耐阴地被植物及其在园林中的应用

阐述了耐阴地被植物的概念及分类,并根据植物特点、习性和园林造景实例说明阴生地被植物在园林中的应用选择,为园林绿化工作者提供了参考依据。     

野生地被植物的园林应用与探讨——以扬州市瘦西湖风景区为例

野生地被植物是自然风景的重要组成部分,合理利用可以增加园林绿化植物种类的多样性,丰富园林景观,减少管理成本,促进园林生态系统的可持续发展.以扬州市瘦西湖风景区为例,介绍了野生地被植物的资源,论述了野生地被植物的观赏价值、开发利用现状及存在的问题,并对野生地被植物的园林地位、合理开发和利用野生植物资源、因地制宜打造特色景观,进行了一些探讨.     

厦门园林草坪和地被植物初探

本文介绍园林草坪和地被植物的基本概念和作用,从生态学的角度探讨草坪和地被植物的类型及用途,并报道了厦门地区可以利用的野生和栽培的草坪和地被植物资源。     

吉安市野生地被植物资源及其园林应用综合评价

通过对吉安市典型山地野生地被植物资源进行实地调查,在初步确定具有良好观赏价值的87种野生地被植物基础上,采用线性加权综合法数学模型对吉安市野生地被植物作了综合评价,重点推荐在吉安地区具有园林应用价值的野生地被植物5种,为野生地被植物的合理开发应用提供科学依据。     

舟山海岛野生地被植物资源及园林应用

舟山群岛属亚热带气候,野生地被植物资源十分丰富。经过2年的调查研究,报道野生地被植物共有82科,207属,357种,结合地被植物选择原则,筛选出观赏价值较高的20种乡土地被植物用于城市绿化,针对不同园林用途提出不同的地被种类,并对开发海岛乡土地被植物的工作提出建议。     

小议地被植物在城市绿化中的应用与养护

在城市绿化建设中,地被植物被有效而广泛的应用。地被植物不仅增加城市绿化的层次,丰富园林景色,而且能增加绿地面积,减少近地面空气中的含菌量,降低气温,改善空气湿度等。但地被植物普遍所处环境恶劣,缺肥少水,生长空间狭窄。因此,应根据地被植物的生态特性及生态环境,选择耐性强,病虫害不易发生的地被植物,并加强养护管理,使地被植物在城市绿化中发挥重要的生态效应。     

彩叶地被植物在南京园林绿地中的应用

简要阐述了彩叶地被植物的概念、分类以及南京园林绿地中应用的常见种类、应用原则,提出了彩叶地被植物在园林景观中林下、林缘、疏林、水景、边坡、道路、空旷地及花境中的应用形式,供园林绿化者参考。     

广东翁源青云山自然保护区野生地被植物资源及其园林应用

对青云山自然保护区内野生植物资源进行调查,筛选出观赏价值较高的野生地被植物173种(含变种),隶属79科139属,其中蕨类植物34种1变种,种子植物136种2变种。按照生活型分类,保护区有草本地被126种,矮灌木地被24种,藤本地被23种。根据观赏特性可将筛选出的野生地被植物分为观花、观叶、观果3类;根据地被植物的园林应用形式可分为空旷地地被、坡地地被、林缘与疏林地被、密林林下地被4个类型。文中针对青云山野生地被植物资源现状提出合理的保护和开发利用建议。     

深圳市百合科地被植物应用现状及水分适应性研究

为探讨在满足园林观赏性前提下植物的节水灌溉量,通过盆栽控水试验,比较了麦冬(Ophiopogon japonicas)、银边山菅兰(Dianella ensifolia‘Silvery Stripe’)、蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra elatior)、天门冬(Asparagus cochcinchinensis)等4种百合科植物在不同水分条件下植株的生长和光合指标的变化。结果表明,在土壤相对含水量为60%~65%(适宜水分)下,4种百合科地被植物均长势旺盛。麦冬、银边山菅兰、天门冬在土壤含水量为40%~45%(中度胁迫)时,仍可保持较好的观赏性。蜘蛛抱蛋耐旱性较强,可在20%~25%(重度胁迫)的土壤相对含水量下生长良好。这对百合科园林地被植物水分管理具有指导意义。     

广西园林藤本植物的筛选研究

该文报道了广西藤本植物资源概况与园林藤本植物筛选研究成果,简要介绍了广西藤本植物的种质资源及资源藤本植物利用现状,经过引种和调查选择,收集观赏藤本植物62种,通过配置应用试验和决选评价,决选出适合于城市园林建设的10个花卉品种,21个垂直绿化品种,3个地被植物品种。     

Enhancing gardens as habitats for plant-associated invertebrates: should we plant native or exotic species?

