基于GA-BP优化模型的中小河流健康评价研究

河流健康评价是河流生态修复的前提和依据,但目前中小河流还缺乏相应的评价标准。为客观评估中小河流健康状况,以桥边河为例,构建了河流水生生物、水环境、水文、形态、社会服务功能5个要素17个指标的健康评价体系,利用遗传算法（GA）优化BP神经网络方法建立GA-BP模型确定其指标权重,采用赋分法进行评价。GA-BP模型输出结果显示,指标权重中水环境指标赋值最大,其次是河流水文指标>河流水生生物指标>河流形态指标>河流社会服务功能指标。通过建立的评价体系对桥边河进行评价,结果表明有3个点健康等级评价为Ⅰ级,3个点评价为Ⅱ级,2个点评价为Ⅲ级。总体来看,桥边河流域基本处于健康状态,上游健康状况明显优于下游,从上游到下游越靠近河口位置,河流的健康状况越差。     

基于CENTURY模型研究干旱区人工绿洲开发与管理模式变化对土壤碳动态的影响

近半个世纪前,中国西北干旱区人类大规模的水土开发活动使得流域下部的荒漠覆被土地转变成了人工绿洲,强烈的人类耕作活动使得人工绿洲土壤有机碳库发生了显著变化。以干旱区典型的三工河流域下部的人工绿洲为例,基于CENTURY模型,研究人工绿洲开发前后及农业管理模式变化对表层土壤有机碳库(0-20cm)的影响。CENTURY模型模拟结果表明:(1)研究区荒漠灌木林地开垦为人工绿洲后,在最初的2a土壤总有机碳(TOC)快速增加,随后呈逐渐下降的趋势;(2)研究区人工绿洲在被开发后50a的连续耕作下,平均土壤TOC呈先增后减再增的"N"型变化趋势,但最终土壤TOC超过了原始自然状态下的TOC,而且2008年土壤TOC比原始荒漠状态增加7.74%,说明研究区表层土壤有机碳总体呈"碳汇"趋势。尤其在研究区实施了免耕、秸秆粉碎还田、科学测土配方施肥等保护性耕作措施后,土壤固碳效应明显,这完全不同于热带森林、中国北部温带半干旱草原及非洲Savanna半干旱稀树草原开垦为耕地后土壤有机碳大量损失的结论。     

基于改进层次分析法、CRITIC法与复合模糊物元VIKOR模型的河流健康评价

河流健康评价对河流水环境状况的诊断及农村地区的供水安全具有重要意义,其研究可为河流功能性治理与修复提供依据。构建河流健康评价体系,采用改进层次分析法、CRITIC法组合赋权,建立模糊物元VIKOR模型,对光洞河河流健康状态进行综合评估。结果表明：物理结构完整性、生物结构完整性、化学结构完整性的权重分别为0.25、0.30、0.45,水质指标是影响河流健康水平的主要因素;光洞河4个采样断面的健康水平具有明显的时空差异,枯水期闵家寨断面河流健康水平为病态,其余断面为亚健康,丰水期闵家寨、白马村断面河流健康水平显著提升,分别为中等、健康,其余断面变化相对较小;障碍度分析表明,枯水期河流污染物主要来源为土壤离子交换,丰水期水体污染物主要来源为农业生产活动,林地、草地对于污染物具有明显的阻碍作用,光洞河生态健康重要驱动力因素为Hg、As和Pd。     

锡林河流域综合管理信息系统研发与应用

流域综合管理信息系统是集成多主题流域信息,服务流域综合管理决策的工具。本文基于GIS技术,设计了锡林河流域水质评价、流域分析和灌溉需水估算模型,研制了锡林河流域综合管理信息系统,并在系统中集成了数据管理、查询、更新、处理、模型分析和输出等多种功能,在栅格水平上实现了模型参数的输入、传递、计算及显示与分析。其中,水质评价模型以遥感影像为基本信息源,实现水质评价指标实时监测与估算,应用影响因子与水质评价指标的回归系数,分析影响水质变化的关键影响因素;流域分析模型具备确定流向、估算流域累积流量并判定流域分区等功能;农业灌溉需水计算模型实现了在已有降雨条件下锡林河流域年灌溉需水量的估算。锡林河流域综合管理信息系统为该流域现代化管理和综合治理提供了决策参考。     

