露水河林业局森林多目标经营规划设计

改变单一经营目标的传统森林经营方式,进行森林多目标经营,综合发挥森林的生态、社会与经济功能是我国林业发展的一个新阶段。如何从一个生产单位的角度出发,统筹森林利用和保护相关的社会、经济及环境等各方面,进行多目标规划和决策,是林业研究和实践中的重要命题。以长白山区露水河林业局为例,探讨了森林多目标经营的必要性,设计了森林多目标经营的规划设计体系,从群落生境分析、发展类型设计、林分作业设计以及生命周期经营计划设计等方面对露水河林业局森林多目标经营进行了规划设计,以期为我国开展森林多目标经营提供借鉴和手段支撑。     

森林经营决策支持系统的设计与实现及在采伐中的应用

我国传统的森林经营方式比较落后,数字化水平不高,决策过程比较盲目.在地理信息系统平台中集成森林动态模型,建立森林经营决策支持系统,可以充分发挥地理信息系统的可视化、空间分析以及模型模拟预测功能,加强处理森林在较大时空尺度上的动态变化的能力.本文设计并实现了森林生长率模型、景观采伐模型和矩阵模型,开发了森林经营决策支持系统,回答森林采伐经营中“采多少,采哪里,怎么采”的三个主要问题,在长白山区的露水河林业局和三岔子林业局进行应用,为提高我国森林可持续经营管理的数字化水平提供了技术支持.     

地形因子对森林景观格局多尺度效应分析

以TM影像和野外调查为数据源,3S技术为研究手段,分析了泰山的森林景观结构动态变化以及景观格局沿高程的分异。选择相对高差较大的区域设计了8个地形方位,采用3种由连续样方组成的辐射状样带,在遥感影像上进行信息采集,研究地形对森林景观格局的多尺度效应,分析了不同地形因子对森林景观分异的影响。结果表明,在景观尺度上,地形方位、海拔、山地类型是影响森林景观镶嵌格局的控制因素,坡向、坡度是重要因素,坡形、坡位是不明显因素。以TM影像为信息源,从森林景观分异和梯度分析上,首先要考虑海拔坡向指数、坡形坡位指数和海拔,并立足于地形方位。地形主要因子间存在着稳定的显著正相关,为森林分异多尺度格局提供了较强的综合解释能力。     

森林水源涵养功能的多尺度内涵、过程及计量方法

近年来国内森林生态系统服务功能研究较多,但应用价值不高,其科学性受到诸多质疑。从森林水源涵养功能的多尺度内涵、过程以及其计量方法出发,对国内外研究动态和发展趋势进行了总结分析,重新审视森林水源涵养功能的研究意义,探讨森林水源涵养功能的多尺度特征。从森林水源涵养功能作用的空间尺度上看,其拦蓄洪水削减洪峰的功能仅在较小尺度上有效,而调节径流的功能只有当森林土壤的入渗量超过蒸散量时,才可能有更多地下水补给河道径流,进而增加旱季河道流量。同时森林水源涵养功能也具有明显的时间尺度特征,具体表现为在次降水事件中,由于蒸散发量较小,森林水源涵养功能的物质量等于森林不同层次的截留量,在功能上表现为拦蓄降水;在长时间尺度上,由于林地蒸散要耗去大量水分,森林水源涵养功能的物质量等于森林不同层次的截留量减去林地蒸散发量,在功能上表现为净化水质和调节径流。大多数研究仅对单一林分的个别层次蓄水功能进行研究,缺乏流域尺度或者更大空间尺度的森林水源涵养功能研究。建议从区域降尺度到流域或将坡面尺度上推到流域,集中在流域尺度解决森林水源涵养空间异质性将是解决森林水源涵养功能尺度外推的有效办法。就目前国内流行的森林水源涵养功能计量方法而言,其与尺度及研究目的有较大相关性,在研究中应根据研究目的、研究尺度和可获取的数据情况选择合适的计量方法。研究突出了不同尺度作用下森林水文过程的复杂性及重要性,并结合森林与水关系的争论问题,分析目前国内对森林水源涵养功能研究的一些误区,提出森林水源涵养功能研究的一些关键科学问题及未来可能的发展方向,主要包括:1)明确界定森林水源涵养功能的边界,探索森林水源涵养功能计量的新方法;2)加强不同时空尺度关联的森林水源涵养功能研究,包括正确评价森林水源涵养功能的时空变异规律,森林生态系统水源涵养功能的尺度效应,森林水源涵养与下游水生态安全,森林水源涵养研究范式转变等核心问题。     

