不同水分管理下稻田土壤CH4和N2O排放与微生物菌群的关系

采用MPN计数法对黑土(海伦)和草甸棕壤(沈阳)稻田生长季4种微生物菌群数量进行了测定,同时采用封闭式箱法对CH4和N2O通量进行观测,以深入了解稻田生物源温室气体排放的微生物学过程,两地试验田均采用长期淹灌与间歇灌溉两种不同水分管理,对实验结果多元回归分析,结果表明,海伦与沈阳两地稻田两种水分管理条件下CH4通量季节变化与产甲烷菌数季节变化存在极显著正相关关系沈阳稻田生长季CH4通量季节变化与甲烷氧化菌数季节变化具有显著正相关性,间歇灌溉条件下黑土稻田N2O通量与反硝化菌数呈显著性正相关关系,两种水分管理条件下沈阳稻田N2O通量与硝化菌数具有显著正相关关系,间歇灌溉条件下沈阳稻田N2O通量与反硝化菌数呈显著性正相关关系。     

冻融作用下土壤物理和微生物性状变化与氧化亚氮排放的关系

在中、高纬度及高海拔地区,土壤冻融交替现象普遍存在.冻融作用影响土壤的物理和微生物性状,影响土壤的氮素转化过程和强度,导致土壤温室气体氧化亚氮排放增多,使冻融区土壤成为氧化亚氮的重要排放源.冻融作用改变了土壤水分特征和土壤团聚体的稳定性;冻融作用使土壤微生物量、微生物的组成和结构发生改变,导致微生物标识物氨基糖种类和数量改变.本文概述了上述变化与氧化亚氮排放的关系,简要提出了冻融作用下土壤氧化亚氮产生、排放的理论问题及其研究去向.     

微生物生物量C、土壤呼吸的季节性变化与黑土稻田甲烷排放

对黑土水稻田一个生长季中土壤微生物生物量C、土壤呼吸和甲烷排放通量进行了监测。结果表明,在水稻生长初期,长效尿素能显著抑制微生物生物量C和土壤呼吸(P<0．05),间歇灌溉措施对二者几乎没有影响,间歇灌溉能减少稻田甲烷的排放,平均排放量比对照减少了32．5％,长效尿素的施用稻田使甲烷的排放略有增加,施用长效尿素的处理,微生物生物量C与甲烷排放量之间呈显著正相关关系。     

养鸭数量对CH4排放的影响

探讨不同养鸭数量对稻田甲烷(CH4)排放的影响,为确定稻鸭共育模式中最佳养鸭数量提供环境学支撑.运用静止箱原位采样技术测定了不同养鸭数量的稻田甲烷排放通量、稻田土壤化学性质、产甲烷细菌种群数量以及水层溶解氧含量.结果表明,不同养鸭数量稻田水层溶解氧含量间差异显著(p＜0.01),养鸭数量越多,溶解氧含量越高.20只鸭/667m2 稻田的水层溶解氧含量最大,与对照比,早稻增加了2.2%～68.7%,晚稻增加了11.07%～110.77%;养鸭稻田土壤还原物质含量减少,产甲烷细菌数量下降.不同养鸭数量的稻田甲烷排放量之间差异显著,养鸭数量越多,甲烷排放量越少,与对照比,早稻减少了18.22%～28.13%,晚稻减少了17.73%～34.44%.相关分析表明,甲烷排放通量与水层溶解氧含量呈极显著负相关(p＜0.001),与土壤还原物质含量及产甲烷细菌数量呈显著正相关(p＜0.01).因此,稻鸭共育减排甲烷的主要原因是养鸭提高了水体和土壤中溶解氧含量,增加养鸭数量促进甲烷减排.     

