海水胁迫对苦荬菜幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

抗盐耐海水植物的种植是有效利用和开发滩涂资源的措施之一。采用温室砂培方式, 研究了不同稀释配比的海水处理8天对苦荬菜(Lactuca indica)幼苗生物量、根冠比、叶绿素含量、离子含量、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明: 苦荬菜幼苗地上部受海水胁迫较为显著, 而根在海水浓度小于30%时与对照相比没有显著差异; 根冠比随着海水浓度的增加而不断提高; 在10%和20%海水浓度处理下, 叶绿素含量与对照相比差异不显著, 但随着海水浓度的进一步增加,叶绿素含量显著下降; 在10%海水浓度处理下, 苦荬菜地上部分及根部的K⁺含量与对照相比差异不显著, 而海水浓度高于10%时, 随着海水浓度的增加地上部和根部的K⁺含量均逐渐降低; 海水处理下, 苦荬菜体内Na⁺和Cl^–含量逐渐增加; 地上部可溶性糖含量逐渐增加, 而可溶性蛋白含量先升后降。海水胁迫下, 苦荬菜幼苗维持一定的K⁺选择性吸收是其一定程度上盐适应的重要原因。同时, 积累的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白是苦荬菜幼苗在盐胁迫下的重要渗透调节物质, 可作为其抗盐性的生理参数。     

海水处理下菊芋幼苗生理生化特性及磷效应的研究

种植抗盐耐海水植物是合理利用和开发海涂资源的有效措施之一。该试验研究了海水处理下菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)幼苗生长发育、渗透物质积累、保护性酶活性、膜透性和离子吸收分布情况及磷素对其影响。结果表明:1)10%海水对菊芋幼苗生长发育没有抑制作用,甚至有一定的促进作用,25%海水胁迫对菊芋幼苗形态发育上具有一定抑制作用,增加磷素浓度后,能显著缓解其抑制作用;2)10%和25%海水处理下,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量较对照显著增加,随着时间的延长,先增加后降低,增加磷素浓度后,能显著增加菊芋幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量;3)海水处理下菊芋幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性都显著增加,增加磷素浓度后,能显著增强菊芋幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性;4)10%海水处理菊芋幼苗叶片MDA含量与对照差异不大,甚至小于对照,25%海水处理能显著增加MDA含量及膜透性,增加磷素浓度后,均降低了MDA含量和膜透性;5)随着海水浓度增加和时间延长,菊芋幼苗地上部和根部Na⁺和Cl^-含量显著增加,增加磷素浓度后,均能降低地上部和根部Na⁺和Cl^-含量,而地上部和根部K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量较对照增加,增加磷素浓度后,均能增加K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量。由此可见,磷素能够改善菊芋幼苗的营养状况,同时能够增强其抗盐性。     

不同浓度海水对菊芋幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响

种植抗盐耐海水植物是合理利用和开发海涂资源的有效措施之一。采用水培的方式,用1/2Hoagland营养液培养菊芋幼苗至6叶完全展开时进行处理,设0%(对照)、10%、25%和50%海水4个处理。随后分别在第4、8和12天采样进行分析,研究不同浓度海水对菊芋幼苗生长、体内渗透物质的积累、保护性酶活性、膜透性及离子吸收分布的影响情况。结果表明:(1)在不同浓度海水处理下,菊芋地上部、地下部总鲜重及干物质重从0%到25%海水浓度没有明显变化,在50%海水胁迫下显著下降,干物质百分比则为50%海水处理的最高。随着时间延长,10%海水处理下,菊芋幼苗茎叶和根鲜重均增加,但与对照没有显著差异,25%海水处理生长速率较对照低,而50%海水处理下根鲜重和干重都降低。(2)随着时间的延长、海水浓度的增加,菊芋幼苗叶片保护性酶系SOD、POD、CAT的活性呈上升趋势,在10%海水处理下膜脂过氧化物MDA含量甚至低于对照,而50%海水处理下的MDA含量较其他处理高,在10%和25%海水处理下膜透性较对照变化不显著,而50%海水处理下膜透性增加明显,且随时间延长更显著。(3)菊芋幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随海水浓度增高而显著增加,随着时间的延长,10%和25%海水处理下,脯氨酸含量先增加后降低,而50%海水处理下,脯氨酸含量一直在升高,而10%、25%和50%海水处理下,可溶性糖含量先增加后降低。随海水浓度增高,菊芋幼苗地上部单位干重积累的Na 和Cl-依次增大,且随着时间延长,10%、25%和50%海水处理下地上部Na 和Cl-含量均增大;而K 与Na 积累情况不同,K 在25%海水胁迫下地上部单位干重积累得最多,随着时间延长,25%和50%海水处理下地上部K 含量均降低,且50%海水处理下降低幅度更大;地下部单位干重积累的Na 、Cl-和K 情况与地上部单位干重积累的各离子趋势相似。由此可见,菊芋能够通过生理生化机制适应一定浓度海水的灌溉,即利用一定浓度海水灌溉菊芋是安全有效的。     

丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae对盐胁迫下牡丹渗透调节的影响

以采自菏泽牡丹园的牡丹‘凤丹’为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了不同浓度人工海水（0%、8%、16%和24%）胁迫下,接种丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌Glomus mosseae对牡丹渗透调节物质含量的影响,以不接种为对照。结果表明,盐胁迫下接种AM真菌能提高牡丹叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,增大K＋/Na＋比值,减少叶片脯氨酸含量。结论认为,AM真菌能改善牡丹叶片的渗透调节,增强牡丹耐盐能力,促进了盐胁迫下牡丹幼苗的生长。     

硝态氮对海水胁迫下长春花幼苗光合特性及离子含量的影响

采用砂培试验研究了硝态氮对海水处理下长春花幼苗光合特性和离子分布的影响.结果表明：（1）高浓度海水显著抑制长春花幼苗的生长,提高硝态氮浓度能显著缓解海水胁迫对长春花幼苗生长发育的抑制作用,促进地上、地下部生物量积累.（2）随着海水浓度的增加,长春花幼苗叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率较对照均显著降低,细胞间隙CO2浓度显著增加;增加硝态氮浓度可显著提高长春花幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率,显著降低细胞间隙CO2浓度.（3）随着海水浓度的增加,长春花幼苗体内K＋含量较对照显著降低,而Na^＋、Cl^-含量显著增加,提高硝态氮浓度有利于长春花幼苗对K＋的吸收和向上运输,维持地上部较高的K^＋/Na^＋.研究发现,增加硝态氮能维持高浓度海水胁迫下长春花幼苗体内养分平衡,缓解盐胁迫对其光合生理和生长造成的伤害.     

盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应

为了研究盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应,本试验对不同盐胁迫浓度(0 mmol/L,50 mmol/L,160 mmol/L)条件下长至两叶一心的番茄幼苗叶片进行不同浓度的赤霉素(0 mg/L,20 mg/L,80 mg/L,150 mg/L)喷施处理,对其叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量以及干物重进行测定并进行分析。结果表明,番茄中可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量随着盐胁迫浓度的增加而增加,施加赤霉素后,可溶性糖含量的上升的幅度明显变大;盐胁迫条件下,番茄叶片干物重下降,且盐浓度越高干物质下降幅度越大,施加赤霉素后,干物重下降幅度减缓;随着盐胁迫浓度增加,番茄叶片的叶绿素含量降低,且浓度越高叶绿素含量下降趋势越明显,赤霉素的施加同样使叶绿素含量降低。以上结果为研究盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应提供了实验依据。     

硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的生理机制研究

为了明确硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的机制,该试验采用水培方法,以黄瓜品种‘津优一号’为材料,对幼苗进行中度盐胁迫,研究在盐胁迫下硅对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性、渗透调节物质和离子吸收的影响。结果显示:(1)正常条件下,硅对黄瓜幼苗生长及相关生理指标无明显影响;单独盐处理降低了幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片含水量,导致幼苗生长受抑。(2)盐胁迫下加硅显著提高了幼苗光合速率和叶片含水量,增加了生物量的积累;在盐胁迫初期,硅加盐处理黄瓜叶片渗透势略低于单独盐处理,此后均高于单独盐处理;硅加盐处理显著提高了叶片可溶性糖含量,尤其是蔗糖含量,而降低了其脯氨酸含量,但对可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响。(3)盐胁迫下黄瓜植株Na+含量大幅上升,K+含量下降,K+/Na+比大幅降低;硅加盐处理降低了黄瓜叶片中Na+含量,提高了K+含量和K+/Na+比。研究表明,盐胁迫条件下,硅能通过减轻叶片离子毒害和增加水分吸收,改善叶片水分状况,从而维持较高的光合能力,提高其抗盐能力;而渗透调节只在盐胁迫初期有轻微缓解作用,不是硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐性的主要途径。     

