of manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP), and laccase activities assayed by using fungus-treated pulp and the filtrate after homogenizing the fungus-treated pulp in buffer solution indicated that enzymes secreted from fungi were adsorbed onto the UKP and that assays of these enzyme activities should be carried out with the treated pulp. Time course studies of brightness increase and MnP activity during treatment with P. chrysosporium suggested that it was difficult to correlate them on the basis of data obtained on a certain day of incubation, because the MnP activity fluctuated dramatically during the treatment time. When brightness increase and cumulative MnP, LiP, and laccase activities were determined, a linear relationship between brightness increase and cumulative MnP activity was found in the solid-state fermentation system with both P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor. This result suggests that MnP is involved in brightening of UKP by white rot fungi.     

Determination of the toxicity of several aromatic carbonylic compounds and their reduced derivatives on Phanerochaete chrysosporium using a Pseudomonas putida test system

We tested four aromatic carbonylic compounds and their corresponding reduced derivatives, possible substrates, and products of a biotransformation for toxicity against the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The bacterium Pseudomonas putida, which has been proven to be a good test organism for investigating toxic effects, was used as a primary screen. For both P. chrysosporium and P. putida, all ketones showed a higher toxicity than their corresponding alcohol derivatives. Within one chemical group a direct correlation between the hydrophobicity (logP values) of the compounds and their toxicity could be observed. Furthermore, all tested compounds also caused an isomerization of cis to trans unsaturated fatty acids in P. putida, a mechanism of this bacterium to adapt its membrane to toxic environmental influences. Toxicity of aromatic carbonylic compounds in an established biotransformation system with P. chrysosporium can be estimated by calculating the corresponding logP values of the substrates and potential products. P. putida can be used to test the toxicity of aromatic ketones to the basic diomycete P. chrysosporium.