黄山短尾猴的冬季产仔

动物的繁殖时间是动物在长期进化过程中对其栖息环境适应的结果。黄山的短尾猴属于季节性繁殖的动物,其产仔期一般在1～5月。但在2001年,记录了一例短尾猴在冬季产仔,产仔日期为11月29日。为分析其原因,依据1988～2001年连续14年的产仔数据及当地连续14年的气象资料(年平均气温、降水量及日照长度),统计学检验结果表明,黄山短尾猴产仔时间的推移与栖息地年平均气温显著相关(P<0 05),而与年平均降水量及日照长度无显著相关(P>0 05)。     

分子标记技术在昆虫入侵研究中的应用

遗传变异与种群持续性及其进化潜力密切相关,而生物入侵导致种群遗传变异或遗传多样性的改变为研究自然界中各种生态和进化问题提供了理想模式。分子标记技术是调查种群遗传变异的重要工具,揭示了入侵种的入侵过程和结果,并预测未来的发生情况。本综述归纳了分子标记技术在昆虫入侵机制研究中的应用,以典型的研究个案为例,分别综述了分子标记技术在隐蔽入侵的监测应用,分子标记技术在重构入侵历史研究中的推算方式,分子标记技术在探索种群遗传变异与成功入侵机制方面取得的重要进展,并进一步介绍了高分辨率熔解曲线（high-resolution melting, HRM）分析在昆虫入侵研究中的应用前景。     

高温对抗性和敏感小菜蛾生命表参数及后代杀虫剂敏感性的影响

为研究高温对抗性和敏感小菜蛾Plutella xylostella生物学适合度及抗药性进化的影响,本研究测定了温度对杀虫剂抗性和敏感小菜蛾实验种群生命表参数及后代对阿维菌素敏感性的影响。 结果表明：与25℃相比,33.5℃条件下抗性和敏感种群的平均世代历期（D）、净生殖率（R₀）、内禀增长率（r_m）、周限增长率（λ）值、总产卵量、雌蛾平均寿命、日产卵量和孵化率均显著下降。 在25℃下,抗性和敏感种群的r_m,λ,D和日产卵量无显著差异,但抗性种群的R₀略低于敏感种群（为敏感种群的87%）。 在33.5℃下,抗性种群的r_m和R₀显著低于敏感种群（分别为敏感种群的75%和64%）,抗性种群雌成虫寿命、总产卵量和孵化率显著也低于敏感种群。 抗性种群在33.5℃下饲养一代后,后代对阿维菌素的抗性水平大幅下降,而相同处理下敏感种群对阿维菌素的抗性水平没有显著下降。 上述结果表明,无论在常温还是高温条件下,抗性种群生物学适合度均低于敏感种群,尤其是高温下抗性种群适合度远低于敏感种群。 抗性种群经高温饲养一代后对阿维菌素的抗性水平大幅下降可能与高温下抗性种群适合度显著较低有关。     

动物生活史进化理论研究进展

综述了生活史性状、生活史对策、权衡、适合度及进化种群统计学等动物生活史进化领域的进展。权衡是生活史性状之间相互联系的纽带,分为生理权衡与进化权衡。适合度是相对的,与个体所处的特定环境条件有关,性状进化与适合度之间关系紧密。适合度是生活史进化理论研究的焦点。探讨动物生活史对策的理论很多,影响最大的是MacArthur和Wilson提出的r对策及K对策理论。随年龄的增长,动物存活率及繁殖率逐步下降的过程,称为衰老;解释衰老的进化理论主要有突变-选择平衡假设和多效对抗假设。进化种群统计学将种群统计学应用于生活史进化研究,为探讨表型适合度的进化提供了有效的手段。将进化种群统计学、数量遗传学及特定种系效应理论进行整合,建立完整的动物生活史进化综合理论体系,是当代此领域的最大挑战。     

蚜虫的化学通讯研究进展

蚜虫的化学通讯研究进展薛立平（四平师范学院生物系四平１３６０００）蚜虫的化学通讯是联系、调节各动物体活动的手段之一“－‘’。种内的动物可以通过信息素传递化学信息。种间的动物、动物和植物间也可以通过种间信息素传递信息。在长期的进化过程中,在蚜虫和蚜虫之...     

树实验种群的繁育

探讨了树实验种群的繁育。结果是5对成年树在7个月内共产11窝31只仔树。27只出生后即人工喂养的仔树中,25只健康存活至进入动物实验。成年树平均产仔周期为（52±8.9）d;仔树的人工喂养成活率为92.6%。可以认为树实验种群的人工繁育是可行的。人工繁育的树有望取代野外捕获的树用于有关的动物实验研究。     

川金丝猴圈养种群现状分析

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellartae)圈养种群大多饲养在中国的动物园中。根据《川金丝猴国际谱系簿2002》记录,到2002年12月31日种群存活数量185只,包括野外捕获个体和圈养出生个体。近年圈养出生数量一直保持增加,到2000年超过野外捕获个体数量,现在种群的增加更多地依靠圈养出生个体数量的增加。近12年中种群繁殖率不断提高。每年新生幼仔中野外捕获个体组产仔比率逐年减少,圈养出生个体组产仔比率逐年增大,但到2002年前者仍高于后者40％。两组动物的繁殖率都有上升趋势,野外捕获个体组的繁殖率大多高于圈养出生个体组的繁殖率,二者有明显差异。种群遗传状况是基因多样性保存量较高,各小种群的基因多样性却处于较整体低的水平。提高子代的繁殖率,增加各机构之间的合作繁殖以提高小种群的基因多样性保持量,这两者对于种群的健康发展是非常重要的。     

保护色、警戒色、拟态的区分方法

保护色、警戒色、拟态是生物在长期进化过程中形成的与环境相适应的典型特征。保护色是动物通过伪装使得自己身体体色和斑点与背景环境相接近进而隐蔽起来 ,使得不易被天敌发现的体色。特点 :体色与外界环境的优势色彩保持一致。警戒色是指某些有恶臭或毒刺的动物所具有的鲜艳的色彩和斑纹 ,与保护色的隐蔽性相反 ,与环境的优势色彩大相径庭。特点是 :色彩鲜艳醒目 ,容易识别 ,一般动物有特殊的“本事”,能够对敌害起到预先示警的作用 ,因而有利于动物的自我保护。。拟态是指 1个味道很好 ,可食的物种在进化过程中 ,采纳有毒或有伤害性物种…     

动物婚姻中的经济学

动物世界中,时时发生着进化的选择,也处处闪现出经济学的灵光。在婚姻行为中,动物应用经济学的能力远远超出人们的想象。彩礼动物在繁殖后代的过程中,雌雄双方都要付出时间、精力和营养物     

棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)种群寄主分化和季节分化的微卫星引物PCR研究

通过对棉蚜群体进行室外观察、室内培养和分子遗传标记的DNA多态性分析（用3个微卫星序列为引物进行PCR）等研究,结果表明：1、冬寄主（木槿、石榴和花椒）上棉蚜种群分化较小（种群相似笥指数在0.833-0.917之间）,而冬寄主种群和夏寄主（棉花和南瓜）种群之间有较大的分化（种群相似性指数在0.589-0.756之间）。2、棉蚜自然种群是由体色不变的生物型（干母为黄色,其后代始终为黄色）和体色可变型生物型（干母为绿色,其后代有绿色和黄色两种体色）组成的混合种群。3、黄色小型蚜（伏蚜）来源于混合类群,但主要来自绿色干母多代选择分化的黄色后代,也有小部分可能来处在干母黄色的体色不变型。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.