青藏高原高寒草甸非生长季温室气体排放特征及其年度贡献

高寒草甸是青藏高原地区的主要植被类型,目前对其温室气体研究多集中于生长季.本文利用静态箱-气相色谱法,对非生长季高寒草甸温室气体排放特征及其与主要环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明:非生长季高寒草甸表现为CO2和N2O的源、CH4的汇.其中非生长季CO2通量平均值为89.33 mg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为280.01g· m-2;CH4通量平均值为-11.35 μg·m-2·h-1,累积吸收通量为124.74 mg·m-2;N2O通量平均值为8.02 μg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为39.51 mg·m-2.非生长季CO2、CH4和N2O累积排放通量分别占全年的13.33％、53.47％和62.67％.冻融期(2012年4月)CH4累积吸收通量较小,只占非生长季的4.5％;而CO2和N2O累积排放通量较大,分别占非生长季的25.8％和20.8％.非生长季CO2通量与温度(气温、5和10 cm土壤温度)和5 cm土壤湿度均存在显著正相关关系,而CH4和N2O通量仅与5 cm土壤湿度存在显著正相关.研究表明,虽然冻融期CH4累积吸收通量在非生长季累积量中比重较小,但非生长季CH4和N2O累积排放量却占全年累积排放量的1/2以上,在温室气体累积通量评估中不容忽视.     

火干扰对小兴安岭毛赤杨沼泽温室气体排放动态影响及其影响因素

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,对小兴安岭轻度火烧毛赤杨沼泽CH4、CO2、N2O生长季排放通量进行研究.结果表明:火烧使毛赤杨沼泽生长季CH4排放通量提高485.2％,CO2和N2O排放通量分别下降45.5％、24.8％.火烧未改变CH4季节性排放规律,但改变了CO2、N2O季节性变化规律.火烧样地CH4排放通量与土壤15cm温度间存在显著正相关性关系而与水位相关性不显著,火烧样地CO2排放与土壤0-30 cm温度呈显著或极显著正相关,与水位极显著负相关.对照样地CO2排放通量与土壤0-15 cm温度呈显著或极显著正相关,与水位极显著负相关,火烧使毛赤杨沼泽CH4排放源的强度增强,CO2、N2O的排放消弱,全球温室潜势下降约为43.34％.     

不同耕作措施的温室气体排放日变化及最佳观测时间

在连续6 a耕作模式的基础上,利用静态箱-气相色谱法对常规耕作与免耕条件下小麦生育后期麦田CO2、CH4、N2O通量日变化进行了连续48 h观测,并确定1 d中最佳的观测时间。结果表明,常规耕作与免耕条件下小麦生育后期麦田CO2、CH4、N2O通量具有显著的日变化特征,常规耕作处理和免耕处理土壤表现为CH4的吸收汇、CO2、N2O的排放源。CH4日均吸收通量:常规耕作无秸秆还田处理(AC)>常规耕作秸秆还田处理(PC)>免耕(PZ);CO2日均排放通量:常规耕作秸秆还田处理(PC)>常规耕作无秸秆还田处理(AC)>免耕(PZ);N2O日均排放通量:常规耕作秸秆还田处理(PC)>常规耕作无秸秆还田处理(AC)>免耕(PZ)。相关性分析表明,常规耕作及免耕条件下CO2、CH4、N2O通量日变化与地表温度和5 cm地温呈极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)的正相关关系,温度是决定温室气体日变化的主要决定因素。通过矫正系数和回归分析表明,在小麦生育后期(4—6月),CO2的最佳观测时间段在8:00—10:00,CH4为8:00—10:00,N2O为8:00—12:00。     

