黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场不同植被配置对生物土壤结皮拓殖和发育的影响

2012年8—9月对内蒙古准格尔旗黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场乔木、乔木+灌木、乔木+草本(禾本科)、乔木+草本(豆科)和撂荒地5种人工植被配置条件下生物土壤结皮(BSCs)盖度和厚度进行了调查。结果表明:不同植被配置条件下BSCs的总盖度均超过了50%,乔木和乔木+草本(豆科)配置条件下藓类结皮的盖度最高,分别为56%和43%,显著高于其他配置条件下藓类结皮的盖度;乔木+草本(禾本科)配置条件下藓类结皮的盖度最高(34%),显著高于其他配置条件下藓类结皮的盖度。不同植被配置条件下BSCs的厚度均超过了0.30 cm,其中乔木+灌木配置条件下的BSCs厚度最高为0.55 cm,显著高于其他配置条件下BSCs厚度。露天煤矿排土场进行植被恢复有助于BSCs的拓殖和发育,植被配置类型和植被盖度显著影响BSCs的盖度和厚度。     

黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同植物对土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性的影响

为了解不同植被类型对土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性的影响,以黄土高原纸坊沟流域的9种植物为研究对象,选取撂荒地为参照,分析了各类植被植物根际土土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性及其与土壤理化因子的相关性.结果显示:(1)与撂荒地相比,经过植被恢复后,乔木和灌木植被下土壤肥力、微生物生物量和土壤酶活性均有所提高,而草本植被下土壤的碱解氮含量、微生物生物量磷、脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性却有所降低.(2)不同植被类型土壤微生物生物量碳和氮、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性符合灌木＞乔木＞草本的规律;土壤微生物生物量磷、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性符合乔木＞灌木＞草本的规律.(3)土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤有机质、全氮及全磷含量呈极显著正相关;4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮及碱解氮含量呈极显著正相关.研究表明,黄土高原纸坊沟流域土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性受植被类型及土壤养分等因素的共同影响,且人工灌木植被对土壤的恢复作用高于乔木和草本植被.     

露天煤矿排土场植被重建对土壤呼吸的影响

植被重建是露天煤矿生态恢复的重要途径, 植被恢复的最终目的是土壤生境的恢复, 而土壤呼吸是反映土壤健康状况的关键指标之一。采用LI-8100 土壤碳通量观测系统, 对内蒙古黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场不同植被配置下的土壤呼吸进行了测定, 分析了植被配置、生物、环境因子对土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明: 植被配置类型对土壤呼吸影响显著, 乔-草型和乔-灌-草型配置下的土壤呼吸速率接近(平均2.68 μmol CO2·m^–2·s^–1, P>0.05), 显著高于乔-灌型(2.33 μmolCO2·m^–2·s^–1, P<0.001), 但都显著低于邻近撂荒地土壤呼吸(3.64 μmol CO2·m^–2·s^–1, P<0.001)。4 种植被类型下的土壤呼吸日变化都呈单峰曲线, 但峰值出现的时间不同。土壤呼吸与植被盖度、草本多度、丰富度、生物土壤结皮盖度、厚度、土壤全氮、硝态氮、有机质含量显著正相关, 与灌木盖度、土壤体积含水量、容重和铵态氮含量显著负相关。植被重建显著影响矿区排土场土壤呼吸, 植被配置类型、草本盖度多度和土壤碳氮水平是影响土壤呼吸时空变异的关键因子。     

河北太行山低山丘陵区植被恢复过程中物种多样性与土壤养分变化

采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,以1986年和2008年调查数据为基础,分析了植物组成与种群结构的变化,运用Shannon多样性指数、丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数对太行山低山丘陵区植被物种多样性进行分析,并探讨了土壤养分变化及其与植物物种多样性的相关性。结果表明:1)植被恢复22年后,群落结构和物种组成发生了明显的变化,群落逐渐由草本向乔灌木转变,且草本植物的物种数显著减少;2)灌木的盖度和生物量显著增加,引起灌下小环境的改变,使湿生草本植物明显减少,从而导致物种多样性和丰富度指数降低;3)植物物种多样性主要受土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K、全Ca和全Mg含量的影响。封山育林22年以后,群落结构渐趋合理,生物量显著增加,物种多样性有所减少,并且对土壤表层的养分产生了明显的回馈作用。     

草原矿区排土场恢复重建人工植被变化

以典型草原大型露天煤矿排土场为研究对象, 研究不同水土保持工程措施与植物措施配置形式下排土场人工、半人工植物群落的植物种类组成、结构及物种多样性变化, 结果表明, 自然恢复的人工裸露边坡草层低矮、植物种类单一, 水土保持工程措施与植物措施相结合进行植被恢复的试验小区植物种类明显增加, 项目实施第三年试验区内共出现23 种植物, 分属10 科22 属, 单种科和单种属占优势; “生态袋一字型布设+撒播种草”试验小区出现的植物种类最多, 植物成活率高、Shannon-wiener 多样性指数、Margalef 丰富度指数较大, 这一措施配置形式在草原矿区排土场边坡植物群落快速建植和水土流失防治等方面效果均显著; 抗逆性强、具有固氮功能、性状优良的豆科牧草可作为草原矿区人工扰动后植被恢复重建的先锋物种。     

