不同蔬菜与番茄轮作对设施土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】番茄是一种受连作障碍影响明显的蔬菜作物,本试验旨在研究不同蔬菜作物与番茄轮作后对设施土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响,以期筛选出适宜与番茄轮作的蔬菜作物,为从设施栽培模式选择角度缓解或避免番茄连作障碍提供理论依据。【方法】试验以连续两茬种植番茄后分别种植大白菜(A)、黄瓜(B)、辣椒(C)、茄子(E)、秋葵(F)、西葫芦(G)6种作物为不同处理,以继续种植番茄(D)和休耕闲置土壤(H)为对照,采用16S rRNA和真菌ITS区测序、同时测定土壤酶活性、pH值、有机质含量、速效氮、磷、钾含量,研究不同蔬菜作物与番茄轮作对土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响。【结果】种植作物土壤细菌和真菌多样性指数均显著高于闲置土壤(H);番茄连作与轮作土壤中的细菌门水平群落结构比较固定,但不同物种的丰度差异较大。真菌对于环境变化的响应比细菌更加敏感,轮作各样本间真菌群落结构差异明显大于细菌群落结构,在物种丰度和门水平上均存在较大差异;轮作茄子和大白菜显著增加了土壤中硝化细菌[亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)]的丰度;PCA分析表明轮作茄子和空白闲置土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构与其他处理的差异较大;轮作不同作物土壤酶活性差异显著,但变化规律不明显。轮作大白菜、黄瓜和空白闲置土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著高于番茄连作和轮作其他作物。不同蔬菜轮作土壤肥力主成分分析结果表明土壤pH值、有机质、速效氮与速效磷是主要贡献因子,综合肥力排名第一的为空白土样,其次为轮作黄瓜的土样,综合肥力最低的为轮作茄子土样。【结论】种植作物可以显著提高土壤微生物多样性;轮作茄子和大白菜显著增加了土壤中硝化细菌的丰度,有利于土壤中氮素代谢和利用;轮作黄瓜和大白菜,显著提高土壤中过氧化氢酶的活性,有利于降低番茄连作产生的自毒作用。因此综合分析认为,茄子、黄瓜和大白菜是避免或缓解番茄连作障碍的潜在优势轮作作物。     

不同栽培制度下温室黄瓜土壤生物学特性的变化

以连作8年温室黄瓜土壤为研究对象,设计5种栽培制度,以传统两季种植黄瓜、夏季休闲处理为对照,进行3年的盆栽试验,采用第3年数据评价不同栽培制度对土壤质量指标及其相关性、土壤线虫和各茬作物产量的影响.结果表明：夏茬休闲期种植速生叶菜和青蒜增加了土壤微生物量碳含量、微生物总量和蔗糖酶活性,维持了较高的Shannon-Weaver指数,减少了线虫和根结线虫的数量,增加了各茬作物产量,夏茬种植茼蒿、菠菜、青蒜后土壤蔗糖酶活性分别增加了8.9%、36.9%和89.5%,夏茬种植茼蒿和青蒜后Shannon-Weaver指数分别提高了7.7%和9.4%.说明填闲和轮作制度对黄瓜连作土壤质量有一定的修复效果,尤以填闲茼蒿和青蒜效果明显.     

不同轮作茬口土壤细菌群落及后茬小麦产量

评估不同轮作模式的生态可持续性和作物生产力,可为调整优化种植结构提供理论依据。设置7个不同轮作作物和周期茬口处理,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定不同轮作茬口的土壤细菌群落丰度,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落多样性与物种组成,并测定土壤速效养分状况和后茬小麦产量。结果表明: 与夏玉米茬口相比,不同轮作周期夏花生或夏大豆茬口处理降低了土壤有机碳、无机氮和速效钾含量,显著增加了土壤有效磷含量。不同轮作周期夏花生或夏大豆茬口处理的土壤细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数显著降低,而群落丰富度和多样性有所增加。不同轮作作物显著改变了土壤细菌群落结构和物种组成。与夏玉米茬口相比,不同轮作周期夏大豆茬口显著增加了后茬冬小麦籽粒千粒重和产量。综上,不同轮作周期夏花生或夏大豆茬口有利于增加土壤有效磷含量和细菌群落多样性,显著改变土壤细菌群落结构,其中,夏大豆茬口对后茬冬小麦产量形成具有积极作用。     

轮作与休闲对日光温室黄瓜连作土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同作物轮作和休闲方式对日光温室黄瓜连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性及后茬黄瓜生长和产量的影响.结果表明： 与连作相比,轮作有利于改善土壤微生物结构,增加细菌和放线菌数量,减少真菌数量;轮作与休闲有利于提高土壤转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性.在不同作物轮作和休闲方式下,后茬黄瓜结果期的细菌、放线菌数量和土壤转化酶活性均呈先升后降趋势,在盛瓜期达到最大值;真菌数量随生育期延长而增加;脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性则随生育期延长而降低,在初瓜期最高.不同栽培模式下,以大葱-黄瓜轮作和糯玉米-黄瓜轮作的效果更佳,明显改善了后茬黄瓜的生长,提高了产量.     