库拉索芦荟幼苗对海水胁迫的响应

采用砂培试验,研究库拉索芦荟（Aloe vera）幼苗对海水胁迫的响应特征。结果表明：（1）30％海水处理20d,库拉索芦荟幼苗的干重与对照无显著差异,而30％海水处理库拉索芦荟的根干重明显高于10％海水及淡水处理;（2）海水胁迫下,库拉索芦荟幼苗中离子区域化明显：从地下部和地上部来看,Na^＋、Cl^＋明显在芦荟根部积累,海水比例越高,根部Na^＋、Cl^＋含量越大,而K^＋却相反;海水胁迫下芦荟地上部分功能叶片中Na^＋、Cl^＋含量最低,K^＋含量最高,而淡水处理从老叶到新叶,Na^＋、Cl^＋含量总是呈下降趋势,而K^＋正好相反;随海水胁迫在库拉索幼苗中Ca^2＋含量下降,而Mg^2＋含量七升;（3）随海水胁迫时间增加芦荟叶片质膜透性呈显著上升,MDA含量呈波动变化。     

水分胁迫对白刺幼苗生物量和渗透调节物质积累的影响

以PEG-6000模拟不同程度的水分胁迫对白刺幼苗进行处理,研究了其植株干重及其K 、Na 、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量变化.结果表明,15%PEG胁迫下白刺幼苗的生物量最高,丙二醛含量最低,且二者与对照的差异均显著;随着水分胁迫程度的增强,K 含量逐渐降低并与对照差异显著,Na 含量先减少后增加而其总积累量无显著变化;游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随着水分胁迫程度的增强而显著增加.因此,轻度水分胁迫有利于白刺幼苗的生长,有机溶质游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖是白刺适应干旱环境的主要渗透调节物质.     

NaCl胁迫对烤烟K326种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以烤烟品种K326为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫处理下种子萌发及幼苗生理生化指标的变化。结果表明,低浓度NaCl处理对幼苗生长具有一定的促进作用,而高浓度NaCl胁迫处理具有显著或极显著抑制作用;随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,发芽势、发芽指数、简单活力指数、形态指标、钾离子含量、单株干鲜重均呈明显下降趋势,而钠离子含量则相反;随着NaCl处理浓度的增加以及胁迫时间的延长,K326幼苗叶片中丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及电解质渗透率均呈上升趋势,而可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量及根系活力变化则相反。     

镉胁迫下活性炭对小麦幼根的保护作用

对镉处理下活性炭对小麦幼根的保护作用进行了研究。在小麦幼根的水培环境中加入镉导致了小麦幼根根长的降低、干重及鲜重的下降、细胞死亡水平上升和可溶性蛋白含量的增加。将小麦幼根置于加入活性炭的水培环境中并未对小麦幼根的根长、干重、鲜重、细胞死亡水平和可溶性蛋白的含量造成不良的影响,且在一定程度上促进了根的生长并降低了细胞的死亡水平。而在镉处理下加入活性炭则明显减缓了小麦幼根的根长的降低、干重及鲜重的下降、细胞死亡水平上升和可溶性蛋白含量的增加。上述观察表明,活性炭的加入对于镉和氯苯胁迫下小麦幼根具有一定的保护作用。     