浙江大雷山夏蜡梅群落植物物种多样性及其与土壤因子相关性

分别采用物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度等指标对浙江省大雷山夏蜡梅群落植物物种多样性进行测定,并通过相关分析对各种指数与土壤因子的关系进行研究。据10个样地统计,共有维管植物74科、165属、193种。从种子植物属的地理成分来看,温带分布的类型居多。不同群落木本植物的物种丰富度和多样性指数以杉木+木荷林最高,群落均匀度以杉木林最高,毛竹林的各项指数最低。草本植物的物种丰富度以杉木+马尾松林最高,杉木林最低;多样性指数和群落均匀度以竹林最高,短柄枹+格药柃林最低。在不同群落的垂直结构中,乔木层的物种丰富度和多样性指数均小于灌木层,草本层的物种多样性在不同群落间变化较大。相关分析表明,夏蜡梅群落物种多样性与土壤有机质含量相关性较大,其中,木本植物物种多样性与有机质含量显著正相关,草本植物与有机质含量显著负相关。     

巴丹吉林沙漠南缘植被物种多样性及其与土壤特性的关系

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地区植被的野外调查,探讨了植被物种组成与物种多样性对样地沿距沙漠中心的距离变化的响应,以及物种多样性与土壤因子间的关系。结果表明:(1)研究区主要物种共计10科18属20种,植物种类以沙漠旱生植物为主,样地的植被群落类型都是灌木与草本植物群落。(2)随着样地向沙漠外缘的延伸,植物种类和数量逐渐增多,群落结构更加复杂化和多样化;样地Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数呈上升趋势,优势度指数逐渐下降;灌木层与样地的α多样性指数变化趋势一致,草本层变化幅度较小;β多样性指数中BrayCurtis指数呈下降趋势,说明植物群落之间的物种替换速率降低。(3)物种多样性指数与土壤因子的相关关系及逐步回归分析表明土壤有机质和土壤全氮含量对植被的影响显著,土壤表层20~40cm中的土壤速效磷与样地物种多样性和草本层物种多样性之间具有显著相关关系。     

不同植被类型植物物种多样性

为了评价大面积人工种植杜仲对当地植物多样性的影响,以河南省汝阳县不同植被类型为研究对象,通过群落学调查,运用重要值、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数(H)、Simpson物种多样性指数(D)和均匀度指数(JH')等指标,统计分析杜仲人工林、温带落叶阔叶林(以下简称次生林)和撂荒地3种不同植被类型的植物物种多样性,探讨杜仲种植对植物多样性的影响。调查发现,杜仲林样地中出现植物82种,隶属39科63属,草本层为最发达的一层;次生林样地中出现植物70种,隶属32科62属,乔木层为最发达层;撂荒地样地中出现植物84种,隶属35科69属,无乔木层。杜仲林物种丰富度和多度均不亚于次生林和撂荒地,且杜仲林草本层物种丰富度和植株总数均高于次生林。统计分析显示,杜仲林乔木层、灌木层和草本层多样性指数H和D值、均匀度指数JH'值与其它两种植被类型相比无显著性差异(P0.05)。因此,种植杜仲过程中采用合理密度,适当管理,不仅能提供叶、花、果等资源,而且能够丰富草本植物的种类和数量,增加植物物种多样性。     

人为干扰对碧峰峡山矾次生林群落物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响!

人为干扰是影响退化系统系统恢复的决定性因素。本研究以碧峰峡山矾3种不同强度干扰下(轻度、中度、重度)的次生林为对象,分析各干扰群落物种组成、植物多样性水平(丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数)和土壤生态因子差异及其相关关系。结果表明:在调查区共记录到维管植物132种,隶属56科99属,不同强度干扰群落物种数及物种组成存在差异,随干扰强度增加,乔木和草本层物种数减少,灌木层物种数先增加后减少;各干扰群落乔木层多样性水平差异极显著(P0.01),随干扰强度增加乔木层多样性水平持续下降;灌木和草本层多样性水平均无显著差异,且多样性水平均为中度干扰下最高,表明乔木层受干扰影响大,中度人为干扰能增加林下群落物种多样性,但不利于乔木多样性水平的提升;方差分析显示,土壤含水量、有机质和速效钾含量受人为干扰影响显著(P0.05),除土壤全磷、pH、容重外,其余土壤理化指标(全氮、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、有机质和含水量)均为中度干扰下最大,说明中度干扰在一定程度上能改善土壤理化性质;土壤环境因子与植物多样性存在一定的相关性,土壤速效钾、有机质、有效磷与群落多样性关系最显著;中度人为干扰能增加林下群落物种多样性水平,改善土壤理化性质,对山矾次生林群落构建与森林群落生态恢复而言属于增益性干扰。     

樟子松固沙林更新迹地草本植物多样性及其对土壤理化性质的影响

以科尔沁沙地南缘的彰武县章古台万亩林为研究对象,野外取样调查和实验室检测分析相结合,以樟子松固沙林采伐迹地为对照,研究不同植被恢复类型下樟子松固沙林更新迹地生境的改良效果,探讨植被重建后植物多样性及土壤理化性质的响应。结果表明:1)樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)固沙林更新迹地植被重建后,草本植物物种多样性增加,林下植物偶见种数目增多,13种草本植物在8个样地中未重复出现;2)与采伐迹地相比,不同植被重建类型土壤理化性质均有所改善,土壤容重、田间持水量、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾在彰武小钻杨(Populus xiaozhuanica)、五角枫(Acer mono)林地改良效果较好,全钾在红刺榆林(Hemiptelea davidii)地含量明显提高、山杏(Armeniaca sibirica)林地的有效磷相比采伐迹地明显提高,且均表现为上层改良效果优于下层;3)不同植被恢复类型土壤理化性质间存在显著差异,随着物种多样性的增加,土壤理化性质逐渐改善,土壤容重、田间持水量、有机质、全磷与植物多样性具有显著的相关性,土壤理化性质的与植物多样性相互作用,共同促进生态系统正向演替。研究结果为控制科尔沁沙地土壤沙化,加速该区生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.