LC-MS/MS方法测定比格犬血浆中沙芬酰胺及其代谢物

建立液相色谱-质谱联用/质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定比格犬血浆中沙芬酰胺异构体及其代谢物浓度的方法,在此基础上对沙芬酰胺异构体及其代谢物在比格犬体内的药代动力学进行研究。色谱检测条件方法一为用AS-RH手性柱测定沙芬酰胺异构体;方法二为用XB-C18分析柱测定沙芬酰胺代谢物。质谱条件离子源为APCI源,离子化方式为正离子模式,喷雾电压5 200 V,加热毛细管温度550℃,雾化气(N2)流速75.8 KPa,气帘气(N2)75.8KPa,碰撞气(N2)55.16 KPa,扫描方式为多反应监测(MRM)。建立的LC-MS/MS方法线性范围左旋沙芬酰胺为10~2 000 ng/m L(r=0.999 4),右旋沙芬酰胺为10~2 000 ng/m L(r=0.997 6),沙芬酰胺代谢物为10~1 000 ng/m L(r=0.994 1)。本方法灵敏,快速且稳定,适用于沙芬酰胺异构体及其代谢物药代动力学研究。     

基于气相色谱-质谱联用技术的代谢组学方法在转植酸酶基因玉米代谢物指纹图谱分析中的应用

目的:建立气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)的代谢组学方法,初步研究转基因株系与对照株系之间代谢物指纹图谱的差异性,为转基因作物安全的评价提供参考。方法:优化提取条件,考察色谱条件,并采用主成分分析(PCA)数据处理方法对转基因株系及对照进行模式识别。结果:优化了提取条件及色谱条件,建立了GC-MS的代谢组学方法,获得了小分子的代谢产物的表达谱,发现转基因与其对照之间呈现出显著性差异。结论:优化的GC-MS的代谢组学方法可以从代谢水平检测转基因作物,找出差异性,为转基因作物的检测与评价提供技术支持。     

基于糖原代谢调控的蓝细菌光合细胞工厂优化研究进展

蓝细菌是重要的光合自养微生物,也是最具潜力的光合微生物底盘之一,被广泛应用于光驱固碳细胞工厂的开发。糖原是蓝细菌最重要的天然碳汇物质,糖原代谢对蓝细菌光合碳流的分配和调控具有重要意义。为了优化蓝细菌光合细胞工厂的合成效能,驱动更多的光合碳流重定向至目标代谢产物的合成,已经有多种策略和方法被成功开发用于调控蓝细菌的糖原代谢和糖原含量。然而,作为具有全局效应的重要碳汇机制,针对糖原代谢的调控往往对蓝细菌底盘藻株的光合生理和代谢网络造成复杂的影响,在不同光合细胞工厂合成效能优化上取得的效果也不尽相同。文中梳理了蓝细菌糖原代谢工程的最新进展,对糖原代谢调控造成的生理、代谢影响进行了介绍和分析,进而对通过糖原代谢调控来优化光合细胞工厂效能的研究前景进行了展望。     

不同抗应激反应能力克氏原螯虾肝胰腺的代谢组分析

为探讨不同抗应激反应能力克氏原螯虾体内代谢物的差异, 研究通过运输应激和温度应激处理后, 选取抗应激反应能力强(SSR)和抗应激反应能力弱(WSR)的克氏原螯虾, 取肝胰腺, 通过液相色谱-质谱/质谱(LC-MS/MS)进行代谢组学分析。质谱共检测到10292个离子, 从中筛选、鉴定出了464个显著差异的代谢物(差异倍数>1.20 或 <0.83,P<0.05, 且 VIP>1.0), 其中与WSR相比, 在SSR中下调的代谢物227个, 上调代谢物237个。KEGG分析显示, 这些差异代谢物主要富集在氨基酸代谢通路, 包括组氨酸代谢、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、赖氨酸降解、缬氨酸和亮氨酸及异亮氨酸生物合成、谷胱甘肽代谢等, 同时也富集到抗坏血酸和醛酸盐代谢途径、碳水化合物代谢途径(戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化)和脂肪酸代谢途径(不饱和脂肪酸生物合成)等。这些结果表明, 克氏原螯虾在应对运输和温度应激时存在广泛的代谢应答, 其中一些与抗氧化应激和增强免疫力相关的代谢物, 如γ-L-谷氨酰-L-半胱氨酸、牛磺酸和油酸等可能在抗应激反应过程中发挥重要作用。研究不仅可为动物抗逆境机制的研究提供新的思路, 而且在克氏原螯虾优良品种的培育及寻找应对克氏原螯虾应激反应的策略等方面也具有重要价值。     