河流鱼类分类群和功能群的纵向梯度格局——以新安江流域为例

确定鱼类群落的空间格局是保护和管理河流鱼类多样性的基础。尽管河流鱼类分类群（基于物种组成）的纵向梯度格局已得到大量报道,但其功能群（基于功能特征）的空间格局研究较少。以皖南山区新安江为研究流域,沿其"正源-下游"梯度共设置27个调查样点,分别于2017年5月和10月完成2次调查取样,着重研究了鱼类分类群和功能群结构的纵向梯度格局及其形成机制。共采集鱼类44种,可分为5个运动功能群和4个营养功能群,构成14个"营养-运动"复合功能群。双因素交互相似性分析结果显示,鱼类分类群和功能群均随河流级别显著变化,但两者均无显著的季节变化;根据相似性百分比分析,由1级至3级河流,数量优势物种和功能群的空间变化主要呈嵌套格局,而由3级至5级河流其变化主要呈周转格局。方差分解结果显示,局域栖息地、陆地景观和支流空间位置3类解释变量对分类群和功能群空间变化的解释率分别为33.6%和38.5%,其中,分类群受局域栖息地和支流空间位置变量的显著影响,而功能群受局域栖息地和陆地景观变量的显著影响。研究表明,沿着新安江的"上游-下游"纵向梯度,鱼类分类群和功能群的空间格局基本一致,但两者的形成机制不同：分类群的纵向梯度变化受环境过滤和扩散过程的联合影响,而功能群则主要受环境过滤影响。     

基于指标自动筛选的新疆开孔河流域生态健康评价

生态健康评价对了解区域生态健康状况和促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义,如何自动筛选出能反映生态系统特性的重要指标,是生态健康定量评估的关键问题。基于压力-状态-响应(PSR,Press-State-Response)框架和生态等级网络框架(EHN,Ecological Hierarchy Network),通过文献调研和因果分析建立要素层与指标层之间的交叉联系,构建了生态健康评价"网状"指标体系;在保证指标体系完备性基础上,通过结合主成分分析和熵权法的候选指标权重的客观计算,基于目标优化理论构建了评价指标的自动筛选模型,并基于中选指标计算了新疆开孔河流域2001—2017年生态健康指数(EHCI,Ecological Health Comprehensive Indexes),分析其空间分异和时间变化特征。结果表明:利用所建立的评价指标自动筛选模型,开孔河流域生态健康评价指标由31个候选指标自动筛选出了17个中选指标,用54.8%的指标表达了85.98%的信息,中选的17个指标在干旱/半干旱区域有关文献中应用较多,使用频次比例都在20%以上,其中归一化植被指数(NDVI,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)、年降水量和植被覆盖度(FVC,Fractional Vegetation Coverage)3个指标的使用频次百分比均超过了50%,说明指标自动筛选模型的合理性;开孔河流域空间分布差异显著,总体上西北高、东南低,东南部和中部绿洲区外围生态健康状况较差,西北部河谷地带和中部两大绿洲区生态健康状况较好;17年来,流域生态质量整体趋于改善,显著改善区域占10.26%,远高于显著退化的1.61%,显著改善区域以孔雀河绿洲最为明显。开孔河流域生态健康的总体好转趋势说明区域生态综合治理取得一定成效。     

锦屏水电站植被数量分类与排序

以锦屏梯级水电站大河湾段植被为研究对象,以河流流向为基础布置样方,将50个样方物种重要值及其环境因子进行TWINSPAN数量分类和DCA排序,结果显示:(1)由TWINSPAN数量分类将植被划分为7种类型,雅致雾水葛(Pouzolzia elegans)灌草群落为该区域的主要群落.(2)以TWINSPAN数量分类为基础的DCA二维排序图将样方分为6个生态类型,DCA 二维排序图横轴从左至右海拔高度逐渐降低;排序纵轴由下至上坡度逐渐升高.(3)以TWINSPAN数量分类在DCA排序图中有明确的分布范围和界限,DCA排序与TWINSPAN数量分类结合使用,能很好反映群落与环境因子间的生态关系.     