互花米草入侵对滩涂湿地甲烷排放的影响

在浙江省台州市附近滩涂湿地设置3个不同互花米草入侵密度梯度,即仅有本土植物样地、互花米草与本土植物混生样地和互花米草单优群落样地,研究互花米草入侵对滩涂湿地CH₄排放的影响.结果表明: 3个样地CH₄排放通量为0.68～5.88 mg·m^-2·h^-1,CH₄排放通量随着互花米草入侵梯度的增加而显著升高,互花米草单优群落样地CH₄排放通量分别为本土植物样地和混生样地的8.7和2.3倍.互花米草入侵显著提高了产甲烷菌数量、产甲烷潜力、甲烷氧化菌数量、甲烷氧化潜力、植物生物量、土壤有机碳含量和土壤pH,降低了土壤全氮含量.CH₄排放通量与土壤全氮呈显著负相关,与产甲烷菌数量、产甲烷潜力、甲烷氧化菌数量、甲烷氧化潜力、植物生物量和土壤pH呈显著正相关.互花米草的入侵提高了滩涂湿地植物群落生物量和土壤pH,促进了产甲烷菌数量和产甲烷潜力,从而提高了滩涂湿地的CH₄排放.     

稻田CH4和N2O排放关系及其微生物学机理和一些影响因子

用静态箱法原位观测和分析了我国北方稻田 3～ 1 2月CH4和N2 O的排放及其关系 ,并研究了这一关系发生的微生物学机理 .同时 ,监测了土壤湿度、pH、水分及Eh的变化 .结果表明 ,稻田CH4和N2 O排放之间存在着互为消长的关系 (R2 =0 0 4 94) .土壤湿度、pH及Eh变化范围分别在 0～ 2 4℃、6 87～ 7 0 2和 41 5～ 30 0mv之间 ,水分从非淹水期的 38～ 72 ?至 5～ 1 0cm浅水淹灌 .土壤Eh对CH4和N2 O的释放起重要的调控作用 .在整个观测期内 ,与CH4和N2 O释放密切相关的 6种菌群 (发酵细菌、产氢产乙酸细菌、产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌 )各有其数量消长及酶活性变化规律 ,稻田CH4和N2 O排放之间互为消长的关系受这些相关微生物数量及酶活性变化的共同调控 .     

基于DNDC模型的稻田温室气体排放通量模拟

理解土地利用方式转变过程影响生态系统生物地球化学循环及温室气体排放的机理,并利用模型模拟土地利用方式转变过程对温室气体通量的影响是一项长期、艰巨的科学任务。本研究基于国际上广泛应用的生物地球化学过程模型(DNDC模型),结合气象、土壤和管理措施等数据,模拟了旱田转水田土地利用方式转变后稻田CH_4、CO_2和N_2O三种温室气体的通量和常年种植水稻的稻田温室气体通量,并将模拟值与观测值进行比较。结果表明:DNDC模型能够较好地模拟新、老稻田温室气体通量的季节变化,但对老稻田温室气体的排放通量模拟效果(R~20. 89,n=40,P0. 01)优于新转稻田(R~20.79,n=265,P0.01),且对CH_4和CO_2的模拟效果优于对N_2O的模拟效果;根据田间观测数据,改变模型模拟土地利用方式转换前后土壤SOC浓度和p H值,并不能完全模拟土地利用变化对温室气体的影响,微生物群落在土地利用方式转变过程中可能发生较大变化,需要在模型中进一步体现。通过模型模拟土地利用方式改变对温室气体排放的影响,可为国家温室气体、碳排放清单的编制及管理政策的制定提供参考依据。     

不同水稻土甲烷氧化菌和产甲烷菌数量与甲烷排放量之间相关性的研究

对不施用任何肥料的浙江黄松土（发育于河流沉积物母质的水稻田土）、老黄筋泥田土（发育于第四纪红壤母质的水稻田土）、青紫泥田土（发育于滨海盐土母质的象山青紫泥水稻土）中甲烷氧化菌、产甲烷菌种群数量及甲烷排放量之间关系作了研究。结果表明,甲烷氧化菌种群数量范围在10^6-10^8cfu/g干土之间,其变化在2个数量级范围内,产甲烷细菌种群数量变化较大,其范围在10^3-10^7cfu/g干土之间,水稻田土壤的甲烷排放量受到甲烷氧化菌、产甲烷菌种群数量及其活性及土壤理化性状的影响,提出了当水稻田土壤的甲烷氧化菌种群数量在10^cfu/g干土、产甲烷菌种群数量在10^5cfu/g干土时,水稻田土壤几乎没有多余的CH4气体排放这一甲烷形成与甲烷氧化两类群微生物之间的数量关系。甲烷排量也与土壤砂粒（＜0．02mm的砂数）含量呈正相关性,土壤砂粒含量越高,其甲烷排放量亦高。     