施氮对桉树人工林生长季和非生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响

森林在调控温室气体排放方面有重要作用,随着人工林的迅速发展,其温室气体通量和对施肥的响应逐渐引起广泛关注。为了解施氮对桉树人工林生长季和非生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响,在广西东门林场尾巨桉人工林样地设置低(84.2 kg N·hm-2)、中(166.8 kg N·hm-2)、高(333.7 kg N·hm-2)3个施氮水平和不施氮对照,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测土壤CO2、N2O和CH4通量。结果表明:(1)不同施氮处理的桉树人工林土壤CO2、CH4和N2O年均排放通量分别为214~271 mg CO2·m-2·h-1、-47~-37 kg CH4·m-2·h-1和16~203 kg N2O·m-2·h-1;土壤CO2排放通量在生长季高于非生长季,CH4和N2O通量未表现出明显季节变化。(2)施氮显著增加了土壤CO2和N2O年均排放通量,其促进效应主要集中在生长季(施氮后的4个月,即6—9月),且随时间增加,效应减弱。(3)施氮显著降低了土壤CH4年均吸收通量。因此,在维持桉树人工林生产力的基础上,结合季节变化,合理调控施氮量将有助于减少桉树林土壤温室气体排放。     

火干扰对小兴安岭草丛、灌丛沼泽温室气体短期排放的影响

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了火烧干扰对小兴安岭草丛、灌丛沼泽生长季CH4、CO2、N2O排放的季节变化及影响因子结果表明:火干扰使草丛、灌丛沼泽生长季的平均气温和各层土壤温度提高0.1—2.0℃,水位平均下降2.7 cm。火干扰使草丛、灌丛沼泽样地CH4排放通量提高了56%、524.9%,CO2排放通量分别下降了57.3%、14.5%,N2O排放通量分别下降27.1%,64.9%。火烧前后草丛沼泽CH4、N2O与灌丛沼泽CO2排放通量季节性规律未发生变化。火干扰改变了草丛沼泽生长季CO2、灌丛沼泽N2O排放通量的季节性变化规律。草丛沼泽对照样地CH4排放通量与5 cm土壤温度存在显著相关性,草丛沼泽CH4排放通量与水位相关性不显著。灌丛沼泽CH4排放通量与各层土壤温度及水位均无显著相关性。草丛、灌丛沼泽对照样地土壤CO2排放通量与0—15 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著正相关,火烧样地与0—30 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著正相关。草丛、灌丛沼泽对照、火烧样地土壤CO2排放通量与水位极显著负相关。火干扰使草丛、灌丛沼泽CH4排放源的强度增强,CO2、N2O的排放消弱,全球温室潜势下降约为23.3%。火干扰能够减少草丛、灌丛沼泽温室气体排放。     

东北温带次生林和落叶松人工林土壤CH4吸收和N2O排放通量

2007年6月-2008年6月,在帽儿山用静态箱/气相色谱法测定了相邻次生林和落叶松人工林土壤CH4和N2O通量,结果表明:次生林转变为落叶松人工林后土壤年CH4吸收和年N2O排放通量均显著增加,分别为次生林的1.2倍和3.6倍.两林分CH4和N2O通量表现相似的季节动态,生长季土壤CH4吸收通量和N2O排放通量均高于非生长季.次生林和落叶松人工林土壤CH4吸收通量与土壤温度均呈正相关关系,而与土壤含水量呈负相关关系.土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度和土壤铵态氮含量均呈正相关关系,而与土壤含水量没有明显相关性.次生林转变为落叶松人工林后,落叶松林地较厚的凋落物层改变了林地土壤水分的格局,影响了土壤的CH4和N2O通量.     