三峡水库河流生境评价指标体系构建及应用

三峡水库建成蓄水后,库区支流因水位调度导致河流生境发生了剧烈的变化,消落带的形成使库区河流具有同自然河流截然不同的河流生境,新形势下库区河流生境评价十分必要。国内外现有的评价指标体系及评价方法不能够很好地适应这种特殊生境状况,急需建立或改进并形成新的评价指标体系和评价方法。基于此,分析了大量国内外河流生境评价方法,根据大型水库影响下的库区河流的生态环境特点,构建了包括水文情势、河流形态和河岸带生境3个方面18个指标的库区河流生境评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法(主观赋权法)和熵值法(客观赋权法)结合组合赋权法计算得到了各指标权重。使用新建立的指标体系和方法,以三峡库区支流东溪河、黄金河、汝溪河为例,进行河流生境质量评价发现,52.6%的样点河流生境质量处于优等或良好等级;42.1%为一般等级;5.3%为较差等级;没有最差等级的样点。结果表明,该评价指标体系适合库区支流河流生境状况的特殊性,得到的评价结果能较直观的反应河流生境状况,且操作便捷,数据易获得,具有较强的科学性和可操作性。     

香溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构季节动态研究

研究香溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构和季节动态特征情况,发现高翔蜉、萝卜螺、河蚬、湖沼股蛤、四节蜉为香溪河水系优势分类单元,各季节底栖动物优势种的组成存在显著差异。冬季的生物密度、生物量、生物多样性指数显著高于其他季节,说明冬季的河流生境最适宜大型底栖无脊椎动物生存。香溪河刮食者丰度最高,撕食者最低,表明香溪河着生藻类丰富;固着型底栖动物在香溪河底栖类群中丰度最高,说明香溪河河流流速较快,生境更适宜固着型动物栖居。不同季节环境因子对大型底栖动物群落结构有显著影响。     

封面说明

正封面照片为云南省地方病防治所的陈星拍摄于大理白族自治州云龙县诺邓村。云龙县(25°28′—26°23′ N,98°52′—99°46′ E)地处横断山脉南段滇西澜沧江纵谷区,总面积4400.95 km2,地势东西高、中间低,为温带季风气候,干湿季分明,雨热同期。诺邓村位于县城以北3 km处,诺水自东北蜿蜒而来,绕出一个"S"型大湾,形成了一幅罕见的天然地貌奇观——"八卦太极图",其实质为地质时代第四纪新构造运动中通过河流深切形成的特殊地     

Managing water-use trade-offs in a semi-arid river delta to sustain multiple ecosystem services: a modeling approach

Managing trade-offs among water uses in a river basin to sustain multiple ecosystem services is crucial for adaptation to changing river flow regimes. Here we analyze the trade-off between irrigation and fisheries in the Amudarya, a semi-arid river basin in Central Asia, using an optimal control and an agent-based modeling approach. With the optimal control approach (OCA), we identify the economic and ecological conditions for water sharing in a regime where a social manager controls water withdrawals and fish harvesting. With the agent-based model (ABM), we relax some of the assumptions of the OCA to investigate how localized, individual agents with varied water use histories adapt their water use activities to local resource conditions. Variation in the farmers’ initial labor allocations to the two activities results in regimes with only one activity or both. Global returns and income equality are highest in a mixed regime. The mixed regimes also are more robust to water variability because fishing activities can compensate for decreased agricultural performance in the midstream regions. Thus, allowing for multiple uses can improve the coupled social-ecological system’s performance and its resilience. We also observe a lock-in effect similar to the current situation in the Amudarya, where agriculture is the dominant water use and transition to a more balanced allocation has proven to be extremely difficult. As in the ABM, this can to some extent be attributed to the difficulties of achieving sufficient revenues from fishing when agricultural activities upstream are high. Regulations or incentives are needed to overcome those barriers, and to facilitate progress towards integrated water management.     