湿地反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化研究进展

甲烷是最重要的温室气体之一,其单分子温室效应是CO2的298倍。湿地是甲烷重要的排放源,也是氮素的源和汇。微生物参与湿地碳、氮转化的生物地球化学循环过程,湿地CH4是土壤淹水条件下微生物厌氧降解有机质而产生,微生物又可以通过反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化过程(DAMO)降低湿地甲烷的排放,对缓解全球温室效应具有重要作用。本文系统介绍了DAMO过程机理、功能微生物Methylomirabilis oxyfera菌群特性、分布以及土壤DAMO过程的检测方法和DAMO过程的影响因素,并对未来更多的湿地DAMO微生物的发现,尤其是对稻田湿地DAMO过程的相关研究提出展望,以期推动该领域更深入的研究,为稻田湿地甲烷排放量的估算及制定合理的减排措施提供科学依据。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被土壤氮素转化微生物生理群特征及差异

采用最大或然计数法(most probable number, MPN)对黄土高原洞子沟流域不同植被恢复阶段土壤氮素微生物生理群(氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌)数量分布特征进行了测定,结果表明:1)土壤氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量随植被恢复而增加,三者最大值分别为最小值的74、4和31倍,其中氨化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量在铁杆蒿群落最低,辽东栎群落最高,亚硝化细菌数量在丁香群落最低,辽东栎群落最高;2)植被恢复对各氮素生理群影响不同,对氨化细菌影响最大,其次分别为反硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌;3)各氮素生理群数量差异较大,氨化细菌>反硝化细菌>亚硝化细菌。研究区氨化细菌占总数的75%-80%,反硝化细菌占20%-25%时,生态系统最为稳定;4)土壤理化性质与各功能菌关系紧密,其中,土壤容重和硝态氮含量与微生物数量相关性最大,全钾、矿化氮和微生物量氮也表现出很大的相关性。     

土壤氧气可获得性对双季稻田温室气体排放通量的影响

为探讨土壤氧气可获得性(SOA)对双季稻田温室气体排放的影响,利用静态箱气相色谱法对多种管理措施影响下稻田温室气体排放通量和土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH值及田间淹水深度(H)等3种SOA因子进行了观测。结果表明,甲烷(CH₄)排放最集中的Eh值、pH值和H范围分别为-100-0mV、5 < pH < 6和1-5cm,3个范围内分别观测到48.8%、61.1%和77.0%的CH₄排放,其中H对CH₄排放影响最明显,单独由其就可解释37.8%的CH₄排放通量(P < 0.0001)。对于氧化亚氮(N₂O),观测到较多的负通量,其纯排放最密集的3种SOA因子的范围分别是:0-100mV、5 < pH < 6和1-5cm,而200-300mV是其排放的临界Eh范围,高于此范围N₂O排放极少。厌氧的反硝化过程是双季稻田N₂O产生的主导过程。可为水稻田温室气体排放机理研究提供基础数据。     

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.     

Pile mixing increases greenhouse gas emissions during composting of dairy manure

The effect of pile mixing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during dairy manure composting was determined using large flux chambers designed to completely cover replicate pilot-scale compost piles. GHG emissions from compost piles that were mixed four times during the 80 day trial were approximately 20% higher than emissions from unmixed (static) piles. For both treatments, carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methane (CH(4)), and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) accounted for 75-80%, 18-21%, and 2-4% of GHG emissions, respectively. Seventy percent of CO(2) emissions and 95% of CH(4) emissions from all piles occurred within first 23 days. By contrast, 80-95% of N(2)O emissions occurred after this period. Mixed and static piles released 2 and 1.6 kg GHG (CO(2)-Eq.) for each kg of degraded volatile solids (VS), respectively. Our results suggest that to minimize GHG emissions, farmers should store manure in undisturbed piles or delay the first mixing of compost piles for approximately 4 weeks.     