基于LC-MS的冠心病人源菌群小鼠代谢组学研究

目的使用基于液态色谱-质谱联用法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)的非靶向代谢组学技术研究冠心病人源菌群小鼠特征性代谢产物。方法 28只无菌雌性C57BL/6J小鼠分为对照组(CON)和模型组(CAD),分别接种健康志愿者和冠心病患者的新鲜粪便悬液,移植后6周和10周每组安乐7只动物采集血浆,使用LC-MS技术对小鼠的血浆代谢物进行研究,运用PCA和PLS-DA统计学方法鉴别特征代谢物及相关代谢通路。结果最终通过标准品确认30个在2个时间点均存在的特征性差异代谢物。其中L-肉毒碱、苯丙酮酸、1-萘酚、2-萘酚在模型组显著升高。胆汁酸代谢通路、甘氨酸丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢途径在建模6周、10周均下调。结论冠心病人源菌群小鼠出现与患者类似的代谢紊乱。     

高山被孢霉淬灭方法及胞内代谢产物的气相色谱-质谱分析比较

在花生四烯酸生产菌高山被孢霉代谢组学研究中,需利用胞内代谢物的提取手段并基于气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析方法对其进行检测。比较了3种胞内代谢物提取方法及不同色谱柱条件下GC-MS分析结果。研究表明：采用冷甲醇淬灭分别较液氮直接淬灭及真空过滤后,减少了胞内代谢物的泄露并更好地实现了胞外及胞内代谢物的分离。在对代谢物分析的比较中,极性色谱柱（DB-FFAP）检出的代谢物仅为11种,主要为有机酸、醛类;而代谢物经衍生化后采用非极性色谱柱（DB-5）共检出32种化合物,主要为糖、糖苷及醇类。     

杜仲醇的制备及其表征

采用大孔吸附树脂-制备液相色谱联用技术分离制备杜仲醇。以杜仲叶为原料,采用超声波辅助提取,提取液经过正丁醇萃取、D101大孔吸附树脂柱分离纯化后,再通过反相半制备液相色谱分离,以V(甲醇):V(水)=15∶85为流动相进行洗脱,制备得到杜仲醇单体。采用紫外光谱(UV)、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振波谱(NMR)及液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)等方法对所得单体进行了结构验证。液相色谱法分析检测表明制备所得杜仲醇纯度达95.12%。     

LC-MS在植物代谢组学分析中的应用

利用植物代谢组学研究植物体系受刺激或扰动后的代谢变化,可以揭示植物面对外界环境变化或基因变化时的应答机制。液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术由于其高分辨能力、高灵敏度,适合高沸点、热不稳定及高分子量化合物的检测等优点而在植物代谢组学研究中发挥重要作用。近些年来,LC-MS在诸多方面取得了较快发展,如快速LC-MS、纳流LC-MS、二维LC-MS、衍生化LC-MS等。随着分析方法的发展和完善,基于LC-MS的植物代谢组学已成功应用于代谢表型差异、转基因植物安全性评价、生物及非生物胁迫、植物基因功能鉴定、辅助育种等多个研究方向。     

成像质谱在微生物代谢产物研究中的应用

微生物代谢产物的结构和功能多样,对相邻微生物和环境会产生重要影响。传统的天然产物分离方法不能系统全面地监测单一或混合微生物样品中代谢物的合成和释放模式。成像质谱能够同时可视化观察从单一微生物菌落到复杂微生物群落的多个代谢产物的时空分布,可以用于发现重要的生物活性分子,观察微生物菌落的代谢交流,以及跟踪微生物之间相互竞争过程中代谢物的修饰等方面的研究。本文综述了成像质谱在微生物代谢产物研究中的最新进展,展望了该技术的应用前景。     

