白云山风景区环境质量的综合评价

在分析了现代的各种旅游环境容量管理模式的基础上, 结合白云山的实际情况, 根据实地旅游资源和开发的情况进行景区划分; 然后制定与之相配套的指标体系, 确定评价标准, 应用模糊综合评判方法和层次分析法, 定量评估了白云山风景名胜区生态环境的现状, 得出目前白云山风景名胜区的生态环境质量第Ⅰ级的隶属度为0.560, 压力状况为Ⅲ级中等压力, 以及响应现状的第Ⅰ级隶属度为0.778。这说明白云山的旅游活动强度与其资源及社会承载能力是协调的。     

上海市“三地”建设评价指标体系与评价方法构建及应用

绿地、林地、湿地(简称"三地")是城市生态系统中持续提供生态服务功能的重要绿色基础设施,上海市正在大力推进生态城市建设,"三地"建设直接关系到生态城市建设的水平。本文运用统计学方法对生态环境相关的评价体系指标进行统计分析,结合上海"三地"特征和建设要求,筛选构建一个适合上海的"三地"评价指标体系。采用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,将指标分为定量有目标值指标、定量无目标值指标和定性指标3类,并赋予各指标5个评价等级,分别利用模糊数学、构造判断矩阵、统计问卷结果的方法得出3类评价指标的等级隶属度,继而加权求出"三地"综合评价结果。单指标研究结果表明:立体绿化、林地结构和湿地保护以及"三地"连接度均需改善;综合评价结果表明:上海市"三地"建设综合评价I级隶属度为0.3261、II级隶属度为0.3411、III级隶属度为0.2208、IV级隶属度为0.0707、V级隶属度为0.0446;上海市"三地"综合评价结果处于II级建设状态,总体建设水平相对较高,但仍需改善。     

生态位理论在张家界市主要旅游景区评价中的应用

选择张家界市5个主要旅游景区作为研究对象、50种影响旅游景区发展的资源状态作为评价指标, 通过指标逐级合并处理, 在3个指标级别(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级)上分析了生态位宽度和生态位重叠. 结果表明: 张家界市旅游景区生态位宽度受指标级别的影响显著(F=10.278, P=0.006), 而采用相对生态位宽度则不受指标级别的影响, 说明在旅游景区开发潜力评价中, 相对生态位宽度比绝对生态位宽度更具合理性; 从Ⅲ级指标到Ⅰ级指标, 旅游景区生态位重叠度值有增大趋势, 表明指标级别的选择会影响旅游景区间实际生态位重叠的评价. 随着评价指标的逐步细化, 当观测到的Pianka指数和采用Monte Carlo模拟的Pianka指数的差值达到显著水平时, 该指标级别可作为评价指标细化的最低标准, 模拟的生态位重叠值可作为旅游景区竞争评价的重要参考.     

煤炭资源型城市生态安全评价——以锡林浩特市为例

煤炭资源型城市生态安全评价能够协调人口、资源和环境之间的矛盾,保障城市可持续发展。基于PSR模型,以煤炭资源型城市锡林浩特市为研究区域,从生态环境和社会经济方面共选取了33个指标因子,构建了煤炭资源型城市的生态安全评价指标体系,运用熵权TOPSIS法进行了城市生态安全综合评价,并通过障碍度模型对城市生态安全的主要障碍因子进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)2008—2017年锡林浩特市生态安全水平总体呈缓慢上升趋势。生态安全综合评价指数从0.464上升到0.553,安全等级由较不安全转为临界安全状态;(2)10年间PSR三大指数表现出不同变化特征。压力指数呈下降后上升再小幅下降的变化趋势,状态指数呈波动上升趋势,响应指数呈快速上升趋势;(3)子系统的障碍度分析表明压力系统的障碍度最大,是影响煤炭资源型城市生态安全的首要因素。子系统的障碍度变化趋势表现为:压力系统和状态系统的障碍度均不同程度增大,响应系统的障碍度越来越小;(4)单项指标的障碍度分析表明影响该资源型城市生态安全的主要障碍因子集中在压力系统和状态系统,10年间最大障碍因子经历了从城镇化率到矿区面积的演变。     

熵权模糊综合评价法在城市生态安全评价中的应用

为了拓新城市复合生态系统生态安全评价方法的研究,根据压力-状态-响应模型,构建了一个有3个要素和33项具体指标的城市生态安全水平度量的指标体系,并运用客观的熵权法赋权、模糊综合评价法以及划分的等级标准对我国5个经济发达城市的生态安全水平进行量化分析.结果表明,苏州市和北京市对“较安全”级别的隶属度最大,分别为0.376和0.286;深圳市、上海市和广州市则处于“临界安全”状态.另外,深圳市具有较大的系统压力,苏州市的系统状态和系统响应表现最优.与其它评价方法相比,该方法评价过程简易,结果定量和相对客观可信.     

