低温条件下转AcInv反义基因马铃薯品系的干物质、淀粉和还原糖含量变化

检测低温（4℃）贮藏条件下转AcInv反义基因与否的马铃薯品系块茎中干物质、淀粉和还原糖含量变化的结果表明：随着低温贮藏时间的延长,各转基因品系块茎中干物质含量变化不大,淀粉含量虽有下降但较为平缓;转基因品系中的还原糖含量增加幅度比受体品种的明显降低,转Aclnv反义基因的‘甘衣薯1号’和‘大西洋’块茎抗低温糖化能力明显高于未转AcInv反义基因的品系。     

油菜发育的研究

1.油菜、大白菜,塌棵菜都在低温下能较快地通过它们的春化阶段,但塌棵菜的冬种性较强。2.1—5℃是油菜通过春化阶段的适宜温度;10℃以上的春化条件,大大地延迟了油菜春化阶段的进行;未经低温人工春化的油菜,在20℃以上温度的温室条件下栽培,播种后122天也可以开花、说明了油菜在高温的条件下,也能逐渐缓慢地渡过春化阶段。3.1—2℃下,经过18—20天,是油菜通过春化阶段的适宜条件,春化时间缩短到16天以下,则春化阶段的通过很缓慢。这种温度下,春化处理的时间从20天延长到70天,从移栽后到现蕾开花的天数来看,能随着春化处理时间的加长而提早现蕾开花,超过70天的处理,则不再提早现蕾开花;但从处理后到现蕾开花的天数来看,则春化时间超过20天後处理的时间愈长,现蕾开花所须总日数也愈长。4.油菜在1—2℃下20天完成春化阶段以后,继续放在低温之下,对于有机体本身,仍起着一定的作用,对于第二阶段的通过,也起着一定的作用。5.每天14小时的光照,已能满足油菜的光照阶段要求。每天12小时的光照,油菜就不能很好地开花。把每天的光照时间延长到14小时以上,则更能提早现蕾开花。但在20小时以上的光照条件下,不再提早现蕾开花。6.光照...     

甘肃定西地区主栽品种马铃薯颗粒全粉品质分析

以甘肃定西地区主栽的7个品种马铃薯为原料,采用微波工艺生产马铃薯颗粒全粉,并测定其原料品质指标（干物质、总淀粉、直链淀粉、还原糖、维生素C含量）和其颗粒全粉的功能指标（蓝值、持水性和持油性）。结果表明：除克新1号品种马铃薯的干物质含量偏低、还原糖含量较高以外,其余6个品种费乌瑞它、陇3、青薯6号、冀张薯8号、陇薯6号、庄薯3号均符合加工全粉的要求;马铃薯原料中总淀粉含量高,则游离淀粉的含量相对较高。7个品种马铃薯颗粒全粉的蓝值顺序为费乌瑞它>冀张薯8号>庄薯3号>青薯6号 > 陇薯3号>陇薯6号> 克新1号;持水性顺序为冀张薯8号>费乌瑞它>青薯6号>庄薯3号>陇薯3>陇薯6>克新1号;持油性高低顺序是克新1号>青薯6号>冀张薯8号>庄薯3号>陇薯3号>陇薯6号>费乌瑞它。该结果可为甘肃省定西地区马铃薯颗粒全粉生产的原料选择和颗粒全粉应用提供科学依据。     

反义酸性转化酶基因低温贮藏马铃薯块茎还原糖和淀粉含量的影响

对2个含有酸性转化酶(AcInv)反义基因的转基因马铃薯品系及对照品种进行低温贮藏(4℃)及室温还暖处理.随低温贮藏时间的延长,供试材料均表现出还原糖含量升高,总淀粉含量下降的趋势.低温处理40 d时,"Ac转Atlantic"和"Ac转甘农薯2号"的还原糖含量比未转基因品种低23%和18%.总淀粉含量分别比未处理前下降约1.0%和1.3%,支链淀粉含量分别下降约1.4%和1.7%,淀粉直/支比明显低于对照,分别为0.29和0.38.块茎的石蜡切片显示,转基因块茎中深蓝色淀粉颗粒明显少于未转基因对照.另外,对低温贮藏的块茎室温还暖后,2个转基因品系的还原糖含量仍低于对照品种.实验结果证明反义AcInv基因对低温贮藏下块茎还原糖和淀粉含量具有下向调节作用.     

