蓝细菌PCC6803染色体上的毒素蛋白Slr0664与抗毒素蛋白Ssr1114的相互作用

【目的】证明蓝细菌PCC6803染色体上的毒素-抗毒素系统(TA,toxin-antitoxin system)ssr1114/slr0664中毒素蛋白Slr0664与抗毒素蛋白Ssr1114之的相互作用。【方法】构建在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)中诱导表达H6-Ssr1114或共表达H6-Ssr1114和Slr0664的重组质粒,诱导表达后借助亲和捕捉技术在不同的条件下纯化H6-Ssr1114或共纯化重组蛋白H6-Ssr1114和Slr0664,并通过肽谱分析共纯化的重组蛋白,证明H6-Ssr1114与Slr0664之间存在相互作用。【结果】诱导Slr0664表达对细胞产生毒性作用导致生长抑制或细胞死亡,诱导H6-Ssr1114和Slr0664共表达时细胞能能正常生长,在非变性条件下可纯化共表达的重组蛋白H6-Ssr1114和Slr0664,在变性条件下仅H6-Ssr1114被纯化,肽谱分析结果表明共纯化的的重组蛋白为H6-Ssr1114和Slr0664。【结论】ssr1114/slr0664TA系统中抗毒素蛋白Ssr1114与毒素蛋白Slr0664之间存在相互作用。     

鱼腥藻PCC7120染色体上的基因对asl3212/all3211构成mazEF家族的毒素-抗毒素系统

大肠杆菌染色体上毒素-抗毒素系统(TA,toxin-antitoxin system)mazEF介导多种胁迫诱导的细胞死亡或生长抑制。鱼腥藻PCC7120染色体上的基因对asl3212/all3211具有TA系统保守的遗传结构,其编码产物与大肠杆菌mazEF系统的毒素MazE和抗毒素MazE同源,可能构成mazEF家族的TA系统。利用构建的选择性表达系统分析asl3212和all3211表达产物对大肠杆菌细胞生长活性的影响,结果显示诱导all3211表达显著抑制细胞生长,同时诱导asl3212表达使all3211编码产物抑制的细胞恢复生长。提示all3211为毒素基因,asl3212为抗毒素基因,二者组成一个功能性的mazEF家族的TA系统。     

副溶血弧菌染色体上毒素-抗毒素系统YefM-YoeB的鉴定

【背景】副溶血弧菌是一种重要的食源性病原菌,给公众健康带来严重危害。毒素-抗毒素系统广泛存在于细菌和古生菌基因组中,具有重要的生物学功能。【目的】在副溶血弧菌中鉴定新的毒素-抗毒素系统,为从毒素-抗毒素系统角度探讨该菌致病性和耐药性的分子机制奠定基础。【方法】通过在线工具预测副溶血弧菌染色体上的假定II型毒素-抗毒素系统;通过生长曲线分析和稀释点板实验检测假定毒素对大肠杆菌的毒性作用及相应抗毒素的抗毒性作用;通过反转录PCR确定毒素和抗毒素基因是否共转录;通过生物信息学分析确定新鉴定毒素-抗毒素系统的同源蛋白;通过LacZ报告实验确定抗毒素及毒素-抗毒素复合物对自身启动子的调控作用。【结果】副溶血弧菌染色体中编码6个假定II型毒素-抗毒素系统;基因vp1820的表达产物(VP1820)对大肠杆菌具有杀菌活性,vp1821的表达产物(VP1821)能中和VP1820的毒性;基因vp1821和vp1820共转录;vp1821-vp1820编码YefM-YoeB毒素-抗毒素系统;抗毒素YefM正调控启动子,YefM-YoeB复合物负调控启动子。【结论】在副溶血弧菌中鉴定了一个新的II型毒素-抗毒素系统,即YefM-YoeB,为进一步研究该系统对副溶血弧菌致病性和耐药性的影响奠定了基础。     

细菌毒素-抗毒素系统的功能

毒素-抗毒素(Toxin-Antitoxin,TA)系统广泛存在于原核生物和古细菌的染色体和质粒中。此系统由2个共表达的基因组成,分别编码稳定的毒素蛋白和易降解的抗毒素,毒素通常发挥毒性作用抑制细菌生长,而抗毒素则可中和毒性,二者相互作用对细菌生长状态起精密调节作用。根据TA的组成和抗毒素的性质,目前已经发现有6型TA,这些TA系统在细菌中发挥的作用一直是近年来学者们研究的热点,文中对细菌TA的功能研究进展进行了综述。     

毒素-抗毒素系统的调控、生理功能及应用

毒素-抗毒素（toxin-antitoxin,TA）系统是由抗毒素及其同源毒素组成的小遗传元件,毒素可以抑制细胞生长或诱导细胞死亡,抗毒素则可以中和毒素的毒性。根据TA系统的组成和抗毒素的作用方式,TA系统可分为Ⅰ~Ⅷ型共八类,其中Ⅱ型TA系统存在最广泛,调控机制研究得最清楚。TA系统可以维持质粒等遗传元件的稳定性,同时在压力应激、促进生物膜形成、维持细菌致病力、抗噬菌体等方面都扮演着重要角色。研究TA系统的调控与生理功能能丰富人们对于生物多样性的认知,对于微生物资源的开发和利用具有重要的科学意义与应用价值。基于毒素和抗毒素的特点,TA系统被应用于生物医学领域和生物技术领域。本文综述了TA系统的分类、调控机制、生理功能和应用并简单描述了TA系统目前研究面临的问题和未来展望。     