不同夏季填闲作物种植对设施菜地土壤无机氮残留和淋洗的影响

通过模拟土柱试验方法,研究了设施蔬菜中4种夏季填闲作物种植对土壤无机氮残留和淋洗的影响,并分析了各填闲作物根系参数与土壤无机氮残留及淋洗的相关性,以期揭示填闲作物减少无机氮淋洗的作用机理,并获得设施蔬菜生产体系适宜种植的填闲作物种类及其筛选指标。结果表明,糯玉米和燕麦的地上生物量、根干重、根长密度显著高于豌豆和苋菜,糯玉米、燕麦和豌豆的氮素吸收量高于苋菜。收获时,各填闲作物的种植比土地休闲可以显著的降低土壤(0-60 cm)的无机氮含量;其中燕麦和苋菜对土壤无机氮降低最多,其次为豌豆,再次为糯玉米。四种填闲作物的种植均显著降低了设施菜地的无机氮淋洗量。与休闲处理相比,糯玉米、燕麦、豌豆和苋菜的种植将体系的氮素淋洗量分别降低了100%、96%、82%和58%。相关分析表明,比根长的增加有利于植株地上部氮素吸收量的积累。各土层填闲作物根系参数与土壤无机氮残留和淋洗相关性分析没有明显规律,表明了氮素淋洗可能受地上部和根系生长协同作用的影响,静态的根系参数测定较难反映根系生长与氮素淋洗的关系。总结认为,设施蔬菜生产体系中糯玉米和燕麦比豌豆和苋菜更适合作为夏季填闲作物。     

不同连作茬次黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落的T-RFLP分析

以不同连作茬次黄瓜根际土壤为研究对象,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(TRFLP)技术研究了土壤细菌、真菌菌群结构的动态变化。结果表明,黄瓜种植后各时期土壤细菌群落多样性指数大体呈先降低后升高的趋势,第7茬达到最低;黄瓜种植后50 d,真菌的多样性指数从第3茬到第9茬,呈先降低后升高的趋势,在第7茬达到最高,与种植30、40 d变化趋势相反。细菌优势菌群的种(属)数量到第7茬下降到最低,第9茬又上升,各茬次细菌出现的优势菌群主要是梭菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲以及一些未知菌群。真菌优势菌群种(属)数量第7茬上升最高,第9茬又下降,各茬次真菌出现的优势菌群主要是丝孢纲、外生菌根真菌、接合菌纲、伞菌纲、担子菌纲及一些未知真菌。同时,黄瓜生长时期对土壤细菌和真菌菌群结构的影响大于连作茬次的影响。总之,连作改变了土壤细菌和真菌的菌群结构及多样性水平,第7茬黄瓜根际土壤细菌、真菌群落与其他茬次明显不同。     

生物炭对设施连作黄瓜根域基质酶活性和微生物的调节

以日光温室内连作6年(11茬)营养基质作为对照进行黄瓜盆栽试验,研究添加量为5%和3%(质量比)的生物炭对营养基质中酶活性、微生物数量及群落结构的调节作用.结果表明: 经生物炭处理后,在定植30～120 d,基质的过氧化物酶活性均显著提高至1茬水平,且5%生物炭处理效果显著高于3%生物炭处理,中性磷酸酶活性则显著低于对照; 在定植30～90 d,仅5%生物炭处理对蔗糖酶和脲酶活性有明显的调节作用.经生物炭处理后,基质内细菌和放线菌数量在定植30～90 d均有所增加,真菌数量则均降低,且5%生物炭处理效果显著高于3%生物炭处理.同时,生物炭处理能够显著提高基质内细菌的群落结构多样性.说明生物炭的添加对连作营养基质中的酶活性、微生物数量及群落结构有明显的调节作用.     

