茉莉酸类在伤信号转导中的作用机制

茉莉酸是伤反应所必须的信号分子。文章介绍伤信号转导中茉莉酸类的作用及其与系统素、乙烯、脱落酸、寡糖素、电子流等其他信号分子的关系和其作用的可能机制。     

茉莉酸类化合物及其信号通路研究进展

茉莉酸类化合物包括茉莉酸及其衍生物,是一类基本的植物激素,其结构上类似于后生动物的前列腺素,作为信号分子在植物的生长发育和胁迫信号响应过程中具有重要的作用.茉莉酸类化合物信号通路包括茉莉酸类化合物的生物合成以及茉莉酸信号的转导,JAZ蛋白是茉莉酸信号转导通路中的一个重要因子,JAZ蛋白的发现为茉莉酸信号转导分子机制的详细阐述铺平道路.简要介绍了茉莉酸类化合物在植物中的作用.重点介绍了其信号转导通路的研究进展.     

茉莉酸甲酯:一种重要的植物信号转导分子

作为一种信号转导分子,茉莉酸甲酯在植物生长发育、代谢调节、抗病、耐逆、防御相关基因的诱导表达等方面均起着重要的作用。由于茉莉酸甲酯所具有的上述多效性,其作用与机制受到人们的广泛关注。本文简要介绍了植物中茉莉酸甲酯信号转导作用的相关研究进展。     

茉莉酸信号及其在木本植物中的研究进展

茉莉酸作为一种重要的植物内源激素,广泛参与植物生长发育调控、防御反应、开花时间调节及花发育进程等生物学过程.此外,茉莉酸可以介导果实品质和调节植物体内代谢物含量,在农林经济生产中具有重要作用.针对近年来茉莉酸信号领域取得的研究进展,本文总结了茉莉酸信号在植物胁迫响应、防御反应、开花时间调控、花器官发育、色泽品质和代谢成分变化中的作用及信号转导机制,并阐述了茉莉酸信号在木本植物生长发育中的功能及机制.提出在木本植物中研究茉莉酸信号途径,应扩大茉莉酸通路中关键因子的互作蛋白筛选,同时兼顾茉莉酸与其他激素信号转导途径间的交叉关系,考虑不同品种、不同基因型之间的差异,以充分揭示茉莉酸信号调控途径的多样性和转导机制的复杂性,挖掘其在林木中的潜在功能.     

茉莉酸类化合物在植物防卫反应中的作用

茉莉酸类化合物(jasmonate,JA)是诱导植物防卫反应的重要信号分子。JA不仅是系统素信号转导途径的重要组分,而且在植物长距离伤信号转导中发挥重要作用。JA还能单独或与其他激素相互作用调节与植物防卫反应相关的次生代谢物质芥子油苷的生物合成,从而影响植物的防卫反应。现对JA在植物防卫反应中的作用进行综述,并对今后这一领域的研究进行了展望。     

茉莉酸调控植物生长发育和胁迫的研究进展

植物作为不可移动的生物，感知外界刺激通过改变自身信号转导对其做出反应。植物激素作为重要的信号分子，在植物应对不同生物和非生物胁迫反应中发挥作用，以调节植物生长发育并适应不断变化的环境。茉莉酸是植物体内的重要激素之一，目前它的合成途径、生理作用等已有大量研究，但对其感知环境变化并做出反应的信号转导途径以及与其他植物激素的相互作用方面的研究还有空白之处。本文主要阐述茉莉酸在调控植物生长发育、胁迫应答及其与其他植物激素的相互作用方面的研究进展。     

系统素、茉莉酸在番茄系统伤反应中的作用

当植物受到机械损伤或昆虫伤害时,植物体会在受伤部位产生伤信号分子启动防御基因的系统表达,蛋白酶抑制剂基因是防御基因的一典型代表.番茄是研究植物系统伤信号很好的模式植物,目前,三种类型的番茄系统伤信号突变体被鉴定出来,通过对番茄系统伤信号突变体进行功能分析并在它们之间进行相互嫁接实验,研究结果表明系统素和茉莉酸通过同一信号通路来激活防御基因的系统表达.系统素(或它的前体原系统素)在受伤部位激活茉莉酸的合成,使之达到系统反应的水平,应对外来伤害;茉莉酸或其衍生物是重要的系统伤信号分子,它诱导伤防御基因的系统表达.植物的系统伤反应可比做动物的炎症反应,它们之间有许多相似之处.     

