微生物发酵降解植物甾醇侧链生产17-酮甾体研究进展

微生物发酵降解植物甾醇侧链,生产雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(AD),雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮(ADD),和9α-羟基-AD甾体药物中间体的工业生物技术对改变制造甾体激素药物半合成原料薯蓣皂素短缺的现状,实现甾体激素药物半合成原料多元化,合理利用我国甾体植物资源具有重要意义。重点评述了近期微生物法断植物甾醇侧链制AD、ADD和9α-羟基-AD的研究现状,内容包括:1)微生物菌种选育;2)菌种相关的细胞生理,酶学性质和生物催化过程;3)相关酶的细胞定位及生物反应器;4)发酵工艺选择和甾醇原料的合理利用。     

3-甾酮-9α-羟基化酶基因在分枝杆菌中的异源表达与9α-羟基雄烯二酮的制备

9α-羟基雄烯二酮(9-OH-AD)是制备甾体类药物的重要中间产物。3-甾酮-9α-羟基化酶(KSH)能够转化雄烯二酮(AD)产生9α-羟基雄烯二酮(9-OH-AD),该酶由Ksh A和Ksh B两个亚基构成。为获得高效积累9-OH-AD的重组菌株,本研究选择耻垢分枝杆菌Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155和戈登氏菌Gordonia neofelifaecis NRRL B-59395,对其在胆固醇为唯一碳源条件下表达明显上调的ksh A和ksh B候选基因进行克隆,插入到分枝杆菌表达载体p NIT中,构建共表达质粒,并将它们导入分枝杆菌Mycobacterium sp.NRRL B-3805中,获得重组菌株。利用重组菌株分别对植物甾醇、胆固醇和谷甾醇进行生物转化,分离纯化转化产物,采用光谱学方法鉴定其化学结构,确定该转化产物为9α-羟基雄烯二酮,说明分枝杆菌Mycobacterium sp.NRRL B-3805由积累雄烯二酮变为积累9α-羟基雄烯二酮(9-OH-AD),进而证明导入的候选基因ksh A和ksh B确实为有功能的基因。生物转化实验表明,与胆固醇、谷甾醇相比,植物甾醇作为底物更易于转化;而用来源于耻垢分枝杆菌的ksh A、ksh B构建的重组菌转化率更高,可达90%,具有较高的应用价值。本研究通过对KSH编码基因的异源表达,成功地进行了分枝杆菌生物转化特性的改造,为探索各种甾体药物中间体的工业生产奠定了基础。     

工业分枝杆菌植物甾醇转化途径及菌种改造研究进展

相比于传统的化学转化法,微生物转化法在甾体药物的生产中显示出了明显的优势。利用分枝杆菌降解植物甾醇可以生成一系列甾体药物的中间体,这极大地方便了甾体药物的生产。通过基因工程、分子生物学和结构生物学等学科的技术手段,人们对甾醇转化菌株进行了深入的探索和改造。本文对工业分枝杆菌植物甾醇转化途径及菌种改造的研究进展进行了综述。     

合成生物技术生产甾体激素中间体的研究展望

甾体类药物是销售额仅次于抗生素的世界第二大类药物,不同的甾体药物分子结构均由甾体激素中间体衍生而来。甾体激素中间体的传统生产方法包括植物提取皂素法和化学全合成法,其对环境有害,反应产物结构不唯一且成本较高,不利于工业化生产。目前主要的生产工艺是利用微生物对特殊原料进行转化的半合成法,但会遇到微生物酶转化率低、发酵周期长等问题。合成生物学的出现为构建利用糖为唯一碳源生产甾体激素中间体的人工细胞提供了理论上的可行性和可靠的技术支持。重点综述了合成生物技术在甾体激素中间体生产中的应用,以有利于工业发酵的酿酒酵母、分枝杆菌等为底盘细胞,通过引入外源合成功能模块,实现胆甾醇、雄烯二酮等甾体激素中间体的生物合成,并对合成生物技术在医药生产方式转变中的应用进行了展望,以期推动甾体类药物生物制造技术的进步。     