不同种植方式对绿洲农田土壤酶活性与微生物多样性的影响

研究了玉米连作10年、小麦连作8年 棉花连作10年、棉花连作15年和棉花6年 6年小麦/油葵轮作4种种植方式对土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脱氢酶和蛋白酶活性的影响,并分析了土壤细菌、真菌、氨氧化古菌与氨氧化细菌对北疆绿洲农田不同种植方式的响应.结果表明： 不同种植方式对土壤过氧化氢酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脱氢酶和蛋白酶活性影响明显,但对蔗糖酶无显著影响;对氨氧化古菌多样性指数有显著影响,对土壤细菌、真菌和氨氧化细菌多样性指数无明显影响.土壤真菌和氨氧化细菌群落结构对不同种植方式的响应较细菌和氨氧化古菌敏感.长期棉花连作使绿洲农田土壤酶活性下降,微生物群落多样性降低,而轮作可提高土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构多样性.
     

不同地下滴灌制度下黄瓜根际微生物活性及功能多样性

采用微生物培养、BIOLOG碳素利用法和土壤酶活性测定等方法,分析了日光温室不同地下灌溉制度下黄瓜根际土壤中微生物活性及功能多样性.结果表明: 根际土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、基础呼吸、代谢熵、AWCD值、Shannon指数和McIntosh指数随灌水量的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势;在0.8E_p(E_p为20 cm标准蒸发皿蒸发量)灌溉水平下,I2处理(灌水周期8 d)根际土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、基础呼吸、代谢熵、AWCD值、Shannon指数和McIntosh指数显著高于I₁处理(灌水周期4 d).0.8E_p处理下,细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌数量及脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著高于其他2个灌水量处理（0.6E_p和1.0E_p）;I₂处理的细菌和自生固氮菌数量、脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性显著高于I₁处理,放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性与I₁处理差异不显著,而真菌数量显著低于I₁处理.I 20.8E_p处理使黄瓜根际土壤中微生物代谢活性和微生物群落功能多样性升高,微生物区系得以改善,土壤酶活性提高,促进黄瓜生长.     

轮套作对黄瓜根际土壤细菌种群的影响

以黄瓜为试材,采用PCR-DGGE技术研究了小麦、大豆、毛苕子、三叶草和苜蓿与黄瓜轮作及大蒜、毛葱与黄瓜套作对黄瓜根际土壤细菌种群的影响.结果表明:轮套作对黄瓜根际土壤细菌种群的种类、数量和黄瓜产量具有一定的影响,提高了土壤细菌种群多样性指数、均匀度指数和黄瓜产量.对DGGE条带进行测序的结果表明,它们大多与不可培养的细菌种属具有较高的同源性,大多为鞘氨醇杆菌属（Sphingobacterium）和变形细菌纲（Proteobacteria）, High bacterium G+C只在以毛葱为套作作物的黄瓜根际中出现.不同轮套作中细菌种群多样性随黄瓜生育期的变化而变化,在盛瓜期达最高值.以小麦为轮作作物和以毛葱为套作作物的黄瓜轮套作栽培模式最佳.     

添加高粱根茬根际土对连作黄瓜生长和根际微生物的影响

为了分析添加高粱根茬根际土对连作黄瓜生长和根际微生物群落特征的影响,本研究通过盆栽试验,采用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌和真菌群落组成的差异。试验共设4个处理: CK(不施肥),T₁(单施化肥),T₂(优化施肥),T₃(优化施肥+高粱根茬根际土)。结果表明: 与其他处理相比,T₃处理促进了黄瓜生长发育,提高了土壤中16S rRNA和ITS rRNA基因数量。与T₁处理相比,T₂和T₃处理明显提高了细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,不同处理间真菌群落的丰富度和多样性差异不明显。添加高粱根茬根际土在一定程度上改变了基于门、属水平上的细菌和真菌群落结构。其中,细菌中提高了酸杆菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度,降低了变形菌门、厚壁菌门、硝化螺旋菌门和芽孢杆菌属的丰度;真菌中提高了担子菌门、木霉菌属和假散囊菌属的丰度,降低了镰刀菌属和绿僵菌属的丰度。冗余分析表明,土壤硝态氮和有机质含量分别是影响细菌和真菌群落结构差异的关键因子。添加高粱根茬根际土不仅提高了连作黄瓜土壤微生物数量和细菌多样性,而且增加了有益菌木霉菌属的丰度,降低了致病镰刀菌的丰度和数量,保障了黄瓜存活率,为缓解黄瓜连作障碍提供了一条切实可行的解决途径。     

Plant-dependent genotypic and phenotypic diversity of antagonistic rhizobacteria isolated from different Verticillium host plants