新疆天山高寒草原不同放牧管理下的CO_2,CH_4和N_2O通量特征

以中国科学院新疆巴音布鲁克草原生态站为依托,于2010年5月—2011年10月利用静态箱-气相色谱法对短期禁牧(2005年围封)、长期禁牧(1984年围封)和自由放牧(冬季放牧)3种草地的CO2、CH4、N2O气体通量进行了野外连续试验研究。结果表明:新疆天山高寒草原对CO2,CH4和N2O通量表现出明显的季节排放特点。在植物的生长季(5—10月),新疆天山高寒短期禁牧、长期禁牧和自由放牧草原的CO2通量平均值分别为:(89.8±49.3)、(52.8±28.7)、(57.0±30.7)mg·m-2·h-1,CH4通量平均值分别为:(-66.3±21.3)、(-104.5±32.8)、(-103.0±39.0)μg·m-2·h-1,N2O通量平均值分别为:(21.2±11.8)、(13.6±6.9)、(13.2±6.2)μg·m-2·h-1;短期禁牧草原与长期禁牧和自由放牧草原CH4平均通量具有显著性差异(P0.05),但CO2和N2O差异不显著(P0.05)。在植物的非生长季(11月—翌年4月),新疆天山高寒短期禁牧、长期禁牧以及自由放牧草原的3种温室气体的通量较低且差异均不显著。     

施氮对桉树人工林生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响

施肥是维持短期轮伐人工林生产量的重要手段,为了提高肥料利用效率,缓释氮肥逐渐成为广泛采用的氮肥种类。评估缓释肥施用对人工林生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响对于全面评估人工林施肥的环境效应具有重要意义。以我国南方广泛种植的桉树林为对象,采用野外控制实验研究了4种施氮处理(对照CK:0 kg/hm2;低氮L:84.2 kg/hm2;中氮M:166.8 kg/hm2;高氮H:333.7 kg/hm2)对土壤-大气界面3种温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)通量的影响,结果表明:(1)4种施氮水平下CO2排放通量、N2O排放通量和CH4吸收通量分别为276.84—342.84 mg m-2h-1、17.64—375.34μg m-2h-1和29.65—39.70μg m-2h-1;施氮显著促进了N2O的排放(P0.01),高氮处理显著增加CO2排放和显著减少CH4吸收(P0.05),且CO2排放通量与CH4吸收通量随着施氮量的增加分别呈现增加和减少的趋势;(2)生长季CO2和N2O排放呈现显著正相关(P0.01),CO2排放和CH4吸收呈现显著负相关(P0.05),N2O排放和CH4吸收呈现显著负相关(P0.01);(3)土壤温度和土壤水分是影响CO2、N2O排放通量和CH4吸收通量的主要环境因素。结果表明:施用缓释肥显著增加了桉树林生长季土壤N2O排放量,且高氮处理还显著促进CO2排放和显著抑制CH4吸收,上述研究结果可为人工林缓释肥对土壤温室气体通量评估提供参数。     

小兴安岭阔叶林沼泽土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放规律及其影响因子

采用野外静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了小兴安岭典型阔叶林沼泽生长季节土壤CO2、CH4和N2O排放季节变化规律、源/汇功能及主要影响因子。结果表明:①苔草沼泽、毛赤杨沼泽和白桦沼泽生长季节土壤CO2、CH4、N2O排放分别集中在夏季、夏秋季、春夏季,平均排放通量依次为487.89、382.27、514.63 mg.m-2.h-1,1.88、1.03、0.04 mg.m-2.h-1,3.70、58.61、11.73μg.m-2.h-1。②三者生长季节土壤CO2排放通量与气温和0-20 cm土壤温度均呈显著正相关;苔草沼泽CH4排放通量与30-40cm土壤温度呈显著正相关,毛赤杨沼泽CH4排放通量与地表温度呈显著负相关;白桦沼泽N2O排放通量与地表温度呈显著正相关。苔草沼泽N2O排放与水位呈显著负相关;毛赤杨沼泽CH4排放与水位呈显著正相关;白桦沼泽CO2排放与水位呈显著负相关。③三者生长季节土壤均为CO2、CH4、N2O排放源(17.56、13.76、18.53 t.hm-2;67.54、37.05、1.30 kg.hm-2;0.13、2.11、0.42 kg.hm-2),三者CO2排放量相近(5.5%-21.6%);苔草沼泽为CH4的强排放源,毛赤杨沼泽为中排放源,白桦沼泽为弱排放源;毛赤杨沼泽为N2O的强排放源,白桦沼泽为中排放源,苔草沼泽为弱排放源。     