面向生态系统服务的森林生态系统经营:现状、挑战与展望

森林生态系统是地球陆地生态系统的主体,它具有很高的生物生产力和生物量以及丰富的生物多样性,对全球生态系统和人类经济社会发展起着至关重要和无可替代的作用。伴随着人口的不断增长和经济社会的迅猛发展,对森林资源和森林生态系统服务的需求不断高涨,而且人类对森林资源价值的认识也发生了很大程度的改变。推进森林资源可持续经营,增加森林总量、提高森林质量、增强生态功能,已成为中国林业可持续发展乃至推进中国生态文明建设和建设美丽中国的战略任务。本文全面综述了森林生态系统经营发展历程,分析了森林生态系统经营的现状和存在问题,在此基础上,提出整合基于生态系统管理与满足现代人类福祉对森林多重需求的新的森林生态系统经营理念,面向生态系统服务的森林生态系统经营理念是未来的发展趋势。森林经营发展战略表现为:1)从单纯的森林面积数量扩张,转变到提高单位面积的森林生产力和森林质量;2)从单一追求木材生产逐步转变为多目标经营,将森林林产品单一的经营目标转变为广泛的生态、经济和社会等多目标经营;3)森林经营重点从林分水平转变为森林景观的经营,强调森林景观的时空异质性和动态变化,权衡和协同多种生态系统的服务功能,倡导森林景观的多样性和连通性,提高森林与其它土地利用模式镶嵌构成的复合景观的可持续性和稳定性,增强森林生态系统对气候变化影响的适应能力;4)森林生态系统经营将从依赖传统经验的主观决策转变为信息化、数字化和智能化的决策,发展森林生态系统经营决策支持系统和森林景观恢复与空间经营规划系统。     

森林碳计量方法研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,不仅是巨大的碳库而且对减缓气候变暖具有积极作用。科学有效的森林碳计量方法,有助于加深对全球碳循环过程的理解。然而,由于森林生态系统结构复杂,对森林碳计量的估算结果普遍存在精度低、不确定性高的问题。近年来,国内外发展了大量对森林碳计量进行估算的方法,主要有基于样地清查的森林植被和土壤碳估算、基于生长收获的经验模型估算、基于定量遥感雷达观测的遥感估测、基于多尺度森林生态系统网络的通量观测和陆地生态系统过程模型模拟等方法。在实际的森林碳计量中,根据不同的森林类型特征和数据获取情况,往往采取不同的碳计量方法,甚至不止一种。以生态过程模型模拟、遥感反演和数据同化技术为主要手段,基于碳通量观测数据、控制实验数据和遥感影像数据,发展多学科、多过程、多尺度的综合联网观测,充分认识森林碳循环过程中碳源/汇的时空分布特征,开展区域、洲际乃至全球尺度碳循环及其对全球变化和人类活动响应的系统性、集成性研究,以便建立高效、可靠的碳计量体系是未来林业碳计量的发展趋势。随着世界各国温室气体排放清单的编制,中国迫切需要科学的方法体系计量森林碳源/汇,提升我国在生态环境问题上的国际发言权和主导权,同时对我国森林可持续经营、生态环境保护以及美丽中国建设提供建议与支持。分析了各类森林碳计量方法的主要特征、优缺点,同时探讨了目前的森林碳计量方法存在的问题和未来的发展趋势,为不同时空尺度下森林碳计量提供参考。     