不同浓度海水胁迫对菊芋幼苗生长发育及磷吸收的影响

种植抗盐耐海水植物是合理利用和开发海涂资源的有效措施之一。本试验通过不同浓度海水处理研究菊芋幼苗生长发育及对³²P吸收利用差异和离子吸收分布的情况。结果表明:在不同浓度海水浇灌下,菊芋地上部、地下部、总鲜重及干物质重从CK到50%海水浓度没有明显变化,在75%海水胁迫下显著下降,干物质百分比则为75%海水浇灌的最高;在中等P水平下,地上部在25%海水处理下对³²P吸收率最高;随海水浓度增高菊芋幼苗地上部单位干重积累的Na⁺和Cl^-依次增大;而K⁺与Na⁺积累情况不同,K⁺在25%海水胁迫下地上部单位干重积累的最多,其次是50%,CK和75%海水胁迫差不多;地下部单位干重积累的Na⁺、Cl^-和K⁺情况与地上部单位干重积累的各离子趋势相似。     

磷对海水胁迫下芦荟幼苗离子分布的影响

研究了磷对海水胁迫下库拉索芦荟(A loe vera)幼苗干物质积累、植株含水量、在器官和组织水平上离子分布的影响。增磷显著缓解海水胁迫对芦荟生长的抑制,明显提高海水胁迫下芦荟幼苗的干物质积累和含水量。器官离子含量和X射线微区分析结果都表明,30%浓度海水胁迫下,外源磷水平的提高能显著降低芦荟幼苗根系N a 、C l-的吸收,增强K 、C a2 向地上部的运输和分配,从而维持叶片较高的K /N a 、C a2 /N a 比率,而这很可能是增磷提高芦荟对海水胁迫抗性的主要原因之一。     

丛枝菌根真菌对黄瓜枯萎病的影响

盆栽条件下播种黄瓜Cucumis sativus同时接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus etunicatum,4周后对接种处理和对照黄瓜苗分别浇灌Fusairum oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum分生孢子悬液,2周后测定幼苗生物量、根内丙二醛、可溶性糖与游离脯氨酸含量及根围真菌和细菌数量。结果表明:接种Glomus etunicatum根系干重增加了9.3%,提高了根内可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量,显著减少了根围真菌数量,降低了黄瓜枯萎病的发病率和病情指数。而不接种Glomus etunicatum的黄瓜苗根系干重减少了28.0%。研究认为AM真菌Glomus etunicatum对黄瓜枯萎病具有一定的生防价值。     

丛枝菌根真菌对黄瓜枯萎病的影响

Pot experiment was conducted to explore whether nursery inoculation of cucumber with Glomus etunicatum could alleviate fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Four-week-old seedlings inoculated with Glomus etunicatum were infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum by pouring conidial suspension. Biomass, contents of malonaldehyde (MDA), soluble sugar and free proline in roots, as well as the quantity of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere were determined. The results indicated that the root dry weight of seedlings preinoculated with Glomus etunicatum increased by 9.3%; contents of soluble sugar and free proline in roots increased, and the quantity of fungi in rhizosphere decreased significantly. The disease incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt were reduced. On the contrary, root dry weight of seedlings without inoculation with Glomus etunicatum was reduced by 28.0%. It is concluded that Glomus etunicatum is beneficial to biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of cucumber seedlings.     

硝基苯酚胁迫下外源褪黑素对水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用液体培养实验方法,研究硝基苯酚胁迫对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗生长、抗氧化特性、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光合特性的影响,以及添加外源褪黑素对缓解硝基苯酚胁迫的作用。结果显示,随着硝基苯酚胁迫浓度的升高,水稻幼苗株高、根长、地下部干重、地上部干重、全株干重和叶片PSⅡ实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]、光化学淬灭系数(q P)、PSⅡ电子传递速率(ETR)、叶绿素含量均有所下降,而叶片非光化学淬灭系数(qN、NPQ)上升;同时,根系活性氧[过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和超氧阴离子(O·-2)]积累量、抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)]活性,以及渗透调节物质(可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖)含量呈先升高后降低的趋势。在非硝基苯酚胁迫下,与对照组相比,添加外源褪黑素显著提高了幼苗地下部干重、根系可溶性糖含量和SOD活性、叶片PSⅡ光化学效率和叶绿素含量。与单独添加硝基苯酚处理相比,硝基苯酚+褪黑素复合处理显著缓解了硝基苯酚胁迫对幼苗生长、叶片PSⅡ光化学效率和叶绿素合成的抑制作用;降低了根系活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量。研究结果表明添加外源褪黑素能够显著缓解硝基苯酚胁迫对水稻幼苗生长、根系活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性、叶片PSⅡ光化学效率及叶绿素合成的不良影响,提高水稻幼苗对硝基苯酚胁迫的适应性。     