中亚河中地区青铜时代以来绿洲农业的演化与文明的交流

中亚河中地区是东西方文明交流的重要通道,当地干旱的气候对环境变化十分敏感,同时大量保存良好的考古遗迹使得该地区十分适合进行农业活动与文明交流的相关研究。本研究通过年代学与植物考古学方法,对阿姆河流域范围青铜时代晚期至萨珊波斯时期的考古遗址进行研究,尝试重建区内全新世人类农业活动的发展过程,并分析研究4000 BP以来人类的农业活动对环境变化的响应与适应。研究结果显示,河中地区农业的作物构成自4000 BP的青铜时代晚期就已表现出高度的复杂性。虽然在不同的时期不同类型作物的种植比例存在一定的差别,但当地的作物始终以大麦、小麦为主,辅以粟、黍、豆类等谷物及葡萄等果木,自青铜时代晚期形成后这种综合了东西方元素的绿洲农业便保持稳定;后期虽有水稻等作物加入但并没有对已有结构产生较大的影响。本研究为进一步了解中亚内陆干旱-半干旱地区绿洲农业的结构演化及其对环境变化的响应,以及探究不同起源地区作物在亚欧大陆的传播提供了基础资料和新的视角。     

留茬方式对小麦间作玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

小麦/玉米间作是河西绿洲灌区主要间作模式,但传统间作和套种需水量大,使该地区水资源紧张.2010年在甘肃河西走廊石羊河绿洲灌区进行大田试验,研究传统小麦秸秆焚烧、秸秆翻还和秸秆立茬3种留茬方式对小麦/玉米间作作物籽粒产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和经济效益的影响.结果表明： 与焚烧和翻还的籽粒产量相比,立茬小麦单作分别增加7.2%和5.1%,立茬小麦间作分别增加6.2%和5.1%,立茬玉米单作分别增加4.7%和2.5%,立茬玉米间作分别增加7.2%和3.3%;与焚烧和翻还的WUE相比,立茬小麦单作分别增加20.4%和16.2%,立茬小麦间作分别增加17.9%和14.6%,立茬玉米单作分别增加16.7%和10.9%,立茬玉米间作分别增加11.8%和17.0%.就单作小麦、单作玉米和小麦/玉米平均值而言,焚烧、翻还、立茬处理的纯收益分别为10946、11471和13454元·hm^-2.从籽粒产量、水分利用效率和纯收益等方面考虑,立茬种植方式为甘肃省河西绿洲灌区小麦/玉米最佳种植模式.     

Mechanisms of Basin-Scale Nitrogen Load Reductions under Intensified Irrigated Agriculture

Irrigated agriculture can modify the cycling and transport of nitrogen (N), due to associated water diversions, water losses, and changes in transport flow-paths. We investigate dominant processes behind observed long-term changes in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations and loads of the extensive (465,000 km2) semi-arid Amu Darya River basin (ADRB) in Central Asia. We specifically considered a 40-year period (1960–2000) of large irrigation expansion, reduced river water flows, increased fertilizer application and net increase of N input into the soil-water system. Results showed that observed decreases in riverine DIN concentration near the Aral Sea outlet of ADRB primarily were due to increased recirculation of irrigation water, which extends the flow-path lengths and enhances N attenuation. The observed DIN concentrations matched a developed analytical relation between concentration attenuation and recirculation ratio, showing that a fourfold increase in basin-scale recirculation can increase DIN attenuation from 85 to 99%. Such effects have previously only been observed at small scales, in laboratory experiments and at individual agricultural plots. These results imply that increased recirculation can have contributed to observed increases in N attenuation in agriculturally dominated drainage basins in different parts of the world. Additionally, it can be important for basin scale attenuation of other pollutants, including phosphorous, metals and organic matter. A six-fold lower DIN export from ADRB during the period 1981–2000, compared to the period 1960–1980, was due to the combined result of drastic river flow reduction of almost 70%, and decreased DIN concentrations at the basin outlet. Several arid and semi-arid regions around the world are projected to undergo similar reductions in discharge as the ADRB due to climate change and agricultural intensification, and may therefore undergo comparable shifts in DIN export as shown here for the ADRB. For example, projected future increases of irrigation water withdrawals between 2005 and 2050 may decrease the DIN export from arid world regions by 40%.     