生态退耕与植被演替的时空格局

综述了多重尺度上生态退耕的时空格局及其对植被演替时空变异影响的研究进展,提出了生态退耕与植被演替的时空格局研究方向.在自然和人文等因子的驱动下,全球兴起了生态退耕的热潮,生态退耕类型正在由人工恢复为主向自然弃耕为主发展.尽管国内外很多学者开始关注不同尺度上生态退耕的时空格局及其影响因子,但是生态退耕的时空变异性研究仍然比较薄弱,尤其缺乏多重尺度上生态退耕时空格局及其驱动因子的综合研究,在很大程度上限制了研究结果外推.研究表明,受到多因子的综合影响,生态退耕后植被演替呈现出复杂多样的时空变化特征;退耕植被演替研究从植物群落结构特征分析为主向群落功能分析发展,从传统的演替过程规律分析转向退耕植被演替的时空变异性分析;相对来说,生态退耕后植被演替的时空分异、影响因子和机制方面的研究比较薄弱.加强多重尺度上生态退耕时空格局与植被演替时空变异的综合研究是将来的研究重点.     

流域径流泥沙对多尺度植被变化响应研究进展

植被变化与流域水文过程构成一个反馈调节系统,是目前生态水文学研究的重点对象.由于植被自身的生长发育以及受自然因素和人为干扰的作用,植被变化具有多尺度性;由于受流域水文环境的异质性和水文通量的变化性的影响,流域水文过程也同样具有多尺度性.因此,只有通过对不同尺度生态水文过程分析,才能揭示流域径流泥沙对植被变化的响应机理.从不同时空尺度回顾了植被生长、植被演替、植被分布格局变化、造林以及森林经营措施等对流域径流泥沙影响的主要研究成果;概括了目前研究采用的3种主要方法,即植被变化对坡面水流动力学影响的实验室模拟、坡面尺度和流域尺度野外对比观测实验以及水文生态模型模拟方法;分析了植被变化与径流泥沙响应研究要考虑的尺度问题,从小区尺度上推至流域尺度或区域尺度时应考虑不同的生物物理控制过程.研究认为,要确切理解植被与径流泥沙在不同时空尺度的相互作用,必须以等级生态系统的观点为基础,有效结合生态水文与景观生态的理论,从地质-生态-水文构成的反馈调节入手,系统地理解植被变化与径流泥沙等水分养分之间的联系及反馈机制,建立尺度转换的基础.同时,作为有效的研究工具,今后水文模型的发展应更加注重耦合植被生理生态过程以及景观生态过程,从流域径流泥沙对多尺度植被变化水文响应的过程与机制入手,为植被恢复与重建、改善流域水资源状况和流域生态环境奠定基础.     

林业活动和森林片断化对甲虫多样性的影响及保护对策

森林片断化是造成生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一,而林业活动是导致森林片断化的重要因素,同时也在森林恢复中起重要作用。本文从小尺度、局域尺度以及生物地理尺度（大尺度）3个生态尺度分析林业活动和森林片断化对甲虫多样性的影响。在小尺度下,林业活动能够通过改变森林生境或微生境的类型和特性而影响甲虫物种分布。在局域尺度下,林业活动（尤其是森林砍伐）往往能提高许多甲虫类群（如步甲）的物种丰富度（α多样性）,这主要与来自周围环境物种扩散以及保留了若干耐受新环境能力较强的森林物种有关;然而,对森林生境依赖性很强的特有种受到了森林片断化的负面影响,面临局域种群灭绝的危险。在生物地理尺度下,林业活动（伐木或森林恢复）使森林生境单一化、异质性降低,从而导致对森林生境变化敏感的物种种群数量降低甚至灭绝。基于以上结果,可以归纳出3个基本原则用于指导林业管理,既能保证林业经济收益,又能维持森林生物多样性。首先,保留大面积的原始森林作为特有种的栖息环境基地,为这些物种在将来森林恢复后重新定居提供资源;其次,由于保护区内原始森林面积有限,且所代表的生境类型有限,所以发展依据自然干扰模式的新伐木方法十分必要;最后,依据自然规律（如火灾）进行森林恢复和天然演替,避免森林的单一化,丰富森林生境类型。     

