濒危植物水青树种子的生物学特性

通过连续三年（2006～2008）对水青树种子（Tetracentron sinense）的形态特征和生理特性等指标进行检测,探讨了不同储藏温度、时间和不同基质对水青树种子萌发的影响,分析了与种子生物学特性相关的濒危机制。水青树种子很小,其形态特征、千粒重、含水量和饱满度在不同年限间差异不显著,而吸水速率却差异显著,其中2007年种子的吸水速率最快。TTC染色测得3年水青树种子的活力几乎为0,但其活力指数分别为0、0.41和0.27,表明TTC染色法不适于水青树种子活力的估算。低温储藏后,3年种子的萌发率分别为1.25%、96.5%、70.8%,发芽势分别为1%、59.8%、41.8%。随储藏时间的增加,2007年种子活力降低的速度都慢于其它2年,低温储藏的种子活力降低速度慢于常温储藏的种子。不同基质对水青树种子的萌发和幼苗的生长有一定影响。结果表明,大年水青树种子的活力明显强于小年,随储藏时间的增加其活力的丧失速度也慢于小年;低温储藏有利于种子活力的保持。种子生物学特性方面导致水青树更新困难的原因可能有以下几点：（1）长期进化形成的小种子虽有利于传播和散布,但不利于种子和幼苗的存活;（2）长期低温不适于种子萌发,难以形成应有的幼苗格局;（3）长期湿润环境不适于种子安全度过寒冷期。     

不同种源及基质对水青树种子萌发及幼苗初期生长的影响

通过对4个不同种源地的水青树种子进行形态与生理特征的研究,探讨了不同种源、基质及温度对水青树种子萌发和幼苗初期生长的影响,以了解该物种种群自然更新困难的原因。结果表明:(1)不同种源的种子,其千粒重、饱满度及形态学方面存在显著差异。(2)不同种源的种子的萌发率分别为:74.67%(雷波)、41%(马边)、67%(九寨沟)、0%(美姑),对应的发芽势分别为38.33%、10%、27.33%、0(P<0.01);(3)在不同的萌发基质中,腐殖土中的萌发率、萌发势及幼苗的长势均优于生境土和沙土,而沙土中种子的萌发与幼苗的生长最差,因此水青树生境地的土壤不是其自然更新的限制因素;(4)常温下不同基质中,水青树种子的萌发率均高于恒温条件,表明适宜的变温处理有利于种子萌发及幼苗存活;(5)综合分析可知,雷波的水青树种子品质较好,马边的则较差。     

吸胀期低温处理对水青树种子萌发特性的影响

通过模拟野外环境条件的变化,研究吸胀期低温处理对水青树种子萌发的影响,以探讨限制水青树种群更新的影响因素。研究发现:(1)水青树种子的吸胀过程可以分为4个阶段,其吸水量将随土壤湿度的增加而增加,并在30%土壤湿度条件下基本达到充分吸胀状态;(2)随着野外埋藏时间的延长,水青树种子萌发率、发芽势及含水量均呈上升趋势,活力指数呈现先上升后逐渐下降的趋势;(3)经不同低温处理的水青树种子,在20%或30%土壤湿度吸胀条件下,其萌发特性达到最高;(4)在20%土壤湿度条件下,低温处理2~4 d或21~28 d时,0℃最适于水青树种子的萌发;在30%土壤湿度条件下,低温处理14~28 d时,-7℃最适于水青树种子的萌发;(5)在相同冷冻时间的条件下,随温度的降低,落叶中水青树种子的萌发率无显著变化;在相同低温条件下(0℃低温除外),种子的萌发率会在冷冻28 d后有所提高。结果表明:一定范围内的吸胀期低温处理对水青树种子的萌发并无抑制作用,并不是限制水青树种群更新的主要因素。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉结实特性的研究

