表皮生长因子受体在涎腺腺样囊性癌不同细胞系中的表达

目的通过检测在涎腺腺样囊性癌两个细胞系中受体型酪氨酸蛋白激酶EGFR的表达,探讨其与腺样囊性癌发生发展的关系.方法采用Western Blot技术并利用电泳凝胶成像分析软件对结果进行量化分析;采用SPSS11.5统计软件对结果进行统计学分析.结果在SACC-83和SACC-LM细胞中,前者胞膜中EGFR的表达明显高于后者,而胞浆中的表达却明显低于后者(均为P<0.01);在SACC-83细胞系中,EGFR在细胞膜中呈现高表达(P<0.01),而在SACC-LM细胞系, EGFR在胞浆中呈现高表达(P<0.01).结论 EGFR基因在胞浆中的高水平积累可能在侵袭癌的进展中发挥重要作用,对其深入研究,有望为腺样囊性癌治疗带来新的策略.     

蛋白激酶CK2-β在腺样囊性癌中的活性变化

探讨蛋白激酶CK2-β在涎腺腺样囊性癌及涎腺腺样囊性癌肺转移细胞中的活性及表达变化。2种细胞进行细胞培养,分别提取胞浆及胞核蛋白,然后利用激酶活性测定及Westernbloting方法进行活性及蛋白表达检测分析。与SACC-83细胞相比,SACC-LM细胞中蛋白激酶CK2-β具有较高的活性及表达;在2种细胞中,细胞核中的活性及表达都高于细胞质。蛋白激酶CK2-β在涎腺腺样囊性癌中活性与蛋白表达一致,并与涎腺腺样囊性癌的肺转移呈正相关。     

蛋白激酶CK2-β在SACC-83及SACC-LM细胞中的表达

通过对蛋白激酶CK2-β在涎腺腺样囊性癌及涎腺腺样囊性癌肺转移细胞中表达的研究,探讨蛋白激酶CK2-β与涎腺腺样囊性癌肺转移的关系。利用Western blot方法对两种细胞进行蛋白检测分析。蛋白激酶CK2-β在两种细胞的细胞核中的表达都高于在细胞质中的表达,与SACC-83细胞相比,SACC-LM细胞的细胞核及细胞质中蛋白激酶CK2-β都有较高表达。蛋白激酶CK2-β的表达与涎腺腺样囊性癌的肺转移呈正相关。     

Ets-1和c-Jun在腺样囊性癌中表达的临床病理研究

目的:观察Ets-1和c-Jun在腺样囊性癌中的表达及在肿瘤侵袭中的意义.方法:收集80例腺样囊性癌病例,根据组织病理学观察分为侵袭组和非侵袭组,用免疫组织化学SP方法分别检测Ets-1和c-Jun在腺样囊性癌组织中的表达.结果:(1)Ets-1、c-Jun在腺样囊性癌组织中的总阳性表达率分别为76.25%(61/80),62.5%(50/80);(2)Ets-1和c-Jun表达在侵袭组和非侵袭组间均有差异,有统计学意义(P(0.05);(3)Ets-1和c-Jun表达间无显著相关性.结论:Ets-1和c-Jun表达与腺样囊性癌的侵袭有关.     

不同的人大肠癌细胞体外侵袭力及相关生物学特性的比较研究

本文对两种高分化人大肠癌细胞的体外侵袭力及相关生物学特性进行了比较研究。利用人羊膜基底膜模型分析结果显示:CCL229细胞对人羊膜基膜的侵袭力及粘附能力均明显高于CX-1细胞。常规扫描电镜观察到CCL 229细胞具有铺展能力强、细胞间相互粘着性差、细胞表面有许多长短不一、形态各异的指状伪足和针状突起等特征。琼脂糖滴分析结果表明,CCL 229细胞体外移动性亦明显高于CX-1细胞。两者的增殖情况未见有显著性差异。     