生态学中的尺度问题：内涵与分析方法

尺度问题已成为现代生态学的核心问题之一.尺度问题主要涉及3个方面：尺度概念、尺度分析和尺度推绎.主要评述前两个方面.生态学尺度有三重概念：维数、种类和组分,其中每重概念又包含了多个定义,有必要进行澄清、分类和统一.尺度分析涉及尺度效应分析和多尺度空间格局分析.格局、过程及它们之间的关系,以及某些景观特性均表现出尺度效应,因此多尺度研究非常必要和重要.多尺度空间格局分析（尤其是特征尺度的识别）是进行尺度效应分析和跨尺度推绎的基础.多尺度分析需要特定的方法,景观指数法是最常用和最简单的方法,但也常产生误导;空间统计学方法（如半方差分析法、尺度方差分析法、空隙度指数法和小波分析法等）和分维分析法在最近十几年发展起来,并逐渐应用于生态学,在尺度分析上具有很大的应用潜力.各种方法在尺度分析上各有优势和不足,有必要同时使用两种或两种以上方法进行比较和评估.总之,有关尺度分析的研究需要进一步加强,从而为下一步的尺度推绎提供可靠的依据.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of retention forestry to enhance biodiversity in production forests of Central Europe using an interdisciplinary,multi‐scale approach

Retention forestry, which retains a portion of the original stand at the time of harvesting to maintain continuity of structural and compositional diversity, has been originally developed to mitigate the impacts of clear‐cutting. Retention of habitat trees and deadwood has since become common practice also in continuous‐cover forests of Central Europe. While the use of retention in these forests is plausible, the evidence base for its application is lacking, trade‐offs have not been quantified, it is not clear what support it receives from forest owners and other stakeholders and how it is best integrated into forest management practices. The Research Training Group ConFoBi (Conservation of Forest Biodiversity in Multiple‐use Landscapes of Central Europe) focusses on the effectiveness of retention forestry, combining ecological studies on forest biodiversity with social and economic studies of biodiversity conservation across multiple spatial scales. The aim of ConFoBi is to assess whether and how structural retention measures are appropriate for the conservation of forest biodiversity in uneven‐aged and selectively harvested continuous‐cover forests of temperate Europe. The study design is based on a pool of 135 plots (1 ha) distributed along gradients of forest connectivity and structure. The main objectives are (a) to investigate the effects of structural elements and landscape context on multiple taxa, including different trophic and functional groups, to evaluate the effectiveness of retention practices for biodiversity conservation; (b) to analyze how forest biodiversity conservation is perceived and practiced, and what costs and benefits it creates; and (c) to identify how biodiversity conservation can be effectively integrated in multi‐functional forest management. ConFoBi will quantify retention levels required across the landscape, as well as the socio‐economic prerequisites for their implementation by forest owners and managers. ConFoBi's research results will provide an evidence base for integrating biodiversity conservation into forest management in temperate forests.     

关于我国林业行业性空间管理框架的思考

评析了中国林业生产上传统的三种行业性空间管理框架的特点与问题,认为这些空间管理框架虽然都具有各自的独特功能,但普遍缺乏生态内涵,不足以有效指导中国今后以“生态利用”为中心的森林可持续经营管理活动以及各项林业生态环境建设工作。有必要从土地景观分类的途径提出一些新的、具有更明确生态学依据和内涵的行业性空间管理框架。对我国的林业发展来说,这虽然要付出一笔高昂的固定成本,但是一个科学的空间管理框架将大大降低未来生态林业行业性运行的边际成本。     

The Effects of Spatial Legacies following Shifting Management Practices and Fire on Boreal Forest Age Structure

Forest age structure and its spatial arrangement are important elements of sustainable forestry because of their effects on biodiversity and timber availability. Forest management objectives that include specific forest age structure may not be easily attained due to constraints imposed by the legacies of historical management and natural disturbance. We used a spatially explicit stochastic model to explore the synergetic effects of forest management and fire on boreal forest age structure. Specifically, we examined (1) the duration of spatial legacies of different management practices in the boreal forest, (2) how multiple shifts in management practices affect legacy duration and the spatial trajectories of forest age structure, and (3) how fire influences legacy duration and pattern development in combination with harvesting. Results based on 30 replicates of 500 years for each scenario indicate that (1) spatial legacies persist over 200 years and the rate at which legacies are overcome depends on whether new management targets are in synchrony with existing spatial pattern; (2) age specific goals were met faster after multiple management shifts due to the similar spatial scale of the preceding management types; (3) because large fires can erase the spatial pattern created by smaller disturbances, scenarios with fire had shorter lags than scenarios without fire. These results suggest that forest management goals can be accelerated by applying management at a similar spatial scale as existing spatial patterns. Also, management planning should include careful consideration of historical management as well as current and likely future disturbances.     