茉莉酸调控花药开裂的研究进展

茉莉酸(JA)是广泛存在于植物中的生长调节物质,JA及其衍生物茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)在植物生命活动中起着重要作用。JA参与调控雄蕊发育,影响花药开裂,从而影响植物育性。就JA的生物合成及相关基因的表达调控、JA在植物花药发育尤其是后期花药开裂过程中相关基因以及信号转导的分子机制研究进行回顾总结,并对JA调控花药开裂的分子机理研究提出展望。     

植物伤反应中的茉莉酸类信号

植物伤反应包括伤信号的产生、传递、感知和转导。植物伤反应信号通路是一网络系统。茉莉酸类是植物伤反应中的重要信号分子,乙烯、ABA、系统素、水杨酸、过氧化氢等也参与伤信号转导。伤反应信号通路与其他生物、非生物胁迫反应信号通路交互作用,使植物能够在时空上对不同的胁迫做出正确响应。     

植物伤反应中的茉莉酸类信号

植物伤反应包括伤信号的产生、传递、感知和转导。植物伤反应信号通路是一网络系统。茉莉酸类是植物伤反应中的重要信号分子,乙烯、ABA、系统素、水杨酸、过氧化氢等也参与伤信号转导。伤反应信号通路与其他生物、非生物胁迫反应信号通路交互作用,使植物能够在时空上对不同的胁迫做出正确响应。     

The wound response mutant suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses6 (spr6) is a weak allele of the tomato homolog of CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 (COI1)

The systemic defense response of tomato plant in response to insect attack and wounding is regulated by the 18 amino acid peptide systemin and the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). Recent genetic analyses based mainly on spr (suppressors of prosystemin-mediated responses) mutant screens have led to the hypothesis that systemin acts at, or near, the site of wounding to amplify the production of JA, which in turn functions as a mobile signal to promote the systemic defense response. In order to identify more components involved in the systemin/JA-signaled defense response, we carried out a larger scale screen for new spr mutants in tomato. Here we describe the characterization of spr6, a mutant impaired in wound- and systemin-induced defense gene expression. Using a candidate gene approach based on genetic linkage, we demonstrate that spr6 is allelic to jai1-1, which is a loss-of-function allele of the tomato homolog of CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 (COI1), an F-box protein that is required for JA-signaled processes in Arabidopsis. We show several aspects of the spr6 mutant phenotype distinct from that of jai1-1. First, the responsiveness of spr6 plants to exogenous JA shows a dosage dependency, i.e. it is more sensitive to JA than jai1-1 while less sensitive to JA than the wild-type. Secondly, unlike the sterile jai1-1, the spr6 plant displays normal fertility and seed set and thus can be maintained as a pure line and does not require selection. Therefore, spr6 provides a valuable tool, which can complement the limitations of jai1-1, to study JA signaling in tomato. The gene identification process of Spr6 we described herein represents an example showing the convenience of a candidate gene approach, based on genetic linkage, to identify gene functions of genetic loci defined by tomato wound response mutants.     