细菌毒素-抗毒素系统的研究进展

毒素-抗毒素系统(toxin-antitoxin system,TA)由两个共表达的基因组成,其中一个基因编码不稳定的抗毒素蛋白(antitoxin),另一个基因编码稳定的毒素蛋白(toxin).毒素-抗毒素系统最早发现于一些低拷贝的质粒,用来维持低拷贝质粒在菌群中的稳定存在.随后的研究表明,毒素-抗毒素系统广泛存在于细菌,包括一些致病菌的染色体上.在营养缺乏等不良生长条件下,由于基因表达的抑制和蛋白酶的降解作用,不稳定的抗毒素蛋白减少,从而产生游离的毒素蛋白,导致细菌的生长抑制和死亡.毒素-抗毒素系统的生理功能目前还存在争议,有学者认为细茼染色体上的毒素-抗毒素系统可以在不良生长状况下介导细菌的死亡,即细茼程序性细胞死亡(baeterial programmedcell death).但也有证据显示,毒素-抗毒素系统的功能更偏向于应激状态下的生理调节方面,即只起应激状态下的抑菌作用而不是杀菌作用.对细菌生长调控中毒素-抗毒素系统的作用机理进行综述,并探讨毒素-抗毒素系统研究的理论和应用价值.     

细菌II型毒素-抗毒素系统活性的调控

细菌毒素-抗毒素系统(Toxin-antitoxin system,TA)由稳定的毒素和不稳定的抗毒素构成,几乎存在于所有细菌中。已证明染色体编码的II型TA系统作为胁迫反应因子,通过毒素作用于不同的细胞靶点来调控重要的细胞活动过程,使细菌适应不同的环境胁迫。因此,毒素活性的调控是II型TA系统介导细菌适应性胁迫反应的关键。本文总结了II型TA系统毒素活性调控机制的研究进展,并介绍了作者近年来对模式蓝藻Synechocystis sp.PCC6803中II型TA毒素活性调控的研究结果。     

结核分枝杆菌中毒素-抗毒素系统的鉴定

【目的】鉴定结核分枝杆菌基因组上MazF同源蛋白基因与其上游基因是否组成毒素-抗毒素系统,阐明毒素蛋白的作用机理,并初步探讨毒素-抗毒素系统在营养缺乏时的表达调控。【方法】在大肠杆菌和耻垢分枝杆菌中将MazF同源蛋白单独表达或与其对应的抗毒素蛋白共同表达,鉴定MazF同源蛋白对细菌生长的抑制作用以及其对应的抗毒素蛋白能否消除这种生长抑制;通过体外RNA切割实验,检测MazF同源蛋白是否具有RNA切割活性;检测正常生长条件下和饥饿条件下毒素-抗毒素系统的启动子活性,探讨其在应激条件下的表达调控。【结果】结核分枝杆菌MazF同源蛋白中,Rv0659c、Rv1495和Rv1942c不具有抑制细菌生长的毒素蛋白活性,Rv1991c、Rv2801c、Rv1102c和mtPemK能够抑制细菌生长,而且它们的抑制作用可以分别被其对应的抗毒素Rv1991a、Rv2801a、Rv1103c和mtPemI解除。Rv1991c、Rv2801c和Rv1102c具有RNA切割活性,mtPemK则不能切割RNA。Rv1991a-1991c和Rv2801a-2801c系统的启动子在饥饿条件下活性显著升高。【结论】结核分枝杆菌基因组上Rv1991a-1991c、Rv2801a-2801c、Rv1103c-1102c和mtPemI-mtPemK是毒素-抗毒素系统。毒素蛋白Rv1991c、Rv2801c和Rv1102c通过切割RNA发挥抑菌或杀菌活性,mtPemK具体作用机理目前还不清楚。Rv1991a-1991c和Rv2801a-2801c系统可能参与结核分枝杆菌在营养匮乏条件下的生长调控。     

原核生物Ⅶ型毒素-抗毒素系统研究进展北大核心

毒素-抗毒素(toxin-antitoxin,TA)系统是普遍存在于细菌、古细菌及原噬菌体中的遗传元件,通常由分别编码毒素和编码抗毒素的基因组成。毒素在细菌细胞中较为稳定,而抗毒素则容易被降解。大多数毒素为蛋白并具有酶的活性,通过影响蛋白质的翻译、DNA的复制等重要生命活动从而对细菌产生毒性,抑制细菌生长。抗毒素为蛋白质或非编码RNA,通过极其多样的方式,中和毒素的毒性。目前发现TA在调控质粒拷贝数、流产性感染、生物被膜的形成等过程中发挥着重要作用。随着研究的不断深入,新型TA不断被发现,极大地促进了我们对于TA的认识。目前TA已经扩展到I‒Ⅷ型,本文总结了近期发现的新型TA,并重点介绍了最新发现的Ⅶ型TA及其特殊的中和机制。由于TA与病原微生物的致病性密切相关,因此,深入研究这些TA可以为耐药微生物的治疗提供新的靶点。     

蓝细菌Synechocystis PCC 6803染色体上的基因ssl2138和sll1092构成的毒素-抗毒素系统

摘要:【目的】证明集胞藻(Synechocystis)PCC 6803染色体上的假定基因ssl2138和sll1092构成vapBC家族的毒素-抗毒素系统(toxin-antitoxin system,TA系统)。【方法】以RT-PCR分析ssl2138和sll1092的共转录,以选择性表达系统分析其编码产物对大肠杆菌生长的影响,并通过亲和层析和质谱检测证明编码产物之间的相互作用。【结果】ssl2138和sll1092构成的二元操纵子在正常生长条件下共转录;Sll1092表达抑制大肠杆菌的生长,Ssl2138的同时表达或随后表达可拮抗Sll1092的生长抑制作用;Ssl2138与Sll1092相互作用形成复合体。【结论】位于同一操纵子中的假定基因ssl2138和sll1092构成vapBC家族的TA系统。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.