盐度和低温冷藏对桡足类休眠卵萌发的影响

休眠卵是桡足类渡过不良环境的重要生存策略,是水体桡足类种群的重要潜在补充来源。通过采集珠江口南沙海域表层沉积物,研究了不同盐度和低温冷藏对桡足类休眠卵萌发的影响。结果表明:南沙沉积物中休眠卵萌发量和萌发率在盐度为20和盐度为5的实验组中最高;用50μm孔径筛绢过滤后,50μm粒径沉积物中休眠卵萌发量显著高于50μm粒径的休眠卵(P0.05);冷藏30 d后休眠卵萌发量显著高于冷藏前休眠卵萌发量(P0.05);冷藏前的休眠卵主要是静止卵和已渡过不应期的滞育卵,而冷藏后的休眠卵主要是未渡过不应期的滞育卵,表明50μm粒径沉积物中休眠卵主要以滞育卵为主。研究结果为进一步了解河口桡足类受到盐度干扰后的潜在补充机制提供了基础数据,对揭示河口桡足类种类演替规律具有重要科学意义。     

珠江口桂山岛海域桡足类休眠卵对浮游种群的潜在补充及其影响因素

于2011年7月和2012年8月分2个航次采集珠江口桂山岛海域表层沉积物,首次研究珠江口海域桡足类的休眠卵潜在补充量。结果显示:该海域桡足类休眠卵呈不均匀分布,2011年7月沉积物休眠卵潜在补充量介于1.7×105—1.0×107卵/m3之间,平均值为2.1×106卵/m3;2012年8月沉积物休眠卵潜在补充量介于8.9×104—4.3×106卵/m3之间。呈现防波堤外深水区防波堤内养殖区防波堤外浅水区的分布格局。统计分析显示桡足类休眠卵潜在补充量和沉积物含水率呈极显著正相关(P0.01),和水深呈显著正相关(P0.05),表明水深和沉积物含水量是影响桡足类休眠卵潜在补充量的重要因素。休眠卵不同冷藏时间萌发结果发现:萌发持续时间介于10—36d之间,休眠卵萌发类型均为同步萌发型。萌发休眠卵种类为刺尾纺锤水蚤(Acartia spinicauda)和瘦尾胸刺水蚤(Centropages tenuiremis),表明沉积物中休眠卵是上述两种桡足类水体种群的重要补充。筛绢网孔径50—200μm之间休眠卵萌发量占总萌发量的93%,表明采用50μm和200μm筛绢网来分离桡足类休眠卵具有较好的代表性。     

河口近海桡足类休眠卵生态学研究进展

桡足类是水域生态系统的关键类群,在物质循环、能量流动和信息传递中起着重要作用.休眠卵是桡足类的重要生存策略,在抵抗不利环境、维持种群延续等方面起着重要作用.本文综述了河口近海桡足类休眠卵种类组成及其分布、休眠卵存活时间、休眠卵萌发率和沉积物中休眠卵丰度以及对水体的潜在补充量及其影响因素等.对河口近海桡足类休眠卵生态学研究提出了展望,以期为相关研究提供新的思路.     

水体化学要素对分叉小猛水蚤(Tisbe furcata)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)室内养殖种群密度的影响

以分叉小猛水蚤(Tisbe furcata)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)为研究对象, 对比室内养殖条件下两种桡足类的种群密度差异, 并分析水体化学要素亚硝态氮、硝态氮、氨氮和磷酸盐与桡足类种群密度的关系。结果表明: 分叉小猛水蚤较小拟哲水蚤种群密度优势明显(P<0.01), 更适合北方室内养殖, 盐度可能起主要作用; 水体亚硝态氮最为重要, 在桡足类种群的快速增长期, 其浓度与两种桡足类的种群密度均呈极显著正相关性; 水体磷酸盐浓度与两种桡足类的种群密度均呈极显著正相关性; 通过部分换水的方式可以实现分叉小猛水蚤的可持续培养, 换水量不要超过水体总量的1/3; 本研究所采用复合饲料和养殖方式可以实现分叉小猛水蚤的北方室内大规模、高密度和可持续养殖。     

几种生态因子对曼氏无针乌贼野生和养殖卵孵化的影响

比较了曼氏无针乌贼野生卵和养殖卵的区别,研究了不同温度、盐度、孵化密度、卵类型对野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼孵化率和孵化时间的影响.结果表明：野生卵的质量较佳,养殖卵则以黑色小卵的质量为佳.野生卵的最佳孵化温度为27 ℃～29 ℃,最佳孵化盐度为24.5～32.0;孵化密度对野生卵孵化率的影响不显著.养殖卵在19 ℃～29 ℃下的孵化率为6.7%～30.0%,高于33 ℃和低于17 ℃均不能孵化;在盐度19.5～32.0范围内孵化率为18.3%～25.0%,盐度低于17.0不能孵化;充气情况下,孵化密度对养殖卵的孵化率影响不显著,而不充气情况下影响显著.     

