印鼠客蚤侵袭与离开宿主习性的观察

印鼠客蚤的跳跃高度,攻击宿主距离,侵袭宿主蚤数,吸血率和离开宿主时间均远超过二齿新蚤。印鼠客蚤滞留于活宿主时间明显长于死宿主。     

二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种吸血习性的实验室观察

1983—1989年对二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种几种吸血习性进行了实验观察。1.新羽化蚤吸血蚤百分率与羽化后时间呈直线正相关。二齿新蚤至30小时左右,方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种至40小时左右,吸血蚤百分率约达90%,相当于繁殖蚤。2.蚤同宿主接触5分钟内即有部份吸血。接触半小时吸血蚤数最多,半小时至1小时吸血蚤数减少,也有少部份蚤至1小时尚未吸血。3.吸血蚤与未吸血蚤均可留于宿主体上,亦均能随时离开宿主体。     

二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种活动习性

1991～1992年在实验室内观察了二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种在无宿主条件下的活动习性。二种蚤在黑暗处纸片下的蚤数多于纸片上;在光亮处纸片上下蚤数变化无常。二齿新蚤在20和30±1℃下,黑半面蚤数均多于白半面。方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种在20±1℃下,多数组黑半面蚤数多于白半面;在30±1℃下,多数组白半面蚤数多于黑半面。蚤在直立纸片上。绝大多数向上爬。培养基质凹坑内蚤数多于凹坑外。     

两种未吸血幼蚤的耐饥力

1990年在实验室内观察了二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种末吸血幼蚤的耐饥力。证明新羽化蚤在不供给血液条件下也能存活很长或较长时间。共存活时间的长短,与环境温度、湿度有明显关系,而雌雄却无明显差别。     

蚤类在宿主体表的分布及温度和蚤数的关系

本文研究了方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种Citellophilus tesquorum sungaris和二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentatiformis在小白鼠体表的分布及环境温度和体表蚤数的关系.结果证明,在各种温度下,鼠背部蚤数均多于腹部.5℃时,鼠前部蚤数多于后部;10—20℃时,前部与后部蚤数相近;25—40℃时,后部蚤数多于前部.鼠后背部蚤数随温度升高而增多,前腹部蚤数随温度升高而减少;温度越高二者之差越大,说明温度越高蚤越向后背部集中.鼠体蚤数较少时,背部与腹部,前部与后部,蚤数差别明显;鼠体蚤数过多时,各部位蚤数无大差别.     

北方几种蚤类侵袭寄主的研究和斧形盖蚤叮人试验

本文研究了二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种对寄主的侵袭活动,包括活寄主与死寄主被侵袭情况比较,寄主体表蚤数与环境温度的关系,以及与蚤同寄主接触时间的关系。还研究了达乌尔黄鼠和达乌尔鼠兔寄生蚤在一日不同时间里的数量变化。并观察了斧形盖蚤叮人情况。     

二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种成虫在不同条件下寿命的观察

<正> 研究蚤的寿命在医学上具有重要意义。作者于1985～1987年研究了二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentiformis(Wagner)和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种Citellophilus tesquorum sungaris(Jordan)在不同条件下的寿命,报道如下。     

黄鼠体蚤和宿主密度的年间动态关系

根据内蒙古自治区正镶白旗乌宁巴图苏木1981-1993年达乌尔黄鼠Citellus dauricus密度和体蚤指数监测资料进行分析,得到如下结果。共检体蚤10种,其中方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种Citelloilus tesquorum mongoJicus(72.38%)和光亮额蚤Fronto Psylla luculenta(18.03%)分别为优势和次优势蚤种,阿巴盖新蚤Neopsylla abagaitui、二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentatifor-mis为常见种,余为少见种。宿主密度与蚤指数均呈指数增长,鼠密度与蚤指数的关系是极为显著的(P<0.0001),关系为鼠密度＝exp(-0.6206十0.1989t),蚤指数＝1.6109+0.8997(鼠密度)。方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种比例的高低显著地影响体蚤的多样性和均匀性.宿主 密度与染蚤率呈正相关关系(P相似文献   

实验室饲养蚤的畸形

过去有很多蚤类畸形的报道,多采自自然界。本记述的畸形均为实验室饲养,标本有方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种Citellophilus tesquorum sugaris(Jordan,1929)和二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentatiformis(Wagner,1893)。     

两种蚤在宿主体表分布的聚集度

在８种温度下,方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种和二齿新蚤在鼠体上呈聚集分布,且聚集度呈两端高,中间低。当温度在１７～２０℃时,聚集度发生改变。蚤数量在约１００只时,两种蚤的聚集度的相关极为显著（ｒ＝０．９８８５,Ｐ＝０．０００１）。对４种聚集度指数,建议只需考虑某一种即可。     

Ectoparasitic "jacks-of-all-trades": relationship between abundance and host specificity in fleas (Siphonaptera) parasitic on small mammals