省域视角下中国森林碳汇空间外溢效应与影响因素

森林碳汇空间相关性与溢出效应对林业产业的区域统筹发展具有重要作用，科学核算各地区的森林碳汇量并分析其空间关联特征是制定差异化碳汇发展政策的重要基础。以森林蓄积量扩展法核算我国31个省(市、自治区)1993—2018年6次森林资源清查期间的森林碳汇量，探究省域间森林碳汇量的相关性特征，并利用空间计量模型分析森林碳汇的外溢效应和影响因素。结果表明：(1)我国整体森林碳汇量不断增加，不同地区的森林碳汇量差别较大。西南省份和东北林区森林碳汇量处于第一梯队，上海和北京碳汇增速较快。(2)研究期间内的Moran′s I指数先呈现倒“V”形的变化特征，之后又以较为稳定的趋势上升，我国各地区的森林碳汇分布存在显著的空间关联性。(3)森林碳汇的空间外溢效应显著，根据空间杜宾模型将外溢效应分解为直接效应、间接效应和总效应。林业管理水平和森林蓄积水平对本地和相邻地区森林碳汇量有正向影响，林业产业发展水平对本地区的森林碳汇量有负向影响。综上，我国各地方政府对差异化林业碳汇政策的制定和执行应兼顾区域因素，以我国林业政策的总体空间规划来综合统筹各区域森林政策，在“山水林田湖草沙”的命运共同体理念引领下，实现林业的...     

Factors at multiple scales affecting distribution patterns and their implications for animal conservation – Leadbeater's Possum as a case study

Detailed field and modelling studies have been completed at different spatial scales for the endangered arboreal marsupial, Leadbeater's Possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri); a species virtually confined to the ash-type eucalypt forests in the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. These forests are also subject to considerable pressure to produce timber and paper products. The studies of Leadbeater's Possum highlighted the factors influencing the distribution and abundance of the species ranging from broad distribution patterns, the occupancy of habitat patches at the landscape scale, and the use of individual den sites and the quality of trees that provide food within particular stands. These scales correspond to the entire known range of the species, sub-populations within a metapopulation occupying an ensemble of patches at the landscape scale, and colonies occupying den trees in individual stands. Information on the factors influencing the distribution of Leadbeater's Possum at one spatial scale were found to be important for informing processes at another. For example, an understanding of the species habitat requirements informed the spatial distribution of habitat patches at the landscape level which, in turn, gave insights into predicted metapopulation dynamics. Each spatial scale of ecological investigation of Leadbeater's Possum had a corresponding scale of forest management, and they included: virtually the entire ash-type eucalypt resource in the region, the location of large reserves, the design of corridors and retained patches within production forest landscapes, silvicultural practices employed in individual stands, and the retention of individual trees and clusters of trees on logged sites. This range of forest management scales, and the corresponding-scaled array of ecological studies, have particular implications for the conservation of Leadbeater's Possum. The results of investigations to date have revealed that conservation efforts must focus on ash-type eucalypt forests in the Central Highlands of Victoria because populations of Leadbeater's Possum are virtually confined to these areas. Within the broadscale limits of the distribution of the species, the long-term conservation of Leadbeater's Possum will not only be dependent on large reserves, but also intermediate-scale reserves and corridors within wood production areas, as well changed silvicultural practices to better provide suitable habitat on logged sites. While each strategy will make a contribution to the persistence of Leadbeater's Possum, it also has important limitations; an outcome which highlights the need for a multi-scale approach to attempts to conserve the species. Notably, the overaching implications for the design of an array of different conservation strategies for Leadbeater's Possum could not have been derived from any single study at a particular spatial scale. Thus, the case study on Leadbeater's Possum suggests that consideration of factors at a range of scales should be an integral part of management and conservation planning, not only for this species, but for wildlife per se.     