To study the effect of plant species on the abundance and diversity of bacterial antagonists, the abundance, the phenotypic diversity, and the genotypic diversity of rhizobacteria isolated from potato, oilseed rape, and strawberry and from bulk soil which showed antagonistic activity towards the soilborne pathogen Verticillium dahliae Kleb. were analyzed. Rhizosphere and soil samples were taken five times over two growing seasons in 1998 and 1999 from a randomized field trial. Bacterial isolates were obtained after plating on R2A (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) or enrichment in microtiter plates containing high-molecular-weight substrates followed by plating on R2A. A total of 5,854 bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of strawberry, potato, or oilseed rape or bulk soil from fallow were screened by dual testing for in vitro antagonism towards VERTICILLIUM: The proportion of isolates with antagonistic activity was highest for strawberry rhizosphere (9.5%), followed by oilseed rape (6.3%), potato (3.7%), and soil (3.3%). The 331 Verticillium antagonists were identified by their fatty acid methyl ester profiles. They were characterized by testing their in vitro antagonism against other pathogenic fungi; their glucanolytic, chitinolytic, and proteolytic activities; and their BOX-PCR fingerprints. The abundance and composition of Verticillium antagonists was plant species dependent. A rather high proportion of antagonists from the strawberry rhizosphere was identified as Pseudomonas putida B (69%), while antagonists belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae (Serratia spp., Pantoea agglomerans) were mainly isolated from the rhizosphere of oilseed rape. For P. putida A and B plant-specific genotypes were observed, suggesting that these bacteria were specifically enriched in each rhizosphere.     

小麦根系分泌物对黄瓜生长及土壤真菌群落结构的影响

以黄瓜为受体,以不同化感效应(促进/抑制)小麦品种为供体,采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究了小麦根系分泌物及伴生小麦对黄瓜生长及土壤真菌群落结构的影响.结果表明： 在处理第6天和第12天,化感促进效应小麦根系分泌物分别显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高和茎粗;在处理第18天,化感促进和抑制效应小麦根系分泌物均显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高;在处理第6天,不同化感效应小麦根系分泌物均显著降低了黄瓜幼苗根际土壤真菌群落条带数、Shannon指数及均匀度指数,有苗对照(W)显著高于无苗对照(Wn);在处理第18天,各处理的真菌群落结构条带数、Shannon指数及均匀度指数均显著高于无苗对照(Wn).伴生化感抑制效应小麦显著降低了黄瓜根际土壤真菌群落Shannon指数和均匀度指数,说明小麦根系分泌物及伴生小麦改变了土壤真菌群落结构.DGGE图谱及其主成分分析结果表明,伴生不同化感效应小麦对土壤真菌群落结构影响较大.     

基于高通量测序分析大豆和油菜根际微生物群落结构的差异

根肿病是由芸薹根肿菌侵染引起的专性寄生性土传病害,严重制约着油菜等十字花科作物的可持续生产.前期研究发现,大豆作为前茬作物可以显著降低后茬油菜根肿病的发生和危害,"豆-油轮作"模式是一种值得探索和应用的根肿病防治新途径.为了解开大豆作为前茬防治根肿病发生的机理,本研究基于扩增子测序技术探究大豆与油菜根际土壤微生物的群落结构差异.结果表明:大豆和油菜根际土壤微生物类群在门水平的优势类群相同,包括变形菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、子囊菌门、接合菌门、担子菌门和壶菌门等丰度都较高.但相比于油菜根际土壤,大豆根际土壤富含具有生防作用和促进植物生长的微生物,如黄杆菌属、鞘脂单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、链霉菌属、假单胞菌属、木霉属和盾壳霉属等;而一些植物病原细菌(如肠杆菌、黄单胞菌)和真菌(炭疽菌和尾孢菌)含量则低于油菜根际土壤;另外,大豆根际土壤中还富含具有固氮功能的根瘤菌属、慢生根瘤菌属和丛枝菌根真菌(如球囊霉属).可见,大豆根际土壤利于有益微生物生长并可抑制病原菌繁殖.大豆和油菜根际微生物组差异为大豆-油菜轮作防治根肿病提供了理论依据,并为根肿病的防治提供了一些潜在的生物防治资源.     

Plant-Dependent Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity of Antagonistic Rhizobacteria Isolated from Different Verticillium Host Plants