亚热带河口养殖塘沉积物有机碳矿化及其影响因子

亚热带河口的养殖塘是温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)的重要排放源,但其沉积物有机碳矿化动力学特征目前尚未厘清。以我国东南沿海亚热带闽江、木兰溪以及九龙江河口区的6个凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖塘为研究对象,对沉积物取样,并进行为期60 d的室内厌氧培养,对养殖塘沉积物CO2累积产量曲线利用一阶动力学模型进行拟合和分析。结果表明:养殖塘沉积物CO2产生期主要发生在培养初期的0~2天,随后迅速降低;潜在碳矿化量(C0)为190.12~480.94μg·g^-1,矿化速率常数(k)为0.17~0.42 d^-1;不同盐度养殖塘沉积物有机碳矿化存在显著性差异,表现为低盐养殖塘C0更高而k更低;孔隙水Cl^-、SO4^2-、DOC和NH4+是影响养殖塘沉积物有机碳矿化的主要环境因子;高盐的凡纳滨对虾养殖塘Cl^-、SO4^2-浓度高于低盐养殖塘,而DOC和NH4+浓度低于低盐养殖塘,因此高盐条件养殖凡纳滨对虾能够有效抑制沉积物的有机碳矿化。     

广东流溪河水库表层沉积物中枝角类休眠卵的多样性及空间分布

为了解华南地区深水水库中枝角类休眠卵在底泥中的种群特征,于2009年2月对广东省流溪河水库沉积物中的枝角类休眠卵种类、数量和分布进行研究。在湖泊区、过渡区和河流区共设置8个采样点,采集表层15cm柱状底泥,经600、200和35μm三种孔径的网筛分离休眠卵后显微镜下计数。15cm样品根据柱状底泥的纹层确定为18～24年的沉积物。共检出12种枝角类休眠卵,河流区采样点未检出,两条入库河流汇合区种类数为10,其余采样点有4至5种。15cm沉积物中休眠卵的平均密度为1.3×10⁵ ind.·m^-3。休眠卵的多样性及密度分布特征与生境相关,过渡区底泥中的多样性高于湖泊区,但湖泊区底泥中密度高。卵库中的优势种类为微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura)、船卵溞属(Scapholeberis sp.)和溞属(Daphnia sp.),均为逃避能力弱的种类。流溪河位于热带北缘,水温常年较高,多数枝角类可通过孤雌生殖终年存在于水体中,导致休眠卵的种类数量与密度均明显地低于温带湖泊。     

胶州湾浮游桡足类时空分布

根据2003年1月至12月在胶州湾所获得的浮游生物样品,已鉴定浮游桡足类28种,幼虫、幼体6类.分析了该海区浮游桡足类的分布﹑时空变化及其与生态环境因子的关系,同相关历史资料进行了比较,结果表明,浮游桡足类的种类组成单纯,生态属性以暖温带、近岸低盐种类为主.浮游桡足类的丰度分布具明显的月份变化,高峰在7月份,为181.61个/m3,最低在12月份,为23.53个/m3,全年平均为71.42个/m3.浮游桡足类丰度的平面分布不均匀,最大丰度在5号站,为132.62个/m3,最小丰度在8号站,为40.45个/m3,丰度平面分布的变化趋势基本是湾北部海域大于湾南部海域.浮游桡足类丰度的时空分布,主要种类的季节更替,近20a来的变化趋势基本相同,高峰出现时间的差异,是受温度年季变化差异因素的影响.浮游桡足类丰度的时空分布与海水温度和盐度密切相关,与温度的关系更重要于与盐度的关系.并且用胶州湾的调察资料证实了浮游桡足类对浮游植物的依存关系,浮游植物为浮游桡足类的生长、繁衍提供了饵料.     