小兴安岭典型草丛沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O的排放动态及其影响因素

2007年6～10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,同步研究了小兴安岭典型修氏苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量的季节动态及其与环境因子的关系,估算CO2、CH4和N2O的生长季排放量,探讨了沼泽湿地碳与氮的源汇关系.结果表明:草丛沼泽生长季节温室气体排放量以CO2占绝对优势(99.61%),CH4的排放量次之(0.39%),N2O的排放量最低(0.000 7%),且为碳、氮的吸收汇(分别为固定量的53.93%和0.04%);CO2、CH4和N2O生长季平均排放通量依次为487.89、1.88和0.004 mg·m-2·h-1,且具有明显的季节变化特征,CO2和N2O的最高排放量均出现在夏季(6月24日至8月14日和7月14日至8月14日),CH4的最高排放量出现在夏秋季(8月24日至9月24日),其中,CO2季节变化与空气温度和0～20 cm土壤温度具有显著相关性(p＜0.05),CH4与空气温度具有显著相关性(p<0.01),N2O与水位具有显著的负相关性(p＜0.05).     

BCL2-CISD2

CISD2, an ER BCL2-associated autophagy regulator also known as NAF-1, is responsible for the human degenerative disorder Wolfram Syndrome 2. In order to interrogate the physiological role of CISD2 we generated and characterized the Cisd2 gene deletion in mice. Cisd2 null mice manifest significant degeneration in skeletal muscle tissues, which is accompanied with augmented autophagy, dysregulated Ca²⁺ homeostasis and elongated mitochondria. Our findings describe a novel role for BCL2-CISD2 in the homeostatic maintenance of skeletal muscle. It remains to be elucidated how and if the antagonism of the BECN1 autophagy-initiating complex and modulation of ER Ca²⁺ homeostasis by BCL2-CISD2 are interconnected.     

Synthesis of [11-2H2], [8-2H2], [7-2H2], [6-2H2], [5-2H2], [4-2H2] and [3-2H2] cis-9-octadecenoates

Deuterated oleates have been synthesized by semihydrogenation of acetylenic intermediates. [11-²H₂]Oleate was prepared by two-carbon chain extension of the C₁₆ alcohol obtained from [1-²H₂]octyl bromide and 7-octyn-1-ol. [8-²H₂] and [7-²H₂]oleates were both prepared from dimethyl suberate, tetradeutero intermediate C₁₆ alcohols were synthesized from [1,8-²H₄] and [2,7-²H₄]octane diols by monobromination, conversion to deuterated 9-decyn-1-ols and reaction with octyl bromide. Oxidation gave [8-²H₂]-9-octadecynoate and [2,7-²H₂]-9-octadecynoate, after semihydrogenation of the latter, deuterons at C-2 were removed by exchange with aqueous alkali. [6-²H₂] and [5-²H₂]oleates were obtained from methyl 5-tetradecynoate, semihydrogenation, deuterium exchange at C-2 and two malonate extensions gave [6-²H₂]oleate; reduction with lithium aluminum deuteride, two malonate extensions and semihydrogenation gave the [5-²H₂] ester. [4-²H₂] and [3-²H₂]oleates were both obtained from methyl 7-cis-hexadecenoate, exchange of the α protons and chain extension gave the [4-²H₂] ester and reduction with lithium aluminum deuteride and chain extension gave the [3-²H₂] ester.     

Synthesis and physicochemical properties of 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-beta-D-ribofuranosyl and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl oligonucleotides

We present procedures for nucleoside and oligonucleotide synthesis, binding affinity (Tm) and structural analysis (CD spectra) of 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-beta-D-ribofuranosyl oligothymidylates. Possible reasons for the thermal instability of duplexes formed between these compounds and RNA or DNA targets are discussed.     