Domestic gardens, typically consisting of a mixture of native and non-native plants, support biodiversity. The relative value of these native and non-native plants for invertebrates is largely unknown. To address this a replicated field experiment with plots planted with one of three assemblages of non-invasive perennial and shrubby garden plants (treatments), based on plant origin [UK native, near-native (Northern Hemisphere) and Exotic (Southern Hemisphere)] was established. Over 4 years the invertebrates were recorded by Vortis suction sampler and amount of plant material measured. The abundance of above ground plant-inhabiting invertebrates increased with canopy cover and was higher on the native treatment. For several functional groups including herbivores and some predatory groups the near-native plants supported only marginally fewer individuals compared to native plots, with exotic plants being less favoured. The experiment demonstrated that gardens and other cultivated ornamental plantings support a wide range of plant-inhabiting invertebrates from primary functional groups regardless of the plants’ origin and the more plant matter (canopy cover) available the greater the abundance. Greater abundance of invertebrates will be supported by gardens and cultivated planting schemes with plantings biased towards native and near-native plants and that provide dense vegetation cover. However, exotic plants should not be dismissed as these are inhabited by some invertebrates.     

Botanic Gardens as Communicators of Plant Diversity and Conservation

This paper presents a unique survey on the role of botanic gardens as educational institutions that communicate plant diversity and conservation. An online survey was created to evaluate the present strategies developed by botanic gardens from all over the world to their visiting public. Dependent on their resources, either human, financial or both, all of them look for the accomplishment of Global Strategy for Plant Conservation’ target 14, promoting education on plants and awareness on human impacts in plant diversity loss. However, an educational group/department is more common in botanic gardens owned by the central government compared to the private, non-profit botanic gardens. The diversity of activities on plant diversity and conservation is influenced by the size and the number of staff in the garden. Only half of the surveyed botanic gardens have rooms exclusively assigned for educational activities and even less have garden spots for the same purpose. Online resources are particularly restricted to North America and Oceania botanic gardens. Although climate change is a brand new subject that could attract public to the garden, the most part of the gardens address biodiversity and plant identification as major themes of communication. Besides species label information and interpretation panels, self-guided visits, guided visits or activities/workshops are the common offers for public attraction. School visitors are still less than half of the total visitors and cover children from 6 to 13 years-old. These follow more guided visits and activities while general public choose self-guided visits.     

Urban Domestic Gardens (IV): The Extent of the Resource and its Associated Features

Domestic (‘private’) gardens constitute a substantial proportion of ‘green space’ in urban areas and hence are of potential significance for the maintenance of biodiversity in such areas. However, the size and nature of this resource and its associated features are poorly known. In this study, we provide the first detailed audit, using domestic gardens in the city of Sheffield as a model study system. Domestic gardens, the mean area of which was 151 m², cover approximately 33 km² or 23% of the predominantly urban area of the city. The smaller gardens contribute disproportionately to this total because, although individually they add little, they are large in number. Conversely, the regions of the city with proportionately more garden area contribute most to the total garden area of the city, although such regions are limited in number. Based on the findings of a telephone based survey, 14.4% of dwellings with gardens were estimated to have ponds, 26% to have nest-boxes, 29% to have compost heaps, 48% to hold trees more than 3 m tall, and 14% of dwellings were estimated to be home to one or more cats. Whilst the absolute frequency of these features is low to moderate, by extrapolation they nonetheless yield estimates for domestic gardens in Sheffield of a total of 25,200 ponds, 45,500 nest boxes, 50,750 compost heaps, 360,000 trees, and a population of 52,000 domestic cats. These results are considered in the context of the role of gardens in urban areas as habitats for wildlife and the implications for housing policy.     

Botanical sanctuaries for Scotland's flora

Summary

Conservation of plants is now viewed as a major priority for botanic gardens. However, few practical initiatives to conserve Scotland's threatened flora have so far been undertaken in Scotland. With the present financial uncertainty of Scotland's botanic gardens and the low priority given by them to the ex situ conservation of threatened Scottish plants, the scope for further conservation activities is limited. Long-term preservation of living material of a large number of threatened Scottish species in Scotland's botanic gardens is unlikely to be undertaken by any of them in the present climate. New practical initiatives must: 1) be self-financing; 2) have low maintenance costs; and 3) further the public role of botanic gardens in education. The best way forward is to develop areas using Scottish plants of wild origin in an informal garden setting to create unique wildlife habitats within the botanic garden itself. Threatened species could be included where the habitat allowed. Such areas would provide ideal opportunities for environmental study programmes and ecological projects and, at the same time, would widen the educational role of the botanic garden.     

Urban heat island effects on moss gardens in Kyoto,Japan

Urban heat islands (UHIs) represent a serious problem for urban biodiversity and landscapes. The impact of UHIs on Japanese gardens are of particular concern because these gardens use moss as a ground cover, and moss can be strongly affected by UHIs due to their sensitivity to drought stress. We studied 17 historical gardens in Kyoto, Japan, and propose an effective management strategy for moss gardens that takes into account the influence of UHIs on these gardens. The study sites included gardens covered by large patches of hygrophilous moss, gardens covered by mosses including small patches of hygrophilous moss, gardens covered by relatively drought-resistant moss, and gardens with small patches of mosses. We measured temperature and relative humidity within the gardens and determined the surrounding land-use types. A comparison of microclimates showed significant differences among garden types. Hygrophilous gardens had the lowest temperature and highest relative humidity, whereas gardens with small patches of moss had the highest temperature and lowest relative humidity. Using structural equation models, we determined that urbanization within 1000 m from the gardens increased temperature and decreased relative humidity, strongly affecting the type of garden. These effects could be attributed to the sensitivity of mosses to changes in microclimate caused by UHIs. Taken together, the results indicate that urban planning—e.g., increasing green space—within 1000 m of moss gardens can maintain those gardens by mitigating the influence of UHIs.