光照时间和冷藏对桃小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

研究了光照时间和冷藏对桃小食心虫各虫态生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明,随着光照时数的延长,各虫态历期基本呈缩短趋势,光照时间对幼虫滞育率影响最为明显,15 h滞育率最低,无论是光照延长还是缩短,幼虫滞育率都会明显增加.其它重要生命参数如单雌产卵量、幼虫体重、孵化率、脱出率和羽化率等最高点多集中在光照13～17 h,所以,桃小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的最佳光照时间为15 h左右.冷藏时间对蛹历期、成虫寿命和卵历期影响均不明显,但冷藏7 d后羽化率、单雌产卵量及孵化率均呈下降趋势,蛹和卵不易长时间低温存放.     

温度对家蝇广州种群成虫繁殖力及卵黄蛋白发生的影响

研究了不同温度对家蝇(Musca domestica L.)广州种群繁殖力及卵黄蛋白发生的影响,旨在为利用家蝇广州种群大规模高效养殖提供技术支持。选同一天刚羽化的健康雌、雄蝇,分别置于20、24、28、32和36℃环境下单对饲养,重复6次。每天测定成虫日产卵量、卵孵化率及死亡数等,统计家蝇单雌产卵量、卵孵化率、成虫寿命、产卵前期和产卵期;同时自雌蝇羽化第一日起,连续15 d,每天每个温度处理下取雌蝇3头,采用间接酶联免疫(indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay,ID-ELISA)法测定5种温度下雌蝇每日卵黄蛋白合成量及羽化后前15 d卵黄蛋白合成总量。结果表明,温度对家蝇成虫繁殖力影响显著。产卵量以24℃环境下最高(1 921.17粒/雌),24～28℃时产卵量显著下降。28℃时卵孵化率最高(93.48%),高或低于此温度,卵孵化率显著下降,当温度达36℃时,孵化率仅为60.78%。雌蝇在20～28℃范围内产卵期差异不显著,32℃及以上温度下,雌蝇产卵期显著缩短。产卵前期以20℃最长(9.83 d),28℃最短(3.00 d),高于28℃产卵前期又显著延长。雌、雄蝇寿命均随着温度升高而显著缩短。温度对广州种群雌蝇羽化后前15 d的卵黄蛋白合成影响显著,24℃下前15 d合成的总卵黄蛋白最高(1 683.15μg/雌),其次为28℃(1 591.95μg/雌),20℃最低(232.81μg/雌)。家蝇广州种群在24～28℃繁殖效率最高。     

Hatching rates of resting eggs of 'Cladocera' (Crustacea; Branchiopoda) at a tropical bay, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to determine the development time of embryos and to estimate the hatching rates of resting eggs of cladocerans found in the sediment of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under experimental conditions. Eggs were sorted by species (Penilia avirostris--Sididae; Pleopis polyphemoides and Pseudevadne tergestina--Podonidae) and incubated at a temperature of 25 degrees C, salinity 35 and photoperiod 12 hours light/ 12 hours dark. Hatching rates were about 38% for Pseudevadne tergestina and 28% for Pleopis polyphemoides. Embryos of resting eggs of Penilia avirostris developed comparatively slowly (hatching after 86 days of incubation), with a hatching rate of only 5%. It was observed that development and hatching of resting eggs of marine cladocerans suggest that pulses of recruitment may exist, thus contributing to the rapid appearance and maintenance of planktonic populations of these crustaceans in Guanabara Bay.     

Infection dynamics of Marteilia refringens in flat oyster Ostrea edulis and copepod Paracartia grani in a claire pond of Marennes-Oléron Bay

The protozoan parasite Marteilia refringens has been partly responsible for the severe decrease in the production of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis Linnaeus in France since the 1970s. The calanoid copepod Paracartia grani Sars was recently found to be a host for M. refringens in French shallow-water oyster ponds ('claires'). This study reconsidered M. refringens transmission dynamics in the light of this finding, taking into account not only oyster infection dynamics and environmental factors but also data concerning the copepod host. P. grani population dynamics in the claire under study revealed that this species is the dominant planktonic copepod in this confined ecosystem. During winter, M. refringens overwintered in O. edulis, with P. grani existing only as resting eggs in the sediment. The increase in temperature in spring controlled and synchronized both the release of M. refringens sporangia in the oyster feces, and the hatching of the benthic resting eggs of the copepod. Infection of oysters by M. refringens was limited to June, July and August, coinciding with (1) the highest temperature recorded in the claire, and (2) the highest abundance of P. grani. PCR detection of M. refringens in P. grani during the summer period was linked to the release of parasite sporangia by the oyster. Our results are supported by previous results on the effective transmission of this parasite from the oyster to the copepod.     