Animal species with larger local populations tend to be widespread across many localities, whereas species with smaller local populations occur in fewer localities. This pattern is well documented for free-living species and can be explained by the resource breadth hypothesis: the attributes that enable a species to exploit a diversity of resources allow it to attain a broad distribution and high local density. In contrast, for parasitic organisms, the trade-off hypothesis predicts that parasites exploiting many host species will achieve lower mean abundance on those hosts than more host-specific parasites because of the costs of adaptations against multiple defense systems. We test these alternative hypotheses with data on host specificity and abundance of fleas parasitic on small mammals from 20 different regions. Our analyses controlled for phylogenetic influences, differences in host body surface area, and sampling effort. In most regions, we found significant positive relationships between flea abundance and either the number of host species they exploited or the average taxonomic distance among those host species. This was true whether we used mean flea abundance or the maximum abundance they achieved on their optimal host. Although fleas tended to exploit more host species in regions with either larger number of available hosts or more taxonomically diverse host faunas, differences in host faunas between regions had no clear effect on the abundance-host specificity relationship. Overall, the results support the resource breadth hypothesis: fleas exploiting many host species or taxonomically unrelated hosts achieve higher abundance than specialist fleas. We conclude that generalist parasites achieve higher abundance because of a combination of resource availability and stability.     

Feeding performance of fleas on different host species: is phylogenetic distance between hosts important?

We asked if and how feeding performance of fleas on an auxiliary host is affected by the phylogenetic distance between this host and the principal host of a flea. We investigated the feeding of 2 flea species, Parapulex chephrenis and Xenopsylla ramesis, on a principal (Acomys cahirinus and Meriones crassus, respectively) and 8 auxiliary host species. We predicted that fleas would perform better (higher proportion of fleas would feed and take larger bloodmeals) on (a) a principal rather than an auxiliary host and (b) auxiliary hosts phylogenetically closer to a principal host. Although feeding performance of fleas differed among different hosts, we found that: (1) fleas did not always perform better on a principal host than on an auxiliary host; and (2) flea performance on an auxiliary host was not negatively correlated with phylogenetic distance of this host from the principal host. In some cases, fleas fed better on hosts that were phylogenetically distant from their principal host. We concluded that variation in flea feeding performance among host species results from interplay between (a) inherent species-specific host defence abilities, (b) inherent species-specific flea abilities to withstand host defences and (c) evolutionary tightness of association between a particular host species and a particular flea species.     

Geographical variation in host specificity of fleas (Siphonaptera) parasitic on small mammals: the influence of phylogeny and local environmental conditions

The evolution of host specificity remains a central issue in the study of host‐parasite relationships. Here we tackle three basic questions about host specificity using data on host use by fleas (Siphonaptera) from 21 geographical regions. First, are the host species exploited by a flea species no more than a random draw from the locally available host species, or do they form a taxonomically distinct subset? Using randomization tests, we showed that in the majority of cases, the taxonomic distinctness (measured as the average taxonomic distances among host species) of the hosts exploited by a flea is no different from that of random subsets of hosts taken from the regional pool. In the several cases where a difference was found, the taxonomic distinctness of the hosts used by a flea was almost always lower than that of the random subsets, suggesting that the parasites use hosts within a narrower taxonomic spectrum than what is available to them. Second, given the variation in host specificity among populations of the same flea species, is host specificity truly a species character? We found that host specificity measures are repeatable among different populations of the same flea species: host specificity varies significantly more among flea species than within flea species. This was true for both measures of host specificity used in the analyses: the number of host species exploited, and the index measuring the average taxonomic distinctness of the host species and its variance. Third, what causes geographical variation in host specificity among populations of the same flea species? In the vast majority of flea species, neither of our two measures of host specificity correlated with either the regional number of potential host species or their taxonomic distinctness, or the distance between the sampled region and the center of the flea's geographical range. However, in most flea species host specificity correlated with measures of the deviation in climatic conditions (precipitation and temperature) between the sampled region and the average conditions computed across the flea's entire range. Overall, these results suggest that host specificity in fleas is to a large extent phylogenetically constrained, while still strongly influenced by local environmental conditions.     

Similarity in ectoparasite faunas of Palaearctic rodents as a function of host phylogenetic, geographic or environmental distances: Which matters the most?

Different host species harbour parasite faunas that are anywhere from very similar to very different in species composition. A priori, the similarity in the parasite faunas of any two host species should decrease with increases in either the phylogenetic distance, the distinctness of the environments occupied or the geographical distance between these hosts. We tested these predictions using extensive data on the faunas of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) and gamasid mites (Acari: Parasitiformes) parasitic on rodents across the Palaearctic. For each pair of host species, we computed the similarity in parasite faunas based on both species composition as well as the phylogenetic and/or taxonomic distinctness of parasite species. Phylogenetic distances between hosts were based on patristic distances through a rodent phylogeny, geographic distances were computed from geographic range data, and environmental dissimilarity was measured from the average climatic and vegetation scores of each host range. Using multiple regressions on distance matrices to assess the separate explanatory power of each of the three dependent variables, environmental dissimilarity between the ranges of host species emerged as the best predictor of dissimilarity between parasite faunas, especially for fleas; in the case of mites, phylogenetic distance between host species was also important. A closer look at the data indicates that the flea and mite faunas of two hosts inhabiting different environments are always different, whilst hosts living in similar environments can have either very similar or dissimilar parasite faunas. Additional tests showed that dissimilarity in flea or mite faunas between host geographic ranges was best explained by dissimilarity in vegetation, followed by dissimilarity in climatic conditions. Thus, external environmental factors may play greater roles than commonly thought in the evolution of host-parasite associations.     