     

植物园发展的动向

对国内外植物园近十余年来发展的动向进行评述,列举了近年来一系列重要的植物园国际会议与重大活动,指出当前国际植物园工作的中心任务首先是物种保护。总结和分析我国植物园发展的历史和现状、存在问题以及在园貌建设上与国际先进植物园的差距。这些差距主要表现在：（１）植物的收集量;（２）活植物数据的积累;（３）罕见植物的引种;（４）现代技术的应用。作者最后提出,我国植物园发展应把握的几个主要问题是：（１）既是多功能全方位发展,又应各具特色;（２）生物多样性是植物园永恒的主题;（３）植物园应着重物种迁地保护的研究和实践;（４）植物园应重视栽培和利用植物并着重以药用植物为对象。     

Urban domestic gardens (III): Composition and diversity of lawn floras

Question: How do lawn floras compare with those of semi‐natural grasslands? Are the compositions of lawn floras determined by local, within‐garden factors (e.g. lawn management and size) or by regional factors (e.g. climate and location)? Are lawn floras nested (like semi‐natural grasslands) or not (like cultivated parts of gardens)? Are there gradients of species composition within lawns? Location: Sheffield, UK. Methods: We examined the composition of the floras of entire lawns and of two 1‐m² lawn quadrats in 52 gardens. Results: A total of 159 species of vascular plants was recorded, 60 of them only once. Most lawn species were forbs, but most lawn cover consisted of grasses. Lawn species were predominantly natives. Bigger lawns had more species, but richness was not closely linked to other environmental or management variables. Composition of lawn floras varied with altitude, with woodland and wetland plants more common in the higher west of the city, and weeds of waste ground in the east. The species‐area curve derived from 1‐m² lawn quadrats was very similar to that of semi‐natural grasslands. Lawn quadrats were significantly nested, with rarer species mostly confined to more species‐rich quadrats. Trampling‐tolerant Poa annua was more abundant in the part of the lawn nearer the house. Conclusions: In most respects, lawns behaved much more like semi‐natural grasslands than like cultivated flower beds and borders. Species composition of lawns is strongly influenced by local climate. Most lawns show an internal gradient of composition, linked to a gradient of intensity of use.     

古茶园、台地茶园遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用AFLP-毛细管电泳法对云南省西双版纳地区4个有代表性的古茶园和 2个台地茶园(阿萨姆茶Camellia sinensis var. assamica)进行遗传多样性分析。研究表明: 阿萨姆茶变种水平的遗传多样性为: P = 92.31%, 期望杂合度He = 0.1366, Shannon多样性指数Ho = 0.2323; 古茶园居群水平是45.55％, 勐腊居群最高P = 59.11％, 勐宋居群变异度最低P = 36.44％; 而台地茶中, 有性系勐海大叶群体种P = 35.02%, 无性系云抗10号则非常低P = 13.77%, 台地茶居群水平是24.2%; 古茶园和台地茶遗传多样性相差很大, 依次是古茶园>有性系台地茶>无性系台地茶。研究还发现古茶园与台地茶园之间, 南糯山居群、勐腊易武居群与其他居群间存在多条特异谱带, 可作为南糯山居群和勐腊易武居群的分子指纹图谱, 应用于这两个居群所产晒青毛茶的鉴别。     

Settlements as a source for the spread of non-native plants into Central European suburban forests

Urbanization is considered as a major driver for biotic homogenization. Urbanization also promotes the dispersal of non-native species. This study examined the roles of suburban settlements and of the surrounding landscape composition for the spread of non-native plant species into adjacent mixed deciduous forests in Southern and Northwestern Switzerland. The number and abundance of native and non-native vascular plant species in both the ground vegetation and shrub layer were recorded in 15 forest sites situated adjacent to settlements and 15 control sites far from settlements. Various site and landscape characteristics were assessed in the surroundings (100 m radius) of the study sites. In both regions we found a higher number and larger abundance of non-native plant species in forest sites adjacent to settlements than in control forest sites. Furthermore, non-native plants were more frequently recorded close to roads and in sites surrounded by a large percentage cover of garden. All these effects were more pronounced in Southern Switzerland, a region with milder winter climate, than in Northwestern Switzerland. Our study showed that settlements are a source for the spread of non-native plant species into Central European suburban forests, and that the composition of the surrounding landscape matrix (e.g. traffic infrastructure, percentage cover of gardens) also affects the establishment of non-native plants.