集胞藻PCC 6803中脂肪酸激活酶Slr1609互作蛋白的鉴定

集胞藻中slr1609是编码脂肪酸激活酶的基因,对与其相关的重要功能伴侣蛋白进行研究,可以完善对脂肪酸合成模块的认识,为进一步通过合成生物学技术改造蓝细菌提供理论支持。本研究在集胞藻PCC 6803中建立了蛋白质复合体分析及鉴定技术:利用氯霉素抗性基因筛选,构建带有3×FLAG标签的Slr1609突变株,通过RT-PCR优化重组蛋白表达条件;同时对突变株进行了Western blotting鉴定,以及利用Native-PAGE验证了蛋白质复合体的存在。最后,LC-MS/MS质谱鉴定获得了Slr1609蛋白复合体中的可能伴侣蛋白。     

Enhanced poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in a unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

AIM: To stimulate poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by manipulating culture conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Stationary phase cultures of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were subjected to N- and P-deficiency, chemoheterotrophy and limitations of gas-exchange. Enhanced PHB accumulation was observed under all the above conditions. However, interaction of P-deficiency with gas-exchange limitation (GEL) in the presence of exogenous carbon boosted PHB accumulation maximally. CONCLUSIONS: Combined effects of P-deficiency and GEL boosted PHB accumulation up to 38% (w/w) of dry cell weight (dcw) in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in the presence of fructose and acetate. This value is about eightfold higher as compared with the accumulation under photoautotrophic growth condition. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY: These results showed a good potential of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in accumulating poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate, an appropriate raw material for biodegradable and biocompatible plastic. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate could be an important material for plastic and pharmaceutical industries.     

Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) reproducibility: Implication of multiple injections

We analyzed 10 isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) experiments using three different model organisms across the domains of life: Saccharomyces cerevisiae KAY446, Sulfolobussolfataricus P2, and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. A double database search strategy was employed to minimize the rate of false positives to less than 3% for all organisms. The reliability of proteins with single-peptide identification was also assessed using the search strategy, coupled with multiple analyses of samples into LC-MS/MS. The outcomes of the three LC-MS/MS analyses provided higher proteome coverage with an average increment in total proteins identified of 6%, 33%, and 50% found in S. cerevisiae, S. solfataricus, and Synechocystis sp., respectively. The iTRAQ quantification values were found to be highly reproducible across the injections, with an average coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.09 (scattering from 0.14 to 0.04) calculated based on log mean average ratio for all three organisms. Hence, we recommend multiple analyses of iTRAQ samples for greater proteome coverage and precise quantification.     

Effect of increased PHA synthase activity on polyhydroxyalkanoates biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase activity in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was increased two-fold by introducing the PHA biosynthetic genes of Ralstonia eutropha. The resulting recombinant Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 strain was subjected to conditions that favor PHA accumulation and the effects of various carbon sources were studied. In addition, the fine structure of both wild-type and recombinant Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was examined using freeze-fracture electron microscopy technique. The PHA granules in the recombinant Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 were localised near the thylakoid membranes. Maximum amount of PHA accumulation was obtained in the presence of acetate, where the number of granules in the recombinant cells ranged from 4 to 6 and their sizes were in the range of 70-240 nm. In comparison to wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, recombinant cells with increased PHA synthase activity showed only a marginal increase in PHA content suggesting that PHA synthase is not the rate limiting enzyme of PHA biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803.     

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Homogentisate Phytyltransferase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Arabidopsis

Tocopherols, collectively known as vitamin E, are lipid-soluble antioxidants synthesized exclusively by photosynthetic organisms and are required components of mammalian diets. The committed step in tocopherol biosynthesis involves condensation of homogentisic acid and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) catalyzed by a membrane-bound homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT). HPTs were identified from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Arabidopsis based on their sequence similarity to chlorophyll synthases, which utilize PDP in a similar prenylation reaction. HPTs from both organisms used homogentisic acid and PDP as their preferred substrates in vitro but only Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 HPT was active with geranylgeranyl diphosphate as a substrate. Neither enzyme could utilize solanesyl diphosphate, the prenyl substrate for plastoquinone-9 synthesis. In addition, disruption of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 HPT function causes an absence of tocopherols without affecting plastoquinone-9 levels, indicating that separate polyprenyltransferases exist for tocopherol and plastoquinone synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. It is surprising that the absence of tocopherols in this mutant had no discernible effect on cell growth and photosynthesis.     