Adapting Agricultural Water Use to Climate Change in a Post-Soviet Context: Challenges and Opportunities in Southeast Kazakhstan

The convergence of climate change and post-Soviet socio-economic and institutional transformations has been underexplored so far, as have the consequences of such convergence on crop agriculture in Central Asia. This paper provides a place-based analysis of constraints and opportunities for adaptation to climate change, with a specific focus on water use, in two districts in southeast Kazakhstan. Data were collected by 2 multi-stakeholder participatory workshops, 21 semi-structured in-depth interviews, and secondary statistical data. The present-day agricultural system is characterised by enduring Soviet-era management structures, but without state inputs that previously sustained agricultural productivity. Low margins of profitability on many privatised farms mean that attempts to implement integrated water management have produced water users associations unable to maintain and upgrade a deteriorating irrigation infrastructure. Although actors engage in tactical adaptation measures, necessary structural adaptation of the irrigation system remains difficult without significant public or private investments. Market-based water management models have been translated ambiguously to this region, which fails to encourage efficient water use and hinders adaptation to water stress. In addition, a mutual interdependence of informal networks and formal institutions characterises both state governance and everyday life in Kazakhstan. Such interdependence simultaneously facilitates operational and tactical adaptation, but hinders structural adaptation, as informal networks exist as a parallel system that achieves substantive outcomes while perpetuating the inertia and incapacity of the state bureaucracy. This article has relevance for critical understanding of integrated water management in practice and adaptation to climate change in post-Soviet institutional settings more broadly.     

绿洲农田氮素积累与淋溶研究述评

作物对氮素的吸收利用及氮素在土壤中的积累和运移,制约着绿洲农田生产力并对农田环境造成影响,是绿洲农田生态系统可持续发展和绿洲稳定性研究的一个重要方面。针对农田氮素积累和淋溶这一绿洲资源消耗量增加、耕作方式粗放结果下的环境问题,对其特征及引发的环境效应进行了详细阐述,并从不同的角度综述了缓减绿洲氮素淋失及环境污染的对策。指出在未来还需加强绿洲地下水氮污染调查及农田氮素积累和淋溶现状的区域评价,并针对一些在绿洲大面积推广的农田管理技术开展其对农田氮素积累和淋溶影响的研究,并强调人文因素在绿洲农田氮素积累与淋溶调控中的重要性。     

基于生态系统服务的中亚水土热资源匹配度时空变化特征

水土热资源匹配程度与生态系统的稳定及其可持续性密切相关。本研究通过引入与人类福祉相关的生态系统服务的概念,利用基于遥感数据的植被净初级生产力(NPP)指标法构建了中亚地区水土热资源匹配度指数,采用趋势分析和Hurst指数方法,分析了中亚水土热资源匹配度的时空变化特征,并探讨其与气候因子及水分利用效率的相关性。结果表明: 中亚地区水土热资源匹配度总体偏低(9.3),且在不同生物群区具有明显的空间差异性,总体表现为高山森林区>高山草甸区>典型草原区>荒漠草原区>湖区>荒漠区。2000—2015年间,中亚地区各生物群区的水土热资源匹配度与区域总体水土热资源匹配度均表现为波动下降,但变幅小、持续性较差。气温和降水在空间分布上的巨大差异性及错位性是中亚水土热资源匹配度总体偏低的主要原因,降水对中亚水土热资源匹配度的影响强于气温,中亚水土热资源匹配度与水分利用效率之间也有较强的相关性。     

Aquatic Ecosystem Impacts of Land Sharing Versus Sparing: Nutrient Loading to Southeast Asian Rivers