Enrichment of nosZ-type denitrifiers by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigates N2O emissions from soybean stubbles

Hotspots of N₂O emissions are generated from legume residues during decomposition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from co-cultivated intercropped plants may proliferate into the microsites and interact with soil microbes to reduce N₂O emissions. Yet, the mechanisms by which or how mycorrhizal hyphae affect nitrifiers and denitrifiers in the legume residues remain ambiguous. Here, a split-microcosm experiment was conducted to assess hyphae of Rhizophagus aggregatus from neighbouring maize on overall N₂O emissions from stubbles of nodulated or non-nodulated soybean. Soil microbes from fields intercropped with maize/soybean amended with fertilizer nitrogen (SS-N1) or unamended (SS-N0) were added to the soybean chamber only. AMF hyphae consistently reduced N₂O emissions by 20.8%–61.5%. Generally, AMF hyphae promoted the abundance of N₂O-consuming (nosZ-type) denitrifiers and altered their community composition. The effects were partly associated with increasing MBC and DOC. By contrast, AMF reduced the abundance of nirK-type denitrifiers in the nodulated SS-N0 treatment only and that of AOB in the non-nodulated SS-N1 treatment. Taken together, our results show that AMF reduced N₂O emissions from soybean stubbles, mainly through the promotion of N₂O-consuming denitrifiers. This holds promise for mitigating N₂O emissions by manipulating the efficacious AMF and their associated microbes in cereal/legume intercropping systems.     

大气CO2浓度增高对麦田土壤硝化和反硝化细菌的影响

硝化和反硝化细菌是土壤中与氮转化有关的微生物菌群 ,大气CO2 浓度升高可能对它们的数量产生影响。位于中国无锡的稻 麦轮作农田生态系统FACE平台 2 0 0 1年 6月开始运行。本试验在 2 0 0 3年小麦生长季研究了土壤 (0～ 5cm和 5～ 10cm土层 )中硝化和反硝化细菌在大气CO2 浓度升高条件下的变化。试验采用最大可能法 (MPN)计这两种微生物菌群的数量。结果表明 ,0～ 5cm土层硝化菌数拔节期和成熟期FACE低于对照 ,而孕穗期FACE高于对照 ,5～ 10cm土层硝化菌数越冬期与成熟期FACE低于对照 ,大气CO2 浓度升高使得麦田土壤硝化细菌数目减少。 0～ 5cm土层各个生长期反硝化菌数FACE与对照均没有明显差异 ,5～ 10cm土层反硝化菌数拔节期FACE低于对照 ,大气CO2 浓度升高对麦田土壤反硝化菌的影响不大。     

Soil greenhouse gas,carbon content,and tree growth response to biochar amendment in western United States forests

Restoring overstocked forests by thinning and pyrolyzing residual biomass produces biochar and other value‐added products. Forest soils amended with biochar have potential to sequester carbon (C), improve soil quality, and alter greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions without depleting nutrient stocks. Yet, few studies have examined the effects of biochar on GHG emissions and tree growth in temperate forest soils. We measured GHG emissions, soil C content, and tree growth at managed forest sites in Idaho, Montana, and Oregon. We applied biochar amendments of 0, 2.5, or 25 Mg/ha to the forest soil surface. Flux of carbon dioxide and methane varied by season; however, neither were affected by biochar amendment. Flux of nitrous oxide was not detected at these nitrogen‐limited and unfertilized forest sites. Biochar amendment increased soil C content by 41% but did not affect tree growth. Overall, biochar had no detrimental effects on forest trees or soils. We conclude that biochar can be used harmlessly for climate change mitigation in forests by sequestering C in the soil.     

Relative Rates of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide Production by Nitrifiers, Denitrifiers, and Nitrate Respirers