To study the effect of plant species on the abundance and diversity of bacterial antagonists, the abundance, the phenotypic diversity, and the genotypic diversity of rhizobacteria isolated from potato, oilseed rape, and strawberry and from bulk soil which showed antagonistic activity towards the soilborne pathogen Verticillium dahliae Kleb. were analyzed. Rhizosphere and soil samples were taken five times over two growing seasons in 1998 and 1999 from a randomized field trial. Bacterial isolates were obtained after plating on R2A (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) or enrichment in microtiter plates containing high-molecular-weight substrates followed by plating on R2A. A total of 5,854 bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of strawberry, potato, or oilseed rape or bulk soil from fallow were screened by dual testing for in vitro antagonism towards Verticillium. The proportion of isolates with antagonistic activity was highest for strawberry rhizosphere (9.5%), followed by oilseed rape (6.3%), potato (3.7%), and soil (3.3%). The 331 Verticillium antagonists were identified by their fatty acid methyl ester profiles. They were characterized by testing their in vitro antagonism against other pathogenic fungi; their glucanolytic, chitinolytic, and proteolytic activities; and their BOX-PCR fingerprints. The abundance and composition of Verticillium antagonists was plant species dependent. A rather high proportion of antagonists from the strawberry rhizosphere was identified as Pseudomonas putida B (69%), while antagonists belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae (Serratia spp., Pantoea agglomerans) were mainly isolated from the rhizosphere of oilseed rape. For P. putida A and B plant-specific genotypes were observed, suggesting that these bacteria were specifically enriched in each rhizosphere.     

Influence of intercropping and intercropping plus rhizobial inoculation on microbial activity and community composition in rhizosphere of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus L.)

Alfalfa–Siberian wild rye intercropping is the predominant cropping system used to produce forage in China. In this study, the effects of intercropping and intercropping-rhizobial inoculation on soil enzyme activities, microbial biomass and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere were examined. In both treatments, the yield of alfalfa, microbial biomass and activities of soil urease, invertase and alkaline phosphatase in the alfalfa rhizosphere were markedly increased, whereas there was a slight increase in the yield of Siberian wild rye, few impacts on soil microbial biomass, and decreased enzyme activities (except for urease) in the Siberian wild rye rhizosphere. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes indicated that Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the major bacterial groups in the rhizosphere of both plants. However, intercropping and rhizobial inoculation induced some shifts in the relative abundance of them. Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira groups were detected in all treatments by the T-RFLP patterns of ammonia monooxygenase subunit A ( amoA ) gene, but the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas increased and that of Nitrosospira decreased in the intercropping-rhizobial inoculation treatment. Both treatments tended to increase the diversity of amoA . Conclusively, the two treatments clearly affected soil microbial composition and soil enzyme activities, which might be reflected in changes in yield.     

The rhizosphere effect on bacteria antagonistic towards the pathogenic fungus Verticillium differs depending on plant species and site

Rhizobacteria with antagonistic activity towards plant pathogens play an essential role in root growth and plant health and are influenced by plant species in their abundance and composition. To determine the extent of the effect of the plant species and of the site on the abundance and composition of bacteria with antagonistic activity towards Verticillium dahliae, bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of two Verticillium host plants, oilseed rape and strawberry, and from bulk soil were analysed at three different locations in Germany over two growing seasons. A total of 6732 bacterial isolates screened for in vitro antagonism towards Verticillium resulted in 560 active isolates, among which Pseudomonas (77%) and Serratia (6%) were the most dominant genera. The rhizosphere effect on the antagonistic bacterial community was shown by an enhanced proportion of antagonistic isolates, by enrichment of specific amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis types, species and genotypes, and by a reduced diversity in the rhizosphere in comparison to bulk soil. Such an effect was influenced by the plant species and by the site of its cultivation. Altogether, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 66 isolates resulted in the identification of 22 different species. Antagonists of the genus Serratia were preferentially isolated from oilseed rape rhizosphere, with the exception of one site. For isolates of Pseudomonas and Serratia, plant-specific and site-specific genotypes were found.     

Bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed

The bacterial rhizosphere communities of three host plants of the pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae, field-grown strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), were analyzed. We aimed to determine the degree to which the rhizosphere effect is plant dependent and whether this effect would be increased by growing the same crops in two consecutive years. Rhizosphere or soil samples were taken five times over the vegetation periods. To allow a cultivation-independent analysis, total community DNA was extracted from the microbial pellet recovered from root or soil samples. 16S rDNA fragments amplified by PCR from soil or rhizosphere bacterium DNA were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The DGGE fingerprints showed plant-dependent shifts in the relative abundance of bacterial populations in the rhizosphere which became more pronounced in the second year. DGGE patterns of oilseed rape and potato rhizosphere communities were more similar to each other than to the strawberry patterns. In both years seasonal shifts in the abundance and composition of the bacterial rhizosphere populations were observed. Independent of the plant species, the patterns of the first sampling times for both years were characterized by the absence of some of the bands which became dominant at the following sampling times. Bacillus megaterium and Arthrobacter sp. were found as predominant populations in bulk soils. Sequencing of dominant bands excised from the rhizosphere patterns revealed that 6 out of 10 bands resembled gram-positive bacteria. Nocardia populations were identified as strawberry-specific bands.