Stereospecific 2'-amination and 2'-chlorination of adenosine by Actinomadura in the biosynthesis of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-chloro-2'-deoxycoformycin

2'-Amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-chloro-2'-deoxycoformycin (2'-CldCF) are two nucleoside antibiotics produced by Actinomadura. The biosynthesis of these two nucleoside antibiotics has been studied by the addition of [U-14C]adenosine with or without unlabeled adenine to cultures of Actinomadura. By this experimental approach, it is possible to demonstrate that adenosine is the direct precursor for the biosynthesis of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF. These conclusions are based on the observation that the percentage distribution of 14C in the aglyconic and pentofuranosyl moieties of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF were similar to the distribution of 14C in the adenine and ribosyl moieties of the [U-14C]adenosine (i.e., 48:52) added to cultures of Actinomadura. Experimentally, the percentage distribution of 14C in the (i) adenine:2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine is 51:49; (ii) 8-(R)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]-[1,3-diazepin-8-o1]:2 -chloro-2- beta-D-ribofuranose of 2'-CldCF is 45:55; and (iii) adenine:ribose of the adenosine isolated from the RNA of Actinomadura is 42:58. Further proof that adenosine is the direct precursor for the biosynthesis 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF was demonstrated by the addition of 75 mumol of unlabeled adenine together with [U-14C]adenosine to nucleoside-producing cultures of Actinomadura. The percentage distribution of 14C in the aglycon and the sugar moieties of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-CldCF were 46:54 and 47:53, respectively; the percentage distribution of 14C in the adenine and ribose moieties of the adenosine isolated from the RNA of Actinomadura was 51:49. These data show that the hydroxyl on C-2' of the ribosyl moiety of adenosine undergoes a replacement by a 2'-amino or a 2'-chloro group to form 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine or 2'-CldCF with retention of stereconfiguration at C-2'. Finally, Actinomadura can utilize inorganic chloride from the medium as demonstrated by the isolation of [36Cl]2'-CldCF following the addition of [36Cl]chloride to the culture medium. Mechanisms for the regioselective modification of the C-2' hydroxyl group and stereospecific insertion of the amino and chloro groups are discussed.     

A concise synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl 2-azido-2-deoxy- and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranosides

4-nitrophenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha- and beta-D-mannopyranosides were prepared from methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose, respectively. Chemoselective reduction of both azides with hydrogen sulfide readily afforded 4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D- and -beta-D-mannopyranosides in higher yields than reduction with triphenylphosphine or a polymer-supported triarylphosphine. Subsequent de-O-acetylation yielded 4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and 4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-mannopyranoside in 20% and 44% overall yields, respectively.     

Stereospecific formation of alpha-hydroxycarboxylato oxo peroxo complexes of vanadium(V). Crystal structure of (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(L-lact)2] x 2H2O and (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(D-lact)(L-lact)] x 2H2O

An overview of structurally characterized alpha-hydroxycarboxylatodioxo- and alpha-hydroxycarboxylatooxoperoxovanadates(V) is presented and the geometric parameters of the V2O2 bridging core are discussed. The first case of a stereospecific formation of oxoperoxovanadates(V) is reported: The crystal structures of the isomeric compounds (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(L-lact)2] x 2H2O and (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(D-lact)(L-lact)] x 2H2O (lact = C3H4O3(2-), the anion of the lactic acid) differ mainly in the arrangement of the V2O2 core and in mutual orientation of the V=O bonds. The complexes with achiral ligands adopt the same structural type as the complexes formed from a racemic mixture of a chiral ligand, while the structure obtained using an enantiopure L,L-hydroxycarboxylate is different.     

Convenient synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine from 2-fluoroadenine

A convenient synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine from commercially available 2-fluoroadenine is described. The coupling reaction of silylated 2-fluoroadenine with phenyl 3,5-bis[O-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)]-2-deoxy-1-thio-D-erythro-pentofuranoside gave the corresponding 2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine derivative (alpha/beta = 1:1) in good yield. The alpha- and beta-anomers were separated by chromatography, and then desilylated to give compounds 1a and 1b.