增温对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生产的影响

近40a来,宁夏引黄灌区年平均增温幅度高于全国平均值,对春小麦生产已经产生了重大影响。基于哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会控制未来50 a全球升温幅度的范围值,设计增温幅度为0.5-2.5 ℃,采用红外线辐射器大田增温模拟实验,研究增温对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:增温0.5-2.5 ℃,宁夏引黄灌区春小麦全生育期(播种-收获)缩短1-22 d,减产0.5%-18.5%;增温2.0-2.5 ℃,春小麦全生育期缩短18-22 d,减产16.5%-18.5%。增温引起春小麦三叶期和孕穗期光合速率下降,穗粒数减少,千粒重下降,最终导致减产。     

硒肥对马铃薯硒素吸收、转化及产量、品质的影响

通过设对照(CK)、保水缓释硒肥(W)、生物炭基硒肥(C)、硒酸钠硒肥(S)4个处理来研究不同硒肥对马铃薯(品种为早大白)硒素吸收、转化及产量、品质的影响。结果表明:各处理马铃薯各器官硒含量在生育期内总体上呈下降趋势,马铃薯各器官的硒含量呈现:苗期根茎叶片;成熟期叶片茎块茎的特点;随着硒肥用量的增加,W处理下的总硒、无机硒、有机硒含量呈增大趋势,产量、有机硒转化率、粗蛋白、还原糖和Vc呈先升高后降低的趋势;C处理和S处理下,马铃薯以上各指标均呈先升高后降低的趋势,在低施硒量(0.126 kg/hm2)时,3种硒肥显著降低了马铃薯块茎淀粉含量,之后随着施硒量的增加淀粉含量变化不显著;与对照相比,3种硒肥在适宜施硒量(0.379 kg/hm2)时,马铃薯产量提高了4.87%—5.44%,粗蛋白含量增加了12.18%—20.03%,还原糖提高了6.45%—12.90%,Vc含量提高-0.54%—3.11%,有机硒转化率增加13.00%—15.10%,淀粉含量增加了-0.73%—1.12%;综合考虑3种硒肥对马铃薯含硒量、产量、品质的影响,W处理最佳,C处理次之,S处理最差。     

棉花生育时期及蕾铃发生发育模拟模型研究

通过定量分析南京、安阳、保定和石河子4个试验点2002年不同播期3个品种(早熟品种中棉所36号、中早熟品种中棉所35号、中熟品种中棉所41号)的生育时期与环境因子之间的动态关系,建立了基于生理发育时间(DPT)的棉花生育期、果枝出现时间及其蕾铃发育阶段的模拟模型.模型的热效应计算考虑了不同棉区昼夜温较差对棉花发育速率的影响以及薄膜覆盖的增温效应,在模型中引入了果枝始节系数(I_FIN)、日照时数因子(F_SH)和果枝节位光照系数(I_FBR).利用不同年份、生态区、基因型的试验资料对模型进行了测试检验.结果表明,不同条件下模拟值与观测值的符合度较好.不同生育时期的模拟值与观测值的根均方差(RMSE)从播种到出苗、出苗到现蕾、开花到吐絮及播种到吐絮分别为0.9、2.2、17和2.1d,平均2.1d;棉株各果节点从现蕾到开花日期的模拟值与观测值的RMSE为1.8～3.7d,从开花到吐絮日期的RMSE值为4.6～5.8d.     

