黄土丘陵区不同植被土壤氮素转化微生物生理群特征及差异

采用最大或然计数法(most probable number, MPN)对黄土高原洞子沟流域不同植被恢复阶段土壤氮素微生物生理群(氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌)数量分布特征进行了测定,结果表明:1)土壤氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量随植被恢复而增加,三者最大值分别为最小值的74、4和31倍,其中氨化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量在铁杆蒿群落最低,辽东栎群落最高,亚硝化细菌数量在丁香群落最低,辽东栎群落最高;2)植被恢复对各氮素生理群影响不同,对氨化细菌影响最大,其次分别为反硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌;3)各氮素生理群数量差异较大,氨化细菌>反硝化细菌>亚硝化细菌。研究区氨化细菌占总数的75%-80%,反硝化细菌占20%-25%时,生态系统最为稳定;4)土壤理化性质与各功能菌关系紧密,其中,土壤容重和硝态氮含量与微生物数量相关性最大,全钾、矿化氮和微生物量氮也表现出很大的相关性。

Characteristics of physiological groups of soil nitrogen-transforming microbes in different vegetation types in the Loess Gully region, China

The "Grain for Green" project is one of the important measures used to improve the environment of China's Loess Plateau. In recent years, soil physicochemical properties in the region have been improved, which in turn promoted ecological succession. Different vegetation types change the soil environment to different extents, influencing the biogeochemical cycling of materials such as nitrogen, an essential nutrient for plants. Recently, a growing amount of attention has been paid to the relationship between vegetation and nitrogen cycling in natural ecological systems. Meanwhile, several physiological groups of nitrogen-transforming microbes in soil are closely associated with soil nitrogen cycling. To determine the effect of vegetation restoration (grass stage, shrub-grass stage and tree-brush-grass stage) on the populations and distribution of physiological groups of nitrogen-transforming microbes (ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrobacteria), soil samples were collected from depths of 0-10 cm under seven vegetation types from different stages of restoration in the Dongzigou Basin, Ansai, Shaanxi Province and bacteria populations were measured through the most-probable-number (MPN) method. The results show the populations of ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and denitrobacteria increased as vegetative succession proceeded from grass communities to more complex tree-shrub-grass communities, and those populations ranged from 2.49 to 185.79×10⁶ cfu/gdm, 19.43 to 77.21×10²cfu·g^-1·dm^-1 and 1.23 to 38.24×10⁶ cfu·g^-1·dm^-1, respectively. For ammonifying bacteria and denitrobacteria, the highest N levels were obtained in the Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. community and the lowest in the Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. community. The maximum population levels of denitrobacteria and ammonifying bacteria were obtained in the Q. liaotungensis Koidz. community and these ranged between 31 to 74 times higher than the lowest levels which were seen in the Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. community, respectively. The highest levels of nitrifying bacteria were obtained in the Q. liaotungensis community and these were 4-fold higher than the lowest one in the Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry community. The effect of vegetation restoration on the population of nitrobacteria was the strongest on ammonifying bacteria, followed by denitrobacteria and nitrifying bacteria. Soil nitrogen bacteria groups varied sharply from group to group, forming a decreasing order of ammonifying bacteria > denitrobacteria > nitrify bacteria. In study area, ammonifying bacteria accounted for about 75%-80% of the sum of ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrobacteria, while when denitrobacteria accounted for 20%-25% of that sum; this indicates that the ecosystem was relatively stable. Soil physicochemical properties were closely related to soil nitrogen content and the abundance of nitrogen bacteria groups. Soil bulk density had a larger impact on soil nitrogen bacteria groups than other soil physicochemical properties, similar to the relationship of nitrate nitrogen in soil and various forms of nitrogen in soil. Total potassium, mineralizable nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen content also had a major impact on soil nitrogen bacteria groups. In general, microbes are more responsive to changes in plant communities than are soil physical and chemical properties. Studying the characteristics of microbial communities, especially functional microbes that modify the availability of key soil nutrients, e.g. nitrogen, provides significant data which are useful in estimating the ecological benefits of restoring vegetative communities. Therefore, more detailed research studies in this field are needed in the future.