涎腺腺样囊性癌高低转移细胞系mRNA及蛋白质表达谱差异研究

转移性和侵袭性是恶性肿瘤的重要特征,与基因和蛋白质水平上一系列改变密切相关.应用mRNA抑制性消减杂交技术和双向电泳结合肽质量指纹分析技术,对涎腺腺样囊性癌高、低转移细胞系的mRNA和蛋白质表达谱的差异性进行比较研究.实验结果显示,在抑制性消减杂交中,分别以两个细胞系为测试子,共获得差异片段34个,其中高转移株细胞中高表达的基因序列有6个,低转移细胞系中有28个,其中包括两个新的表达序列标签（EST）.对这些基因序列,进一步以RNA 斑点杂交对这些基因的表达状况进行验证并排除假阳性结果,结果发现,32个基因在mRNA水平上有不同程度的表达量改变,改变趋势与消减杂交结果一致.以蛋白质等电聚焦结合SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的双向电泳技术获得的总蛋白质分离,经PDQuest2DE软件分析结果表明, 高转移细胞系表达谱的平均蛋白质点数为(978±38), 低转移细胞系的平均蛋白质点数为(996±27).其中高转移细胞与低转移细胞相比,其蛋白质点有355个未被匹配 ,低转移细胞相比高转移细胞有222个未被匹配.对其中10个差异较明显的蛋白质点,进一步进行基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱 (MALDI-TOF-MS)测定肽质量指纹图谱,用Peptident软件对SWISS PROT数据库比较分析,结果显示,Stratifin、Symplekin和乳腺癌相关抗原NY-BR-20等蛋白质在高转移细胞中表达,在低转移中未被检测到,B7蛋白质在低转移细胞中高表达,在高转移细胞中低表达.结果表明涎腺腺样囊性癌高转移特性与多种基因、蛋白质相关,这些基因或蛋白质参与血管生成、蛋白质合成、信号传递、细胞周期调控、分子伴侣以及免疫共刺激等多种生理活动.同时在mRNA和蛋白质水平上进行表达谱分析使结果更全面,具有明显的互补性,这些结果为进一步探索腺样囊性癌肿瘤转移分子机理以及肿瘤控制和基因治疗提供了重要的依据.     

顺铂短期诱导人腺样囊性癌细胞NACC 产生耐药性的研究

目的:探讨人腭部涎腺腺样囊性癌细胞(NACC)经顺铂(DDP)短期诱导后耐药性产生情况及耐药机制。方法:采用恒定浓度DDP反复间歇诱导法诱导NACC细胞,获得耐药细胞NACC/DDP3,MTT法检测细胞耐药指数;实时荧光定量PCR检测存活蛋白(Survivin)及核苷酸切除修复交叉互补基因1(ERCC1)的mRNA表达;裸鼠右侧腋部皮下接种NACC及NACC/DDP3细胞,成瘤后将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为生理盐水对照组和DDP 2 mg·kg~(-1)组,比较2 mg·kg~(-1) DDP对两组荷瘤裸鼠的抑瘤率,HE染色观察肿瘤组织形态。结果:诱导后的NACC/DDP3对DDP耐药性增强,耐药指数为1.44;在NACC/DDP3细胞中,Survivin及ERCC1的mRNA表达明显上调,分别为亲本细胞的2.02(P0.01)和1.59(P0.05)倍;2 mg·kg~(-1) DDP对NACC组抑瘤率为(31.64±1.15)%,对NACC/DDP3组抑瘤率为(16.66±0.76)%,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),HE染色观察两组瘤体标本均符合腺样囊性癌实体型组织学表现。结论:NACC细胞经DDP短期诱导即产生一定耐药性,NACC/DDP3细胞中Survivin及ERCC1的mRNA表达上调,提示Survivin及ERCC1可能参与了腺样囊性癌细胞对DDP的耐药。相同剂量DDP对NACC/DDP3所建立的皮下移植瘤模型抑瘤率显著低于NACC组,提示NACC/DDP3接种到裸鼠体内仍具有耐药性,这将为体内研究耐药腺样囊性癌的治疗提供良好的平台。     