模拟增温改变青藏高原植物繁殖物候及植株高度

气候变化显著影响了高寒植物物候期及生长模式, 从而改变了高寒生态系统功能。而高寒植物物候期和生长状况对气候变化的响应程度, 与其自身资源分配策略有关。为了更好地探究气候变化下高寒植物繁殖物候及生长的规律, 该研究以青藏高原高寒草甸为研究对象, 按生物量从高到低选取15种常见植物, 其生物量之和占样地总生物量80%以上, 采用红外辐射器模拟增温的方法, 利用同质园实验, 观测无种间竞争条件下, 增温2年间植物返青、现蕾、开花以及结实物候, 并监测了植株高度。研究结果表明: (1)在功能群水平上, 增温使豆科类植物的返青、现蕾和开花时间分别显著提前了(8.21 ± 1.81)、(9.14 ± 2.41)和(10.14 ± 2.05) d, 使其开花持续时间显著延长了(6.14 ± 1.52) d, 而增温对其他功能群物候事件无显著影响。增温对高寒植物物候的影响存在种间及年际间差异, 但总体上增温使大多数高寒植物繁殖物候提前并且开花持续时间延长, 将更多的资源更多地分配到繁殖生长上。(2)增温显著降低了杂类草植物的植株高度(平均降低(3.58 ± 0.96) cm), 但对豆科类、禾草类及莎草类功能群植株高度没有显著影响。 增温对高寒植物植株高度的影响存在显著的种间差异以及年际差异。综上所述, 未来气候变暖背景下, 青藏高原高寒植物群落可能更早进入繁殖阶段, 从而降低在营养生长上的资源分配。另外, 由于各物种繁殖能力和营养生长对温度变化响应的差异, 气候变暖将导致高寒植物群落中各物种盖度的变化, 进而改变群落物种组成, 从而影响高寒生态系统的功能。     

PVY和PVS病毒复合侵染对马铃薯光合及营养品质的影响

以2个马铃薯高代品系为实验材料,研究马铃薯病毒Y(PVY)和S(PVS)复合侵染对马铃薯叶片SPAD值、最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、气孔导度、暗呼吸速率、蒸腾速率、光补偿点、胞间CO_2浓度和饱和光强等光合参数,以及马铃薯块茎产量、干物含量、淀粉含量、还原糖含量、粗蛋白含量等产量品质指标的影响。结果表明:(1)田间受到PVY和PVS病毒复合侵染后,马铃薯品系2010-11植株的叶片PVS病毒含量显著低于品系34-2植株,2010-11植株的叶片PVY病毒含量同样低于品系34-2植株,但差异不显著。(2)与对照相比,感病后马铃薯品系34-2和2010-11的平均单株产量分别显著降低48.54%和19.98%,淀粉含量分别降低8.06%和3.38%,但不显著;粗蛋白含量分别显著升高14.05%和29.17%;还原糖含量分别显著降低11.11%和14.29%;34-2干物量含量显著降低6.9%,2010-11干物质含量略降低0.66%。(3)两品系感病植株的光合参数SPAD值分别显著降低13.37%、20.10%;最大净光合速率分别显著降低32.48%和4.54%;其它光合参数变化没有规律性。研究发现,PVY和PVS病毒混合侵染使马铃薯植株叶片叶绿素含量显著降低,进而影响光合作用的正常进行;病毒侵染使块茎中还原糖和淀粉的积累显著受到抑制,但能够促进块茎中粗蛋白的含量显著提高。     

增温对青藏高原冬小麦干物质积累转运及氮吸收利用的影响

青藏高原是气候变化的敏感区,该区域作物生产受气候变暖的影响较大,但至今仍缺乏相关的田间实证研究。探讨青藏高原作物生长发育对气候变暖的响应特征,对该区域作物生产技术的创新具有重要意义。该研究以高产优质冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘山冬6号’为试验材料,在拉萨市农业科学研究所科研基地进行田间远红外增温试验,研究了日平均气温升高1.1℃对冬小麦物质分配和转运的影响。研究表明:增温处理下,播种至开花阶段群体水平的干物质积累速率、籽粒干物质分配比例和开花前贮藏同化物转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率分别比对照提高了27.5%、5.6%和68.6%,但是开花至成熟期群体水平的干物质积累速率和籽粒干物质分配量无显著差异;增温提高了冬小麦的氮积累能力,成熟期氮向籽粒的分配比例及开花期营养器官中贮存的氮向籽粒的转运率均高于对照处理,分别高6.0%和5.5%;与对照相比,增温处理的收获指数无显著差异,但籽粒产量、氮吸收效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮收获指数均显著高于对照。该试验预期升温1.1℃将促进高海拔地区冬小麦干物质向籽粒分配和转运,有利于冬小麦高产和氮高效利用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.