Biogenic emissions of nitric and nitrous oxides have important impacts on the photochemistry and chemistry of the atmosphere. Although biogenic production appears to be the overwhelming source of N₂O, the magnitude of the biogenic emission of NO is very uncertain. In soils, possible sources of NO and N₂O include nitrification by autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrifiers, denitrification by nitrifiers and denitrifiers, nitrate respiration by fermenters, and chemodenitrification. The availability of oxygen determines to a large extent the relative activities of these various groups of organisms. To better understand this influence, we investigated the effect of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂) on the production of NO and N₂O by a wide variety of common soil nitrifying, denitrifying, and nitrate-respiring bacteria under laboratory conditions. The production of NO per cell was highest by autotrophic nitrifiers and was independent of pO₂ in the range tested (0.5 to 10%), whereas N₂O production was inversely proportional to pO₂. Nitrous oxide production was highest in the denitrifier Pseudomonas fluorescens, but only under anaerobic conditions. The molar ratio of NO/N₂O produced was usually greater than unity for nitrifiers and much less than unity for denitrifiers. Chemodenitrification was the major source of both the NO and N₂O produced by the nitrate respirer Serratia marcescens. Chemodenitrification was also a possible source of NO and N₂O in nitrifier cultures but only when high concentrations of nitrite had accumulated or were added to the medium. Although most of the denitrifiers produced NO and N₂O only under anaerobic conditions, chemostat cultures of Alcaligenes faecalis continued to emit these gases even when the cultures were sparged with air. Based upon these results, we predict that aerobic soils are primary sources of NO and that N₂O is produced only when there is sufficient soil moisture to provide the anaerobic microsites necessary for denitrification by either denitrifiers or nitrifiers.     

增温对土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响与微生物机制研究进展

全球变暖已引起人们的广泛关注,大气温室效应气体浓度增加是导致全球变暖的主要因素之一,土壤是温室效应气体的主要来源。反过来,全球变暖对土壤温室气体的排放具有反馈作用。温度升高不仅会影响植物、动物、微生物的生长及其相互作用,还会影响土壤的物质(尤其是氮、碳)循环过程,从而影响土壤温室效应气体的排放。本文主要总结了增温对土壤主要温室气体N₂O和CH₄排放的影响及其微生物机制。总体来看,增温能够促进这两种温室气体的排放,其排放主要与温度对氨氧化细菌(AOB)、反硝化功能基因、甲烷产生菌和甲烷氧化菌的丰度和组成的影响有关。土壤温室气体排放也受到植物的物种特性、养分吸收和群落组成,以及土壤营养元素含量、含水量、pH值等理化性质的影响。未来应更深入地从微生物角度探讨全球变暖对土壤温室气体排放的反馈作用机制,加强不同增温模式对土壤温室气体排放的影响研究,并关注增温与其他环境因子相互作用对土壤温室气体排放的影响等,以期为全球变暖对土壤温室气体排放反馈作用的预测提供理论依据。     

Towards food, feed and energy crops mitigating climate change

Agriculture is an important source of anthropogenic emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHG), methane (CH(4)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O), and crops can affect the microbial processes controlling these emissions in many ways. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of plant-microbe interactions in relation to the CH(4) and N(2)O budgets and show how this is promoting new generations of crop cultivars that have the potential to mitigate GHG emissions for future agricultural use. The possibility of breeding low GHG-emitting cultivars is a paradigm shift towards sustainable agriculture that balances climate change and food and bioenergy security.     

Multivariate regulation of soil CO2 and N2O pulse emissions from agricultural soils

Climate and land‐use models project increasing occurrence of high temperature and water deficit in both agricultural production systems and terrestrial ecosystems. Episodic soil wetting and subsequent drying may increase the occurrence and magnitude of pulsed biogeochemical activity, affecting carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and influencing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we provide the first data to explore the responses of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes to (i) temperature, (ii) soil water content as percent water holding capacity (%WHC), (iii) substrate availability throughout, and (iv) multiple soil drying and rewetting (DW) events. Each of these factors and their interactions exerted effects on GHG emissions over a range of four (CO₂) and six (N₂O) orders of magnitude. Maximal CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were observed in environments combining intermediate %WHC, elevated temperature, and sufficient substrate availability. Amendments of C and N and their interactions significantly affected CO₂ and N₂O fluxes and altered their temperature sensitivities (Q₁₀) over successive DW cycles. C amendments significantly enhanced CO₂ flux, reduced N₂O flux, and decreased the Q₁₀ of both. N amendments had no effect on CO₂ flux and increased N₂O flux, while significantly depressing the Q₁₀ for CO₂, and having no effect on the Q₁₀ for N₂O. The dynamics across DW cycles could be attributed to changes in soil microbial communities as the different responses to wetting events in specific group of microorganisms, to the altered substrate availabilities, or to both. The complex interactions among parameters influencing trace gas fluxes should be incorporated into next generation earth system models to improve estimation of GHG emissions.