Disturbances due to increased salinity and the resilience of zooplankton communities: the potential role of the resting egg bank

When faced with disturbances such as increased salinity, aquatic communities inhabiting inland coastal systems change and may or may not be resilient after salinity decreases. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential role of the resting egg bank for zooplankton community resilience. We predicted that (1) hatching of resting eggs is inhibited by increased salinities and (2) resting eggs remain viable when exposed to salinity and hatch when returned to freshwater. At the community level, we evaluated the hatching responses and the short-term viability of resting eggs exposed to a salinity gradient. The hatching of resting eggs was inhibited at higher salinities (16.0 and 32.0 g l^?1). However, some resting eggs remained viable and hatched when returned to freshwater. Additionally, combining our experimental results to previously published field data, we observed that the pattern of hatching during exposure to salinity matches the temporal succession observed in the zooplankton community at our model system, after increased salinity. The recovery of zooplankton communities after disturbances involving increased salinity is likely facilitated by the presence of an egg bank. This finding has important implications for the recovery of zooplankton communities and the management of aquatic systems vulnerable to salinization worldwide.     

Particle transport by benthic invertebrates: its role in egg bank dynamics

The ecological and evolutionary dynamics of zooplankton is in part a function of the numbers and ages of dispausing eggs hatching from aquatic sediments. Successful recruitment from this egg bank must depend upon the eggs being present at or near the sediment surface. Often, however, zooplankton diapausing eggs are found as deep as 15 to 30 cm in the mud. Bioturbation may provide a mechanism for the regular return of buried eggs to the sediment surface. A substantial portion of the population of the copepod, Diaptomus sanguineus, living in Bullhead Pond, a small lake in Rhode Island, USA, is present as diapausing eggs. To study the role of bioturbation in egg-bank dynamics, we introduced polystyrene beads, the same size and specific gravity as copepod eggs, at two depths in large-diameter sediment chambers in the laboratory. Treatments included chambers with natural and reduced densities of benthos. Consistent with other studies, our results show that the joint activities of tubificid oligochaetes and chironomid larvae are responsible for bidirectional (up and down) transport of beads in the top 2 cm of the sediment. We observed no bead movement below this depth. Thus, eggs in the top two centimeters of sediment in this lake are exposed with some regularity to conditions that stimulate hatching at the sediment-water interface. In Bullhead Pond, these eggs have a mean age of 12.2 years (based on ²¹⁰Pb-dating). Eggs buried more deeply will only be returned to the sediment surface by relatively rare, localized disturbances. This return of old eggs to the surface affects ecological and evolutionary dynamics in a complex way.     

Hatching and viability of rotifer diapausing eggs collected from pond sediments

1. Planktonic rotifers inhabiting variable environments produce diapausing eggs that accumulate in the sediment of lakes and ponds, forming egg banks that may withstand adverse periods. A common assumption in zooplankton diapausing egg bank studies is to count as viable all eggs in the sediment that look healthy. This assumption should be challenged by asking how effectively ‘healthy‐looking’ eggs represent viable eggs. 2. In this study, viability of more than 1100 ‘healthy‐looking’ diapausing eggs belonging to the Brachionus plicatilis species complex was assessed in a laboratory hatching experiment. Eggs were collected at different depths from sediment cores obtained from 15 ponds located in coastal and inland areas of Eastern Spain. 3. Only approximately one half of the ‘healthy‐looking’ diapausing eggs hatched after incubation in experimental conditions. Almost all the hatchlings (99.4%) survived to maturity. The proportion of ‘healthy‐looking’ diapausing eggs that hatched varied among areas and among ponds within area, and substantially declined with sediment depth. Most of the hatchlings (88%) were obtained from the uppermost 2 cm of sediment. ‘Healthy‐looking’ eggs from upper sediment layers hatched after significantly shorter incubation times than eggs recovered from deeper layers. 4. Both decreased hatching success and increased incubation time for hatching with sediment depth suggest that older ‘healthy‐looking’ eggs are less responsive to hatching stimuli and could become unviable. However, the strong correlation found between the number of ‘healthy‐looking’ eggs and the number of hatchlings indicates that the abundance of ‘healthy‐looking’ eggs is a good index of egg bank viability.     