Models for forest ecosystem management: a European perspective

BACKGROUND: Forest management in Europe is committed to sustainability. In the face of climate change and accompanying risks, however, planning in order to achieve this aim becomes increasingly challenging, underlining the need for new and innovative methods. Models potentially integrate a wide range of system knowledge and present scenarios of variables important for any management decision. In the past, however, model development has mainly focused on specific purposes whereas today we are increasingly aware of the need for the whole range of information that can be provided by models. It is therefore assumed helpful to review the various approaches that are available for specific tasks and to discuss how they can be used for future management strategies. SCOPE: Here we develop a concept for the role of models in forest ecosystem management based on historical analyses. Five paradigms of forest management are identified: (1) multiple uses, (2) dominant use, (3) environmentally sensitive multiple uses, (4) full ecosystem approach and (5) eco-regional perspective. An overview of model approaches is given that is dedicated to this purpose and to developments of different kinds of approaches. It is discussed how these models can contribute to goal setting, decision support and development of guidelines for forestry operations. Furthermore, it is shown how scenario analysis, including stand and landscape visualization, can be used to depict alternatives, make long-term consequences of different options transparent, and ease participation of different stakeholder groups and education. CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion, the current challenge of forest ecosystem management in Europe is to integrate system knowledge from different temporal and spatial scales and from various disciplines. For this purpose, using a set of models with different focus that can be selected from a kind of toolbox according to particular needs is more promising than developing one overarching model, covering ecological, production and landscape issues equally well.     

Producing wood at least cost to biodiversity: integrating Triad and sharing–sparing approaches to inform forest landscape management

Forest loss and degradation are the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Rising global wood demand threatens further damage to remaining native forests. Contrasting solutions across a continuum of options have been proposed, yet which of these offers most promise remains unresolved. Expansion of high-yielding tree plantations could free up forest land for conservation provided this is implemented in tandem with stronger policies for conserving native forests. Because plantations and other intensively managed forests often support far less biodiversity than native forests, a second approach argues for widespread adoption of extensive management, or ‘ecological forestry’, which better simulates natural forest structure and disturbance regimes – albeit with compromised wood yields and hence a need to harvest over a larger area. A third, hybrid suggestion involves ‘Triad’ zoning where the landscape is divided into three sorts of management (reserve, ecological/extensive management, and intensive plantation). Progress towards resolving which of these approaches holds the most promise has been hampered by the absence of a conceptual framework and of sufficient empirical data formally to identify the most appropriate landscape-scale proportions of reserves, extensive, and intensive management to minimize biodiversity impacts while meeting a given level of demand for wood. In this review, we argue that this central challenge for sustainable forestry is analogous to that facing food-production systems, and that the land sharing–sparing framework devised to establish which approach to farming could meet food demand at least cost to wild species can be readily adapted to assess contrasting forest management regimes. We develop this argument in four ways: (i) we set out the relevance of the sharing–sparing framework for forestry and explore the degree to which concepts from agriculture can translate to a forest management context; (ii) we make design recommendations for empirical research on sustainable forestry to enable application of the sharing–sparing framework; (iii) we present overarching hypotheses which such studies could test; and (iv) we discuss potential pitfalls and opportunities in conceptualizing landscape management through a sharing–sparing lens. The framework we propose will enable forest managers worldwide to assess trade-offs directly between conservation and wood production and to determine the mix of management approaches that best balances these (and other) competing objectives. The results will inform ecologically sustainable forest policy and management, reduce risks of local and global extinctions from forestry, and potentially improve a valuable sector's social license to operate.     

试论生态分类系统在我国数字林业建设中的应用

我国传统森林区划中,二类小班和三类小班两类小班体系同时存在,二者在空间上不一致;即使是同一小班体系,先后两次调查结果也不相同,不利于应用数字技术制定长期的森林管理计划.本文以辽宁东部山区为例,建立生态分类系统(ecological classification system, ECS),共得到5类生态土地类型(ecological land type, ELT),34类生态土地类型相(ecological land type phase, ELTP).以ELTP作为固定小班,设计了一致性森林资源调查方法,解决了我国数字林业建设中的基础技术问题.以生态分类系统和空间信息技术为依托的生态系统管理方法,加上计算机模型和辅助决策界面的支持,构成了数字林业的基本框架.