秦岭冷杉 (Abieschensiensis) 是松科冷杉属常绿乔木, 为我国特有珍稀濒危植物。该文在秦岭冷杉分布最为集中的秦岭地区分高、低 2个海拔高度采集当年球果和种子, 通过野外观察、室内实验和对比分析, 研究秦岭冷杉的结实特征以及球果和种子的基本性状, 并探讨这些特征在不同海拔高度的差异。结果表明, 与冷杉属其它树种相比, 秦岭冷杉球果和种子较大、单果种子数较多, 但空粒多、饱满度低。自然状况下饱满度为 12.0 %, 人工目视分选后饱满度 2 1.6 %, 风选后可达到 38.1%, 其余种子大部分为空粒、涩粒, 有少量虫粒。随海拔高度增加, 秦岭冷杉天然群体成龄个体中结实母树比例降低, 结实量减少。秦岭冷杉总体结实母树比例为 5 5 %, 低海拔处结实母树比例较高, 为 76 %, 高海拔结实母树比例为 34%。秦岭冷杉单株母树的平均结实量为 113个, 结实量小于 10 0个的母树占 6 4.5 %, 其中 5 0 %的母树结实量在 5 0~ 10 0个, 结实量在 10 0~ 2 0 0个的占 16.1%, 2 0 0个以上的占 19.4 %。 2 0 0个以上球果的个体均生长在低海拔区间, 高海拔处结实量多在 10 0个以下。方差分析表明, 两个海拔高度间球果和种子特征差异是显著的, 绝大部分球果和种子性状指标的平均值在低海拔处大于高海拔处。因此, 从结实特性以及球果和种子的特征来看, 低海拔处秦岭冷杉生殖生长好于高海拔处。     

濒危植物水青树的种群结构与数量动态

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术,编制四川草坡自然保护区水青树Tetracentron sinense种群特定时间生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征;同时结合时间序列模型,分析该种群数量的动态变化。结果表明：(1)草坡自然保护区的水青树的年龄结构表现为稳定型,虽然幼苗较多,但幼树死亡率高,种群处于衰退早期;(2)水青树种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第Ⅲ龄级出现一高峰,即幼树死亡率较高;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;(3) 4个生存函数曲线表明,水青树种群具有前期锐减、中后期相对稳定和末期衰退的特点,其种群处于衰退早期;(4)种群的时间序列预测模型分析表明,在未来9年水青树种群数量将下降,老龄个体逐渐增多,幼龄株数更显不足,呈衰退势态。     

薄毛海绵杜鹃结实和萌发特性随环境的变化

选择青藏高原东南林线地区优势植物薄毛海绵杜鹃为对象,研究薄毛海绵杜鹃结实特性和萌发特性随海拔(4183—4673 m)、坡度、坡向等环境梯度的变化规律。对比了不同环境条件下薄毛海绵杜鹃果实的长、宽、重量、单果种子数、种子千粒重等结实特性;并测试了不同环境所产种子的萌发对温度和光照的响应。结果表明:(1)在高海拔低温胁迫环境下,薄毛海绵杜鹃的生殖投入加大,果实大且质量重,种子数量多但质量轻;(2)坡向是影响单果种子数量的主要环境因子,阴坡单果种子数显著大于阳坡,生活在阴坡的薄毛海绵杜鹃的繁衍能力更强;(3)较高和较低土壤湿度都会影响薄毛海绵杜鹃的种子质量,中等土壤湿度(28.3%—32.5%)薄毛海绵杜鹃种子萌发能力最强;(4)薄毛海绵杜鹃的种子是需光性种子,在黑暗条件下几乎不萌发;(5)在光照条件下,温度对种子萌发率和萌发速率有显著影响,高温(25/5℃)有助于提高萌发率并促使萌发进程显著提前。研究揭示了不同海拔薄毛海绵杜鹃结实和萌发特性与环境之间的关系,为薄毛海绵杜鹃的种质资源保护和气候变化背景下藏东南林线动态预测提供了基础资料。     