腮腺腺样囊性癌中PTEN、MDM2表达

目的:研究腮腺腺样囊性癌组织中抑癌基因PTEN、癌基因MDM2蛋白表达,探讨PTEN、MDM2在腮腺腺样囊性癌中两者之间的相关性,为将来临床应用提供参考。方法:选取腮腺腺样囊性癌手术存档石蜡标本30例,另取10例腮腺腺样囊性癌癌旁正常组织石蜡标本作为对照组,采用免疫组化SP法检验PTEN、MDM2表达情况。结果:腮腺腺样囊性癌和癌旁正常组织中PTEN蛋白的阳性率分别为20%(6/30)和70%(7/10),二者存在显著性差异(P0.05)。MDM2蛋白在两种组织中阳性率分别为66%(20/30)和20%(2/10)(P0.05),二者存在显著性差异(P0.05)(r=-0.657),在腮腺腺样囊性癌中PTEN、MDM2的表达负相关。结论:PTEN、MDM2蛋白异常表达在腮腺腺样囊性癌的发生发展中起重要作用。     

反义核酸对人大肠癌CCL229细胞侵袭力的抑制作用

为观察反义寡核苷酸(asODN)对培养的高侵袭性人大肠癌CCL229细胞侵袭性的抑制作用,针对尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(re-ceptorofuPAR)mRNA的翻译起始区,合成了一段反义寡核苷酸(asODN),用脂质体将其导入培养的CCL229细胞中,通过逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)、流式细胞术、羊膜侵袭试验测定uPARmRNA水平、细胞表面uPAR抗原表达及细胞侵袭力的变化,并在扫描电镜下观察细胞的形态改变.结果为(1)RT-PCR检测asODNs组uPAR/β-actin比值为0.44±0.02,与对照组(0.81±0.01)相比,显著降低(P＜0.05);(2)流式细胞术检测asODNs组癌细胞表面与uPA结合的受体和总受体的平均荧光指数分别为0.20±0.07、0.59±0.09,与对照组(分别为0.72±0.12、2.21±0.36)比较,明显下降(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);(3)体外侵袭试验结果,asODN组在48h和72h后穿过羊膜的细胞数分别为12±2、20±3,与对照组(分别为25±4、44±5)相比,明显减少;(4)扫描电镜观察表明细胞经asODNs作用后,表面伪足和针状突起明显减少.以上各指标在随机序列寡核苷酸(rODN)组和对照组相比,无明显变化.CCL229细胞表面uPAR的表达与癌细胞的侵袭力密切相关,asODNs能有效抑制CCL229细胞uPAR基因的表达,从而抑制相关的蛋白质合成,降低其侵袭性,实验结果在癌症的基因治疗上将具有一定意义.     

Genistein对腺样囊性癌cyclinB1蛋白表达和细胞增殖周期的影响

目的研究酪氨酸蛋白激酶抑制剂genistein抑制人涎腺腺样囊性癌(SACC-83)细胞生长与cyclin B1蛋白表达和细胞增殖周期的关系.方法 MTT法测定genistein对SACC-83细胞体外生长的作用;流式细胞仪测定细胞增殖周期;Western Blot技术检测cyclin B1和Cdk1蛋白,并利用电泳凝胶成像分析软件对其结果进行量化分析;采用SPSS11.5统计软件对结果进行统计学分析.结果 Genistein对SACC-83细胞生长有抑制作用,且当其作用到一定时间达到一定的浓度后,该作用与剂量及时间呈依赖关系;Genistein作用的细胞与对照细胞比较,G0/G1期细胞数减少, G2/M期细胞数增多,cyclin B1和Cdk1蛋白水平降低.结论 Genistein对SACC-83细胞生长的抑制作用与其调节cyclin B1和Cdk1蛋白表达和细胞增殖周期有关.     

Substrate stiffness regulated migration and invasion ability of adenoid cystic carcinoma cells via RhoA/ROCK pathway

Objectives

Human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is one of the most common malignant tumours of the salivary gland and has strong migratory and invasive ability, which often lead to poor prognosis and lower survival rate. Tumour tissue tends to stiffen during solid tumour progression. This study aimed to investigate the influence of various substrate stiffness on the migration and invasion of SACC.