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂Roscovitine对3种蓝藻生长和活性的影响

为了明确蓝藻中丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶的功能是否与调控细胞的生长分裂相关,以丝状鱼腥藻7120、单细胞集胞藻6803和聚球藻7002为对象,利用OD750光吸收测定和MTT方法研究了不同浓度丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶抑制剂roscovitine对其生长和脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明:4 h roscovitine处理后对鱼腥藻7120和集胞藻6803生长量影响不大,对聚球藻7002的生长有促进作用。4 h roscovitine的处理对鱼腥藻7120有浓度依赖的显著抑制活性,对集胞藻6803的活性无影响,但是却促进聚球藻7002的活性。药物作用4 d后,7120的生长和活性均显著降低,并有浓度效应;6803的生长量较对照减少,但活性变化不明显;聚球藻7002的生长和活性均未受影响。显微观察结果显示,roscovitine对3种细胞形态没有影响,但药物作用4 d后的7120藻丝体较短。结果表明丝氨酸/苏氨酸抑制剂roscovitine影响丝状藻7120的生长和活性。     

集胞藻PCC6803铜离子诱导表达平台的构建

在集胞藻PCC6803中,基因敲除是研究基因功能的最直接有效的方法,但是对于某些生存必需的基因则无法通过这种方法获得突变株。为研究集胞藻PCC6803中此类基因的功能,在其基因组中构建了一个petE基因启动子（PpetE）控制的铜离子诱导表达的平台。将集胞藻PpetE装配在lacZ报告基因的上游,通过同源双交换整合到这种蓝藻的基因组中。通过调节培养基中铜离子的浓度发现,lacZ的表达能够人为控制。特别是当铜离子浓度在6－400nmoL／L范围时,LacZ活力随铜离子浓度增加呈S型增长关系。利用这个铜离子诱导表达平台,可以控制某些必需基因的表达：提供铜离子维持细胞生存;而撤去铜离子时则关闭基因的表达,可以观察其对生命活动的影响。     

Targeted random mutagenesis to identify functionally important residues in the D2 protein of photosystem II in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803

To identify important residues in the D2 protein of photosystem II (PSII) in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, we randomly mutagenized a region of psbDI (coding for a 96-residue-long C-terminal part of D2) with sodium bisulfite. Mutagenized plasmids were introduced into a Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 mutant that lacks both psbD genes, and mutants with impaired PSII function were selected. Nine D2 residues were identified that are important for PSII stability and/or function, as their mutation led to impairment of photoautotrophic growth. Five of these residues are likely to be involved in the formation of the Q(A)-binding niche; these are Ala249, Ser254, Gly258, Ala260, and His268. Three others (Gly278, Ser283, and Gly288) are in transmembrane alpha-helix E, and their alteration leads to destabilization of PSII but not to major functional alterations of the remaining centers, indicating that they are unlikely to interact directly with cofactors. In the C-terminal lumenal tail of D2, only one residue (Arg294) was identified as functionally important for PSII. However, from the number of mutants generated it is likely that most or all of the 70 residues that are susceptible to bisulfite mutagenesis have been altered at least once. The fact that mutations in most of these residues have not been picked up by our screening method suggests that these mutations led to a normal photoautotrophic phenotype. A novel method of intragenic complementation in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 was developed to facilitate genetic analysis of psbDI mutants containing several amino acid changes in the targeted domain. Recombination between genome copies in the same cell appears to be much more prevalent in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 than was generally assumed.     

Regulation of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 glutamine synthetase activity in a Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 derivative strain bearing the Anabaena glnA gene and a mutated host glnA gene.

The glnA gene from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 was cloned by hybridization with the glnA gene from Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, and a deletion-insertion mutation of the Synechocystis gene was generated in vitro. A strain derived from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 which contained integrated into the chromosome, in addition to its own glnA gene, the Anabaena glnA gene was constructed. From that strain, a Synechocystis sp. glnA mutant could be obtained by transformation with the inactivated Synechocystis glnA gene; this mutant grew by using Anabaena glutamine synthetase and was not a glutamine auxotroph. A Synechocystis sp. glnA mutant could not be obtained, however, from the wild-type Synechocystis sp. The Anabaena glutamine synthetase enzyme was subject to ammonium-promoted inactivation when expressed in the Synechocystis strain but not in the Anabaena strain itself.