JA but not JA‐Ile is the cell‐nonautonomous signal activating JA mediated systemic defenses to herbivory in Nicotiana attenuata

The whole‐plant activation of defense responses to wounding and herbivory requires systemic signaling in which jasmonates (JAs) play a pivotal role. To examine the nature of the slower cell‐nonautonomous as compared to the rapid cell‐autonomous signal in mediating systemic defenses in Nicotiana attenuata, reciprocal stem grafting‐experiments were used with plants silenced for the JA biosynthetic gene ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE (irAOC) or plants transformed to create JA sinks by ectopically expressing Arabidopsis JA‐O‐methyltransferase (ovJMT). JA‐impaired irAOC plants were defective in the cell‐nonautonomous signaling pathway but not in JA transport. Conversely, ovJMT plants abrogated the production of a graft‐transmissible JA signal. Both genotypes displayed unaltered cell‐autonomous signaling. Defense responses (17‐hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides, nicotine, and proteinase inhibitors) and metabolite profiles were differently induced in irAOC and ovJMT scions in response to graft‐transmissible signals from elicited wild type stocks. The performance of Manduca sexta larvae on the scions of different graft combinations was consistent with the patterns of systemic defense metabolite elicitations. Taken together, we conclude that JA and possibly MeJA, but not JA‐Ile, either directly functions as a long‐distance transmissible signal or indirectly interacts with long distance signal(s) to activate systemic defense responses.     

Interacting signal pathways control defense gene expression in Arabidopsis in response to cell wall-degrading enzymes from Erwinia carotovora

We have characterized the role of salicylic acid (SA)-independent defense signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Use of pathway-specific target genes as well as signal mutants allowed us to elucidate the role and interactions of ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), and SA signal pathways in this response. Gene expression studies suggest a central role for both ethylene and JA pathways in the regulation of defense gene expression triggered by the pathogen or by plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CF) secreted by the pathogen. Our results suggest that ethylene and JA act in concert in this regulation. In addition, CF triggers another, strictly JA-mediated response inhibited by ethylene and SA. SA does not appear to have a major role in activating defense gene expression in response to CF. However, SA may have a dual role in controlling CF-induced gene expression, by enhancing the expression of genes synergistically induced by ethylene and JA and repressing genes induced by JA alone.     

Roles of ethylene and jasmonic acid in systemic induced defense in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) against Helicoverpa zea

Inducible defenses that provide enhanced resistance to insect attack are nearly universal in plants. The defense-signaling cascade is mediated by the synthesis, movement, and perception of jasmonate (JA) and the interaction of this signaling molecule with other plant hormones and messengers. To explore how the interaction of JA and ethylene influences induced defenses, we employed the never-ripe (Nr) tomato mutant, which exhibits a partial block in ethylene perception, and the defenseless (def1) mutant, which is deficient in JA biosynthesis. The defense gene proteinase inhibitor (PIN2) was used as marker to compare plant responses. The Nr mutant showed a normal wounding response with PIN2 induction, but the def1 mutant did not. As expected, methyl JA (MeJA) treatment restored the normal wound response in the def1 mutant. Exogenous application of MeJA increased resistance to Helicoverpa zea, induced defense gene expression, and increased glandular trichome density on systemic leaves. Exogenous application of ethephon, which penetrates tissues and decomposes to ethylene, resulted in increased H. zea growth and interfered with the wounding response. Ethephon treatment also increased salicylic acid in systemic leaves. These results indicate that while JA plays the main role in systemic induced defense, ethylene acts antagonistically in this system to regulate systemic defense.     

The wound response in tomato--role of jasmonic acid

Plants respond to mechanical wounding or herbivore attack with a complex scenario of sequential, antagonistic or synergistic action of different signals leading to defense gene expression. Tomato plants were used as a model system since the peptide systemin and the lipid-derived jasmonic acid (JA) were recognized as essential signals in wound-induced gene expression. In this review recent data are discussed with emphasis on wound-signaling in tomato. The following aspects are covered: (i) systemin signaling, (ii) JA biosynthesis and action, (iii) orchestration of various signals such as JA, H2O2, NO, and salicylate, (iv) local and systemic response, and (v) amplification in wound signaling. The common occurrence of JA biosynthesis and systemin generation in the vascular bundles suggest JA as the systemic signal. Grafting experiments with JA-deficient, JA-insensitive and systemin-insensitive mutants strongly support this assumption.