水淹和不同贮藏方法对中华蚊母树种子萌发及其生理特征和幼苗生长活力的影响

以中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)种子为材料,分别设置4个贮藏时间(0、30、60和90d),以及2m水淹(FSW)、低温沙藏(CSS)、低温干藏(CDS)、室温沙藏(RSS)、室温干藏(RDS)和低温层积(CSF)6个贮藏方式对种子进行贮藏实验,并测定分析各处理种子的萌发特性及其幼苗生长状况,明确不同储藏方式和时间对中华蚊母树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)CSF处理30d后,中华蚊母树的种子有65.37%发生霉烂,最后萌发种子数为贮藏种子的30.93%;FSW处理90d的种子的萌发率为35.67%。(2)室内贮藏90d后,CSS、CDS、RSS和RDS处理的种子萌发率较新鲜种子萌发率(26.37%)显著增大,并以4℃下CDS处理90d的种子萌发率最大(70.65%),萌发速率系数为1 956.97。(3)CDS处理90d的种子淀粉和蛋白质含量较新鲜种子分别降低了38.75%和20.16%,而可溶性糖含量增加了31.47%;FSW处理后的种子淀粉、蛋白质及可溶性糖含量均较新鲜种子显著降低,降幅分别为48.75%、62.62%和6.29%。(4)不同贮藏方式贮藏90d后,各处理间中华蚊母树幼苗的生长活力表现出显著差异,并以CDS处理的幼苗活力最高,而FSW处理的种子萌发后幼苗的活力显著低于其他贮藏方式。研究表明,低温条件下中华蚊母树种子萌发率及幼苗活力显著高于室温贮藏,可能是在低温贮藏条件下种子的贮藏物质由淀粉水解为可溶性糖,更利于种子吸收并为种子萌发提供了能量,从而加快了破除种子生理休眠的进程,而且中华蚊母树种子对水淹有一定的耐受性,故中华蚊母树可以作为三峡水库消落带高海拔区域植被恢复与重建优先考虑的物种。     

水杉原生种群核心种质资源的繁殖特性

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)原生种群天然更新困难, 为探究其原因是否与繁殖特性有关, 本文以其核心种质资源(40株个体)为对象, 通过对生境、母树个体和种子性状的调查, 并结合田间播种试验, 分析其繁殖特性。以方差分析检测不同母树个体间种子性状、发芽率和幼苗生长特征的差异; 采用相关性分析和多元线性回归模型分析个体性状对其种子、发芽率及幼苗生长的影响; 通过Logistic模型拟合, 分析幼苗生长的节律参数。结果显示: (1) 40株母树个体仅有7株产种, 产种率仅为17.50%, 且不同母树个体间产种量差异显著(P < 0.05)。(2)不同母树个体间的种子千粒重、种子发芽率、幼苗存活率和基径生长量均存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。(3) 7株母树个体种子的平均发芽率为19.73%, 幼苗平均存活率为73.42%, 不同母树之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。(4)母树个体的胸径与种子千粒重、种子发芽率呈显著负相关(P < 0.05), 种子发芽率与幼苗存活率呈极显著正相关(P < 0.001), 树高与幼苗存活率呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)、与幼苗基径呈极显著正相关(P < 0.001)。(5)母树树高对幼苗存活率有显著正效应(P < 0.05), 胸径对种子发芽率有显著负效应(P < 0.05)。(6)苗高、基径的生长符合“S”型生长曲线(R ² ≥ 0.928)。水杉原生种群产种量低, 种子发芽率低、幼苗存活率较低, 且不同母树之间差异显著可能是造成其天然更新困难的原因。     

胡杨异形叶结构型性状及其与胸径关系

对胡杨5种类型植株的叶片厚度、叶面积、比叶面积、叶片干重和干物质含量等5个结构型性状指标进行分析,研究叶片的结构型性状与胸径之间及各个结构型性状彼此间相互关系。结果表明:叶面积、叶厚度和叶干重与胸径呈极显著正相关(P0.01),叶片干物质含量与胸径间呈显著正相关(P0.05),比叶面积与胸径之间呈极显著负相关(P0.01),说明随着植株生长发育的进行,叶片的面积、厚度、干重和干物质含量均逐渐增加,而比叶面积逐渐减小。各性状指标间相关性表现为叶面积、叶厚度、叶干物质和叶片干物质含量任意2个指标之间均呈显著或极显著正相关;而比叶面积与这4个指标间均呈显著或极显著负相关。     