Growth promotion of Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis by Piriformospora indica is not stimulated by mycelium-synthesized auxin

Piriformospora indica, an endophytic fungus of the order Sebacinales, interacts with the roots of a large variety of plant species. We compared the interaction of this fungus with Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. chinensis) and Arabidopsis seedlings. The development of shoots and roots of Chinese cabbage seedlings was strongly promoted by P. indica and the fresh weight of the seedlings increased approximately twofold. The strong stimulation of root hair development resulted in a bushy root phenotype. The auxin level in the infected Chinese cabbage roots was twofold higher compared with the uncolonized controls. Three classes of auxin-related genes, which were upregulated by P. indica in Chinese cabbage roots, were isolated from a double-subtractive expressed sequence tag library: genes for proteins related to cell wall acidification, intercellular auxin transport carrier proteins such as AUX1, and auxin signal proteins. Overexpression of B. campestris BcAUX1 in Arabidopsis strongly promoted growth and biomass production of Arabidopsis seedlings and plants; the roots were highly branched but not bushy when compared with colonized Chinese cabbage roots. This suggests that BcAUX1 is a target of P. indica in Chinese cabbage. P. indica also promoted growth of Arabidopsis seedlings but the auxin levels were not higher and auxin genes were not upregulated, implying that auxin signaling is a more important target of P. indica in Chinese cabbage than in Arabidopsis. The fungus also stimulated growth of Arabidopsis aux1 and aux1/axr4 and rhd6 seedlings. Furthermore, a component in an exudate fraction from P. indica but not auxin stimulated growth of Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis seedlings. We propose that activation of auxin biosynthesis and signaling in the roots might be the cause for the P. indica-mediated growth phenotype in Chinese cabbage.     

Effect of root-applied spermidine on growth and respiratory metabolism in roots of cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis>) seedlings under hypoxia

The effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) application to hypoxic nutrient solution on the contents of endogenous polyamines (PAs) and respiratory metabolism in the roots of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings were investigated. Cucumber seedlings were grown hydroponically in control and hypoxic nutrient solutions with and without addition of Spd at a concentration of 0.05 mM. The activities of key enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCAC), such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), were significantly inhibited under root-zone hypoxia with dissolved oxygen (DO) at 1 mg/l. In contrast, the activities of enzymes involved in the process of fermentation, such as pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT), were significantly increased. Thus, aerobic respiration was inhibited and fermentation was enhanced in the roots of cucumber seedlings as a result of decreasing ATP content to inhibit the dry weight of seedlings under hypoxic stress. Moreover, the contents of free, soluble conjugated, and insoluble bound putrescine (Put), Spd, and spermine (Spm) in the roots of cucumber seedlings were significantly increased under hypoxia stress. Interestingly, application of Spd to hypoxic roots markedly suppressed the accumulation of free Put and, in contrast, promoted an increase in free Spd and Spm, as well as soluble conjugated and insoluble bound Put, Spd, and Spm contents. From these data, we deduced that exogenous Spd promotes the conversion of free Put into free Spd and Spm, and soluble conjugated and insoluble bound PAs under hypoxia stress. Furthermore, the activities of LDH, PDC, and ADH were suppressed and, in contrast, the activities of SDH and IDH were enhanced by application of exogenous Spd to hypoxic roots. As a result, aerobic respiration was enhanced but fermentation metabolism was inhibited in the roots of cucumber seedlings, leading to an increase in ATP content to alleviate the inhibited dry weight of seedlings due to hypoxia stress. These results suggest that application of Spd to hypoxic nutrient solution promoted conversion of free Put into free Spd and Spm as well as soluble conjugated and insoluble bound PAs, further enhanced IDH and SDH activities, and inhibited ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation, resulting in increased ATP content and eventually enhanced tolerance of cucumber plants to root-zone hypoxia.