Methods

Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line ACC2 cells were cultured on polydimethylsiloxane substrates (PDMS) with varying stiffness for investigating the effects of substrate stiffness on the activities of MMPs and TIMPs. The underlying mechanism was also explored.

Results

When ACC2 cells were cultured on various stiffness of PDMS, the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2), MMP9, MMP14, RhoA, Rac1, Rho‐associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) and ROCK2 were up‐regulated with increasing substrate stiffness, whereas that of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), TIMP2 and TIMP4 were down‐regulated with increasing substrate stiffness.

Conclusions

Our results showed that substrate stiffness regulated the activities of MMPs and TIMPs and then modulate migratory and invasive ability of ACC2 cells via RhoA/ROCK pathway. This work indicate that matrix stiffness played an important role in progression of SACC, which not only can help understand the strong invasive ability of SACC, but also suggested that therapeutically targeting matrix stiffness may help reduce migration and invasion of SACC and improve effective therapies.

     

Deregulation of Bmi-1 is associated with enhanced migration,invasion and poor prognosis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma

Background

Bmi-1 had been found to involve in self renewal of stem cells and tumorigenesis in various malignancies. In this study, we investigated the role of Bmi-1 in the development of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC).

Methods

At first, we confirmed that the deregulation of Bmi-1 was a frequent event in SACC; up-regulation of Bmi-1 was correlated with clinical stages, vital status and distant metastasis and associated with reduced overall survival and disease free survival. SACC-LM cells, higher migration and invasion abilities, elevated the expression of Bmi-1 protein, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related proteins (Snail, Slug and Vimentin) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) related proteins (ABCG₂, Notch, ALDH-1, Oct-4, Nanog and Epcam) compared to the SACC-83 cells (lower migration and invasion abilities). The migration and invasion abilities were inhibited in SACC-LM cells upon Bmi-1 knockdown. Meanwhile, Bmi-1 knockdown resulted in simultaneous loss of stem cell markers and EMT markers in SACC-LM cells.

Conclusion

Our studies confirm that Bmi-1 deregulation plays an important role in the development of SACC and contributes to the migration and the invasion abilities of SACC, which is involved in EMT and CSCs.

General significance

To our knowledge, this is the first study revealing that Bmi-1 deregulation is associated with enhanced migration, invasion and poor prognosis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma.     

Cytology of primary pulmonary mucoepidermoid and adenoid cystic carcinoma. A report of four cases

BACKGROUND: Mucoepidermoid and adenoid cystic carcinomas are very rare primary pulmonary neoplasms that can be classified under the broader heading of salivary gland-like neoplasms (SGN). Both entities need to be considered in the cytologic differential diagnosis of lung tumors. We reviewed cytologic findings in primary pulmonary neoplasms diagnosed at our institution during the time period 1981 to the present along with outside consultation cases. CASES: Three cases of primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma and one case of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung were diagnosed based on cytology during the period examined. Patient ages were 16, 25, 47 and 78 years, respectively. The mucoepidermoid cytology specimens were composed of three cell types, mucinous, squamous and intermediate cells, at times associated with extracellular mucin. The adenoid cystic carcinoma consisted of small, uniform cells with dark nuclei, scant cytoplasm and associated, acellular balls of basement membrane material. CONCLUSION: The differential diagnosis for primary pulmonary neoplasms needs to include the rare SGN. Cytologic features of adenoid cystic carcinoma are diagnostic; those of mucoepidermoid carcinoma are at least suggestive.     

MicroRNA-144-3p inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human salivary adenoid carcinoma cells via targeting of mTOR

Objectives

To investigate the biological functions of microRNA-144-3p with respect to proliferation and apoptosis of human salivary adenoid carcinoma cell lines via mTOR.