高效转化植物甾醇为9α-OH-AD的分枝杆菌诱变选育及工艺优化

以实验室前期筛选得到的分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium sp.LY-1)为出发菌株,采用等离子诱变(ARTP)技术选育出能高效转化植物甾醇为重要甾体药物中间体9α-羟基雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(9α-OH-AD)的菌株,并对其转化工艺进行优化。经过ARTP诱变选育得到遗传稳定性较好的分枝杆菌突变株Mycobacterium sp.C33,当底物植物甾醇投料浓度为15 g/L时,转化生成9α-OH-AD的摩尔得率达到15.5%,较原始菌株提高34.8%。继而采用正交实验设计方法,对突变菌的发酵培养基组分进行优化,并建立了油水双相转化体系,进一步提高了突变菌株C33的产物摩尔得率,最高达到47.0%,较优化前(15.5%)提高了2倍。     

植物甾醇微生物转化制备甾体药物中间体的研究进展*

微生物选择性降解植物甾醇侧链获取甾体药物合成的重要中间体雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(4-AD)和雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮(ADD)对于我国制药行业具有重要意义。现存文献资料对该领域缺乏全面系统的分析总结,从甾醇侧链微生物转化的机理、途径及其收率的影响因素等几个方面综述了近几年的研究进展,并对此领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

植物甾醇微生物转化制备甾体药物中间体的研究进展

微生物选择性降解植物甾醇侧链获取甾体药物合成的重要中间体雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮（4-AD）和雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮（ADD）对于我国制药行业具有重要意义。现存文献资料对该领域缺乏全面系统的分析总结,从甾醇侧链微生物转化的机理、途径及其收率的影响因素等几个方面综述了近几年的研究进展,并对此领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

分枝杆菌LY-1转化植物甾醇产9α羟基雄烯二酮的发酵工艺优化

9α-羟基雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮(9α-OH-AD)是一种重要的甾体药物中间体,可用于糖皮质激素类药物的生产。为了提高目的产物的产量,以分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium sp.) LY-1作为出发菌株,研究不同碳源、氮源、磷酸盐和金属离子等培养基组分对菌株LY-1转化植物甾醇生产9α-OH-AD的影响,结合正交试验优化,确定最适培养基组分为玉米浆30 g/L、KNO_3 4.0 g/L、NaH_2PO_4 1.2 g/L、FeSO_4 0.075 g/L及CaCl_2 0.10 g/L。在此条件下,当植物甾醇投料质量浓度为15 g/L时,产物得率达到43.9%～44.9%。通过单因素实验优化培养条件,得到最适培养条件为pH 8.0、接种量2%、温度30℃时,9α-OH-AD的得率可达46.2%～47.0%,比优化前提高了22.1%,产量达到5.21 g/L,具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

粉红单端孢Trichothecium roseum对雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮的生物转化

雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮（4AD）是甾体化合物合成过程中的关键中间体,其羟化产物通常具有良好的药理活性或作为工业生产甾体药物的重要中间体。利用粉红单端孢Trichothecium roseum对4AD进行生物转化,从其发酵提取物中共分离鉴定了3个4AD羟基化产物：6β-羟基-雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮（6β-OH-4AD,1）,14α-羟基-雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮（14α-OH-4AD,2）,6β,14α-双羟基-雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮（6β,14α-di-OH-4AD,3）,表明T. roseum对4AD的C-6β位和C-14α位具有较强的羟化能力,其中14α-OH-4AD(2)可作为合成强心甾类化合物毛地黄毒素的重要中间体,6β,14α-di-OH-4AD(3)可作为合成具有抗肿瘤活性的14α-羟基-雄甾-4-烯-3,6,17-三酮的重要中间体。提供了1株能够高效制备活性甾醇中间体14α-OH-4AD和6β,14α-di-OH-4AD的菌株,同时可为研究其他甾醇药物奠定基础。     

新金色分枝杆菌ksdD基因的敲除及其对菌株AD(D)合成的影响

新金色分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium neoaurum)能将植物甾醇转化为药物中间体4-烯-雄甾-3,17-二酮(AD)和1,4-二烯-雄甾-3,17-二酮(ADD),其中3-甾酮-△1-脱氢酶(KSDD)是AD转化为ADD的关键酶.本实验室在筛菌过程中筛选到一株能将甾醇转化为AD(D)的菌株,经鉴定为M.neo...     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.