Salinity tolerance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia magna</Emphasis>: characteristics of genotypes hatching from mixed sediments

The hatching of diapausing eggs is a means of temporal dispersal that can provide populations with genotypes adapted to different environments. In a salinity-variable shallow lake, we predicted that the mixing of different age-classes of eggs in the sediment may yield genotypes with different salinity optima. The alternative would be the absence of local adaptation and the presence of a homogenous population of salt-tolerant genotypes with high phenotypic plasticity. We tested these alternatives by isolating Daphnia magna resting eggs from different sediment depths, exposing them to hatching cues at different salinity levels and measuring the performance of hatched individuals. Results revealed a homogeneous sediment with generally broad-tolerance genotypes and some genotypes with low salt tolerance, which supports the second hypothesis. However, the disturbed character of the sediment hampered historical reconstruction. The absence of local adaptation in the diapausing egg bank may be the result of various scenarios in the response of D. magna populations to severe salinity changes in the lake.     

Different thermal stimuli initiate hatching of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia</Emphasis> diapausing eggs originating from lakes and temporary waters

The simultaneous hatching of Daphnia resting eggs from a number of different lakes and ponds using one set of hatching cues can be difficult to achieve as environmental conditions differ considerably between water bodies. Therefore, optimal hatching conditions for ephippial eggs originating from shallow temporary waters may differ from those found in large lakes. The aim of our study was to compare the optimal thermal conditions for hatching ephippial eggs of Daphnia found in permanent lakes and those from shallow temporary ponds. We used ephippial eggs of Daphnia from the longispina species complex originating from two temporary city ponds and two deep lakes in Poland. The ephippia were protected against overheating at all stages of the field and laboratory work to prevent activation or killing of the eggs. After a refractory period (imposed storage in cool and dark conditions), ephippia were incubated at six different temperatures (6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 °C) under a 16:8 L:D light regime. Our results indicate that hatching of resting eggs of Daphnia that inhabit lakes or ponds may require different thermal conditions. The hatching success of ephippial eggs originating from temporary waters was relatively high (30–56%) at all tested incubation temperatures, while for the ephippial eggs from the deep lakes it was lower (7–37%) and inversely related to water temperature. The divergent hatching responses of the ephippial eggs originating from temporary pools and lakes may reflect the typical thermal conditions during hatching in their native habitats. While in the deep lakes of the temperate zone Daphnia hatching typically occurs during the low water temperatures of early spring, in shallow ponds Daphnia hatching may occur throughout the year at varying water temperatures, from a few to over a dozen degrees Celsius.     

Patterns in rotifer diapausing egg banks: Density and viability

Here we present a quantitative study on the density, age and viability of the diapausing egg banks of the rotifer species complex Brachionus plicatilis in the sediments of 15 water bodies from Eastern Spain. Sampled ponds, located in coastal and inland areas, varied in salinity and ranged in size, depth and permanence. By identifying ‘hatched’, ‘deteriorated’ and ‘viable’ diapausing eggs in the sediment samples, we estimated production, hatching and deterioration in relation to the habitat properties of each pond. Our results indicate the presence of large numbers of diapausing eggs in the sediments of almost all of the ponds studied (2-115 eggs cm^− 2). Inland ponds tended to have higher densities than coastal lagoons. The vertical distribution of eggs in the sediments frequently showed a non-decreasing pattern, which suggested a high among-year variation in egg production. Despite maximum age of eggs of 60-80 years, the median age (3-30 years) suggests that rotifer egg banks are young in the studied ponds. Egg senescence is suggested by the declining abundance of ‘healthy-looking’ eggs with depth. The proportion of ‘deteriorated’ eggs ranged 75-99% suggesting that deterioration rates in the sediments are high and vary among habitats. Hatching and deterioration rates, as estimated from the counts of ‘hatched’, ‘deteriorated’ and ‘healthy-looking’ eggs in the sediments, largely varied among ponds. An association between hatching and deterioration rates is suggested by our data. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that hatching rates of diapausing eggs depended not only on the risks associated with the water column, as initially expected by the general theory on diapause, but they are also related to the incidence of deterioration processes in the sediment.