深澳湾海水养殖生态系统健康评价

深澳湾是粤东地区典型的海水养殖基地,多年的海水养殖活动导致了富营养化等环境问题。本文采用压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,进行深澳湾养殖生态系统健康状况的模糊综合评价。结果表明:深澳湾生态系统的隶属度为0.4983,处于很健康的状态;包含的7个生态要素的最大隶属度分别为0.5717、0.3714、0.5215、0.5942、0.6014、0.7792和0.6562,其中只有直接压力的隶属度处于不健康和亚健康状态,其他要素都处于健康水平以上;影响该生态系统整体健康状况的主要原因是养殖品种过多和养殖面积过大,另外,海洋初级生产力和养殖产值年增长率偏低也对总体健康状况有一定的影响。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域绿洲生态安全评价

利用层次分析法和模糊综合评判法建立了生态安全评价指标体系,从水资源、环境和社会经济3个方面选取了18个评价指标对2006年新疆玛纳斯河流域绿洲生态安全进行了综合评价.结果表明：2006年,研究区生态状况处于基本安全水平,其隶属度值为0.3347,综合评分值为0.551;水资源安全指数和社会经济指数分别处于比较安全和非常安全水平,而环境安全指数则处于不安全水平状态.水资源是绿洲实现可持续发展的保障,社会经济指数和环境安全指数展示了绿洲的发展水平和环境状况,三因素极大程度上决定了绿洲的生态安全水平.     

图们江下游湿地生态系统健康评价

湿地是世界上具有独特结构与功能的生态系统,图们江流域湿地生态系统的健康对该区乃至东北亚地区综合生态系统网络的建设具有重要意义。选择图们江流域下游为研究区,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,在压力系统、状态系统、响应系统三个层面选取30个指标构建了图们江下游湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和多级模糊综合评判法对研究区湿地生态健康状况进行综合评价,其结果为0.5878,处于亚健康状态。其中,压力系统的健康指数为0.5292,响应系统的健康指数为0.6866,状态系统的健康指数为0.5116,各等级隶属度S=(16.83%, 25.37%, 16.76%, 16.97%,24.07%)。主要表现在研究区域湿地的补水水质差,导致湿地水质污染加重,富营养化现象严重;并且由于人为因素,湿地大面积退化,景观破碎化加剧,功能逐渐丧失,生产力水平下降;急需对本区域湿地进行保护与管理。     

社会生态系统及脆弱性驱动机制分析

生态系统与社会经济要素的相互渗透和相互作用形成了社会生态系统复合结构。"社会生态系统"(SES)理念是当今世界生态系统分析的新思路,它立足于社会生态经济综合指标,突出社会生态经济系统的整体性,以人地和谐、综合的思想,分析和解决生态和社会经济问题。社会生态系统脆弱性驱动机制分析和综合研究已成为脆弱性研究的趋势。综述了"社会生态系统"概念、结构、特征和属性,分析了社会生态系统脆弱性内涵,结合"压力-状态-响应"模型(PSR)和"暴露度-敏感性-恢复力"模型,从社会-经济-生态复合系统角度,从风险(压力)、敏感性、应对能力三方面对社会生态系统脆弱性驱动机制进行分析,最后文章对相关问题进行了讨论,并指出了脆弱性驱动机制分析的局限性,提出未来研究的展望。     

世界双遗产地生态安全预警体系构建及应用——以武夷山风景名胜区为例

基于遗产地内涵与标准的深入分析,提出符合世界遗产地保护目的的双遗产地生态安全概念,构建“压力-状态-调控”遗产地生态安全预警框架模型并筛选预警指标.在此基础上,以受自然和人类生态过程作用最强烈且频繁的武夷山风景名胜区为研究对象,引入可拓学中的物元模型理论对景区生态安全进行预警.结果表明： 景区生态安全预警准确率达84%;1997和2009年景区总体生态安全等级均处于Ⅰ级安全水平,即属于无警状态,但2009年生态安全系统风险增加,较1997年更趋于向更低水平的安全等级(Ⅱ)转变.2个时期处于敏感预警等级的单项预警“重警源”指标（限制因子）有所差异;1997-2009年间景区生态安全系统压力增加的同时其调控能力也在增强,但系统仍面临生态安全压力.人口密度、人口自然增长率、茶园面积指数、人均耕地面积、干旱程度、生态环保建设投入是制约景区未来（2009年之后）生态安全状态的主要限制因子.总体而言,景区生态安全状态较好（无警水平）,但就个别预警指标而言,依然存在风险,需要针对上述限制因子采取有效防控措施,维持景区生态安全的良好状态.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.