Results

After transfection of microRNA-144-3p agomir, cell viability assays confirmed that the salivary adenoid carcinoma cell (SACC) proliferation was inhibited and apoptosis was induced. Dual luciferase reporter assay validated that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was a direct target of miR-144-3p. Western blot, immunofluorescent analysis and a xenograft mouse model of adenoid cystic carcinoma indicated that miR-144-3p was a tumor suppressor and repressed mTOR expression and signaling in SACCs.

Conclusions

MicroRNA-144-3p inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human salivary adenoid carcinoma cells by downregulating mTOR expression in vitro and in vivo.

     

HSP27 associates with epithelial–mesenchymal transition,stemness and radioresistance of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to associate with cancer stem cells and radioresistance. However, it is obscure whether EMT itself or specific EMT regulators play causal roles in these properties of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). Here, we exhibited that overexpression of HSP27 drove the migration and invasion, induced EMT, as well as mediated TGF‐β1‐induced EMT in SACC cells, accompanying the up‐regulation of Snail1 and Prrx1. Conversely, HSP27 silencing reduced the migration and invasion and contributed to MET of SACC cells. HSP27 indirectly down‐regulates the expression of E‐cadherin through activating Snail1 and Prrx1 expressions. Overexpression of Snail1 or Prrx1 restored the migration and invasion in HSP27 knockdown cells. Enforced expression of HSP27 enhanced colony formation, CD133⁺/CD44⁺ population and radioresistance of SACC cell lines. In addition, HSP27 expression was positively associated with radioresistance and poor prognosis of SACC patients as well as with the expression of Prrx1 or Snail1 in SACC tissues. The data confirm an important function for HSP27 in SACC progression through regulating EMT and stemness, and they imply the possible association between EMT and radioresistance of SACC.     

Induction of tumour differentiation and apoptosis and LeY antigen expression in treatment with differentiation-inducing agent, vesnarinone, of a patient with salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma

A patient with locally-advanced submandibular adenoid cystic carcinoma with poorly differentiated solid type, was treated with differentiation-inducing agent, vesnarinone, per os at a dose of 60 mg/day daily for 8 weeks. The vesnarinone administration caused marked regression of the tumour. In addition to conversion into the well-differentiated tubular type from the poorly differentiated solid type, the induction of apoptosis and LeY antigen was observed in the treated tumour. These findings indicate that vesnarinone might be a useful therapeutic agent for treatment of salivary cancer. Since we found the new expression of LeY antigen in the well-differentiated tubular lesion in the salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma treated with vesnarinone, we examined the LeY antigen expression in relation to tumour differentiation in five cases of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Consequently, tissue sections from all of the adenoid cystic carcinoma examined showed no positive LeY staining, except for some areas in the tumour lesion with the tubular pattern including the histologically normal-appearing tissue adjacent to the tumour tissue. These findings suggest that there is the intimate relationship between the LeY antigen expression and tumour differentiation in human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma.     

Glial fibrillary acidic protein and desmin in salivary neoplasms

The presence of intermediate filament proteins (IFP) in normal salivary gland tissue and in a number of salivary gland neoplasms has been investigated by immunohistochemical techniques on frozen sections. Cytokeratins (CKs) were seen in almost all normal epithelial cells. In the parotid gland and in palatal gland tissue, a co-expression of cytokeratin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was seen in some myoepithelial cells, but this was not apparent in the submandibular gland. In some pleomorphic adenomas, carcinomas in pleomorphic adenomas, one mucoepidermoid carcinoma, one mucus-producing adenopapillary carcinoma and one adenoid cystic carcinoma, cells expressing three different IFP classes were found (CKs, vimentin, GFAP). These cells were most often situated peripherally in the tumour cords or ducts. The cytokeratin pattern in these cells, as revealed by mAbs PKK1-3, was similar to that in normal myoepithelial cells. Furthermore, reactivity for a fourth class of IFP, desmin, could be seen in this cell type in two carcinomas in pleomorphic adenomas, and also in a few cells in a pleomorphic adenoma and an adenoid cystic carcinoma. Thus the pattern of IFP expression in salivary gland neoplasms, is very complex, and cannot always be related to the normal tissue.