As world food demand continues to increase, two broad strategies for agricultural production have been widely discussed: land sparing and land sharing. Reflecting tradeoffs between the extent and intensity of agricultural use, land sparing maximizes the ratio of conserved to agricultural land, whereas land sharing allows more extensive, nature-friendly transformation of the agroecological matrix. Freshwater ecosystems are rarely considered in weighing these strategies, despite being strongly affected by land-use change. Here we analyze how shifting from extensive to intensive agricultural practices is altering dry season riverine nutrient availability and algal growth in upland Southeast Asia, which is experiencing rapid conversion from swidden—or shifting—cultivation to fertilized row crops. In situ algal growth assays and nutrient concentration data from eleven catchments representing a spectrum of land use and population densities show that intensive agriculture is associated with significantly elevated nitrate concentrations but no shift in phosphorus. As a result, nitrogen to phosphorus ratios increases dramatically, shifting algal growth toward colimitation by nitrogen and phosphorus. Geochemical analysis of suspended solids suggested comparable geological inputs across basins, but dissolved rare earth elements reveal that inorganic fertilizers are changing water chemistry in parallel with land use. Taken together, our analyses suggest that the transition from low-input land-sharing management (swidden) to high-input land-sparing practices (intensive row-crop agriculture) underway in Southeast Asia has profound consequences for river ecosystems. Such nutrient loading can affect river productivity and food webs, suggesting that land-use conservation strategies for Southeast Asia need to account for impacts on freshwater ecosystems.     

Agricultural resource use in an andean coastal ecosystem

Five concurrent systems of agricultural resource management in the Viru Valley in Peru's arid northern coastal plain are discussed as adjustments to microenvironmental variations in soil humidity. Widespread dependence on canal irrigation in an environment characterized by uncertainty in the availability of river water affects the agrarian population in several ways. The upper socioeconomic class has adapted to uncertainty by implementing a deviation-counteracting mechanism (tubular wells) that provides water on demand, giving them flexibility in choice of agricultural activities. Another class of farmers is unable to introduce this mechanism, however, and consequently must depend on a repertoire of inflexible decisions to cope with uncertainty. Each group exploits different opportunity costs to increase economic gain. One pattern provides for expansion, whereas the other at best establishes stability and maintenance. Noncanal techniques permit expansion of cultivation in conditions where canal irrigation is not feasible, thereby improving the overall level of effectiveness of resource use. Alternative techniques do not involve regulatory mechanisms nor do they require complex, interlocking social, economic, and political components. Their presence and persistence in the agricultural system provide variation that may ultimately be amplified as the need to intensify resource exploitation increases in the future.     

民勤湖区地下水资源时空变化对灌区景观生态安全的影响研究

以生态安全面临着严重威胁的我国干旱区民勤绿洲湖区灌区景观为例,研究地下水资源的时空变化对灌区生态安全的影响．利用GIS进行地下水的空间插值得到地下水埋深与地下水矿化度的时空变化．结果表明,地下水埋深在14年间持续下降,且灌区中心地带的地下水埋深的下降速率较边缘地带快。导致地下水降落漏斗不断加深,并逐渐由灌区中心向边缘扩展．大于3m的地下水埋深面积比例逐年增加,由1987年占湖区总面积的81．2％上升到2001年的97．4％．地下水埋深的持续下降导致土壤含水量降低是除人为破坏而引起林木自然衰败、死亡,并引起灌区自然生态安全水平降低的主要原因．当地下水埋深超过8m,地下2m处土壤含水率达到12％以下,大部分乔木林枯梢率达到90％以上,而灌木林枯梢率也达到50％以上．受地下水位下降的影响,14年间有林地、灌木林地与疏林地的斑块面积分别减少了67％、54％与31％,斑块数量减少35、42与50块．地下水矿化度的上升导致作物的安全生长格局发生显著变化,导致农业经济效益降低、种植业结构调整受到严重制约,构成对灌区经济生态安全的严重影响．合理分配流域中、下游水资源量,限制人类不合理的土地利用方式,减少灌区耕地面积,构建安全的景观格局．逐渐恢复地下水采、补平衡,阻止地下水位的进一步下降与地下水矿化度的上升是提高灌区生态安全水平的重要途径．