不同产地车前种子重量、萌发特性及其影响因子

利用国内8个省21个居群的车前(Plantago asiatica)种子,测量其在15℃,15％平衡相对湿度下的重量;通过25/10℃下的萌发实验,统计了种子的萌发率及腐烂率,并通过未萌发新鲜种子的比例对种子可能的休眠程度做出估计.收集采集地的地理及气象信息,对车前种子重量、萌发率、腐烂率及休眠率与地理及气象因子之间的关系做双变量相关分析.结果表明,车前50粒种子的重量在0.0047 ～0.0408g之间,平均值为0.0156 g;种子重量与分布区降水量呈极显著的正相关性,同时温度与种子重量也有显著的正相关性;随着温度升高与降水增多,种子重量呈增大的趋势.腐烂率与海拔呈极显著的负相关性,而与经度、年均温及降水量呈极显著的正相关性;休眠率与年均温及降水量分别呈显著或极显著的正相关性.随着海拔升高、经度减少,温度及降水量下降,车前种子的腐烂率呈下降趋势,休眠程度也逐渐降低;因此西部高海拔地区分布的车前种子具有较浅的休眠及较高的库存活力,因而萌发率较高.车前种子在重量、休眠及萌发习性方面的多样性是其对不同环境适应的一种表现.     

The Effect of Low Temperature during Imbibition on Germination Characteristics of Tetracentron sinense (Tetracentraceae) Seeds

In this paper, the effects of low temperature, soil moisture and freezing time on the germination of Tetracentron sinense Oliv. seeds were studied by simulating wild environment conditions, and the factors influencing the natural regeneration of Tsinense population were discussed. The results are as follows: (1) The imbibition process of Tsinense seed can be divided into four stages, the water absorbing capacity of Tsinense seed after imbibition would increase with the increase of soil moisture, and the seeds would be fully imbibed under the condition of 30% soil moisture; (2) The germination rate, germination force and water content of Tsinense seed increased with the increase of storage time, and the vigor index gradually decreased after increasing before; (3) At different low temperature, the germination rate of Tsinense seed reached the highest when the soil moisture is 20% or 30%; (4) When treated at 20% soil moisture for 2-4 days or 21-28 days, 0℃ is best for the germination rate of Tsinense seed; when treated at 30% soil moisture for 14-28 days, -7℃ is best fort he germination rate of Tsinense seed; (5) When treated at the same condition of freezing time, the germination rate of seeds in fallen leaves had no significant difference with the decrease of low temperature; under the same condition of low temperature (0℃ low temperature except), the germination rate increased after frozen 28 days. The results showed that there is no significant influence of low temperature during imbibition on germination characteristics of Tetracentron sinense seeds and indicating that low temperature during imbibition is not the main factor influencing the natural regeneration of Tsinense population.     

Biological Characteristics of Seeds of Endangered Plant Tetracentron sinense （Tetracentraceae）

By detecting the indicators of seeds such as the morphology and physiological characteristics within three consecutive years, the effects of different storage temperatures and time, and different media on seed germination of Tetracentron sinense were discussed, and also the endangered mechanism associated with biological characteristics of seeds was analyzed. The seeds of T.sinense were very small. No significant difference existed associated with seed morphology, 1000 seed weight, water content and plumpness, except for water absorption rate among seeds from different year, and the water absorption rate of seeds from 2007 was the fastest. The TTC results showed that the percentage of seed vigor was close to zero, but the vigor index of seeds among different year was respectively 0, 041 and 027, which indicated that TTC was not suitable for the estimation of Tsinense seed vigor. After stored at lower temperature, the germination rate of these seeds was respectively 125%、965%、708%, and the germination force was 1%、598%、418%. With the increase of storage time, seeds vigor of three years would decrease gradually, but the loss rate of seed vigor from 2007 was the slowest compared with other years. After stored at room temperature, the seed vigor would decrease even faster with the increase of storage time, compared with that stored at lower temperature. Different media had a certain effect on seed germination and seedling growth. The results showed that seed vigor from an abundant year was better than that of off year, and would decrease even slower than that of off year with the increase of storage time. The storage at lower temperature was favorable to the maintenance of seed vigor. The reasons resulted in severe danger related to Tsinense seeds are as follows: (1) Small seeds contributed to the spread and dispersal of species, was not beneficial to the survival of seed and seedling. (2) Perennial low temperature was not suitable for seed germination and the formation of a seedling pattern; (3) Perennial moist environment was not suitable for seed living through cold period safely.     