Ectoparasite fitness in auxiliary hosts: phylogenetic distance from a principal host matters

We studied reproductive performance in two flea species (Parapulex chephrenis and Xenopsylla ramesis) exploiting either a principal or one of eight auxiliary host species. We predicted that fleas would produce more eggs and adult offspring when exploiting (i) a principal host than an auxiliary host and (ii) an auxiliary host phylogenetically close to a principal host than an auxiliary host phylogenetically distant from a principal host. In both flea species, egg production per female after one feeding and production of new imago after a timed period of an uninterrupted stay on a host differed significantly between host species. In general, egg and/or new imago production in fleas feeding on an auxiliary host was lower than in fleas feeding on the principal host, except for the auxiliary host that was the closest relative of the principal host. When all auxiliary host species were considered, we did not find any significant relationship between either egg or new imago production in fleas exploiting an auxiliary host and phylogenetic distance between this host and the principal host. However, when the analyses were restricted to auxiliary hosts belonging to the same family as the principal host (Muridae), new imago production (for P. chephrenis) or both egg and new imago production (for X. ramesis) in an auxiliary host decreased significantly with an increase in phylogenetic distance between the auxiliary and principal host. Our results demonstrated that a parasite achieves higher fitness in auxiliary hosts that are either the most closely related to or the most distant from its principal host. This may affect host associations of a parasite invading new areas.     

中国云南人间鼠疫流行区蚤类宿主特异性及宿主选择(英文)

应用生态学中的生态位宽度及生态位重叠研究方法,对中国云南人间鼠疫流行区１１种蚤的宿主特异性及宿主选择进行了研究。宿主特异性用Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ生态位宽度进行测定。宿主选择用夹角余弦生态位重叠进行测定。结果表明：长形病蚤普洱亚种及印鼠客蚤的生态位宽度最窄、宿主特异性最高,近端远棒蚤二刺亚种及斯氏新蚤滇川亚种的生态位最宽、宿主特异性最低。印鼠客蚤（云南人间鼠疫流行区的主要鼠疫媒介）的优势宿主是黄胸鼠。印鼠客蚤较高的宿主特异性意味着该蚤可能主要在其优势宿主的不同个体间保存或传播鼠疫病原体。短突栉眼蚤及端凹栉眼蚤在宿主选择上较接近,而其它蚤种在宿主选择上差异较大。     

Deconstructing spatial patterns in species composition of ectoparasite communities: the relative contribution of host composition,environmental variables and geography

Aim We determined whether dissimilarity in species composition between parasite communities depends on geographic distance, environmental dissimilarity or host faunal dissimilarity, for different subsets of parasite species with different levels of host specificity. Location Communities of fleas parasitic on small mammals from 28 different regions of the Palaearctic. Method Dissimilarities in both parasite and host species composition were computed between each pair of regions using the Bray–Curtis index. Geographic distances between regions were also calculated, as were measures of environmental dissimilarity consisting of the pairwise Euclidean distances between regions derived from elevation, vegetation and climatic variables. The 136 flea species included in the dataset were divided into highly host‐specific species (using 1–2 host species per region, on average), moderately host‐specific species (2.2–4 hosts per region) and generalist species (>4 hosts per region). The relative influence of geographic distance, host faunal dissimilarity and environmental dissimilarity on dissimilarity of flea species composition among all regions was analysed for the entire set of flea species as well as for the three above subsets using multiple regressions on distance matrices. Results When including all flea species, dissimilarity in flea species composition was affected by all three independent variables, although the pure effect of dissimilarity in host species composition was the strongest. Results were different when the subsets of fleas differing in host specificity were treated separately. In particular, dissimilarity in species composition of highly host‐specific fleas increased solely with environmental dissimilarity, whereas dissimilarity for both moderately specific and non‐specific fleas increased with both geographic distance and dissimilarity in host species composition. Main conclusions Host specificity seems to dictate which of the three factors considered is most likely to affect the dissimilarity between flea communities. Counter‐intuitively, environmental dissimilarity played a key role in determining dissimilarity in species composition of highly host‐specific fleas, possibly because, although their presence in a region relies on the occurrence of particular host species, their abundance is itself mostly determined by climatic conditions. Our results show that deconstructing communities into subsets of species with different traits can make it easier to uncover the mechanisms shaping geographic patterns of diversity.