The Characteristics of Low Temperature Tolerance during Seed Germination of the Ephemeral Plant Lepidium apetalum (Cruciferae)

Lepidium apetalum was used to explore the characteristics and mechanismes of low temperature tolerance during seed germination. The results showed that pre treatment the seeds at 4℃ would improve the seeds viability after stressed by low temperature at -5℃ and -10℃ and the capability of seeds tolerance to cold temperature became weaker along with germination development. Although the growth of radicle was inhibited significantly at 4℃ during germination, the seeds could still survive and grow. With appropriate time of stratified at 4℃, germination pace would be improved and germination rate would not change, while both of which decreased if stratification lasted too long. Moreover, Lapetalum seeds were very sensible to the temperature during germination. It showed no germination at 4℃, while if seeds were stratificated for 48 hours at 4℃ and subsequently treated with 25℃ for more than 6 hours, seeds would germinate at 4℃ and the germination rate increased with the time of 25℃ treatment prolonged. If treatment at 25℃ was less than 5 houes, it showed no germinating. In addition, seeds with stratification for 10 days following 1 h treatment at 25℃ could also germinated at 4℃. The present study indicated that some pivotal genes that related with a key physiological stage before the onset of radicle protrusion might inhibite at 4℃, which resulted in Lapetalum seed could not germinate at 4℃. Except that physiological stage, the Lapetalum seed had a strong tolerance to low temperature at other germination stages. This experiment provided a new way to explore the germination mechanism of ephemerals plants seeds at low temperature.     

小芸木胚发育过程中脱水耐性的变化

对热带植物小芸木的种子和胚在整个发育阶段的形态学特征、含水量、萌发率和电导率进行了研究。结果显示:(1)小芸木种子在发育过程中形态学特征、电导率、萌发率和胚的脱水耐性有明显的变化;(2)在55~80 d种子鲜重和干重逐渐增加,随后又稍微降低,整个发育过程未经历明显的成熟脱水阶段;种子萌发率从55~85 d逐渐达到最大,随后又稍微降低;(3)胚的脱水耐性从55~90 d逐渐增加,于85~90 d达到最大,在95~103 d时又有所下降。表明小芸木胚的最大脱水耐性的获得时间与种子干物质积累达到最大的时间一致。     

沙芥种子发育过程中的脱水耐性

以发育过程中经脱水和未脱水处理的沙芥种子为试验材料,测定了其含水量、萌发率和抗氧化酶系统,探讨了沙芥种子脱水耐性与抗氧化系统之间的关系。结果表明：在20～60DAF,沙芥种子含水量逐渐下降,干重逐渐增加;60DAF种子具有萌发能力,萌发率为24％;且脱水可促进沙芥种子的萌发,人工脱水至含水量为12％和5％时,萌发率分别为56％和44％,自然脱水至含水量为12％和5％时,萌发率分别为52％和60％;发育过程中沙芥种子SOD活性逐渐降低,而CAT、POD、LOX活性以及MDA含量均呈上升趋势;在脱水过程中,随着种子含水量的下降SOD活性逐渐降低,CAT和LOX活性逐渐升高,而POD活性呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。脱水后,种子中MDA含量均高于CK。60DAF的沙芥种子已获得脱水耐性。     

极小种群浙江安息香的物候观测

浙江安息香(Styrax zhejiangensis)分布于浙江建德林场泷江林区桃花坞,是浙江省特有的极小种群野生植物。为了更好地解析该物种的濒危原因,对浙江安息香进行物候观测,了解其开花、结实和种子生物学特征等。结果表明:浙江安息香花叶同期。花器官和花粉特征与同属植物较为类似,结实率为21%~32%。种子存在形态变异,饱满度不足等现象,以及外种皮致密坚硬导致其透水性差有可能影响其萌发。温差及连续降雨虽然会加重其落花落果。因此,保护该物种需要更多了解其花果实的特性,并加以人工辅助。