鄱阳湖浅碟湖泊沉水植物冬芽的分布及对植食水鸟的食物贡献

沉水植物的冬芽是植食性水鸟在越冬期的重要食物。鄱阳湖是长江中下游地区极为重要的水鸟越冬地,了解沉水植物冬芽的空间分布及其对越冬植食性水鸟的食物贡献可为水鸟保护提供科学依据。2012年10月和2013年4月,采用样方法调查了鄱阳湖典型蝶形湖泊(沙湖)内沉水植物冬芽的种类、密度和空间分布。调查共记录到两种沉水植物冬芽,分别为刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)和罗氏轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata var.rosburghii)冬芽。10月份两种冬芽的密度分别为(9.53!1.73)个/m2和(25.78!3.97)个/m2,显著高于4月份的密度(2.52!0.91)个/m2和(4.76!1.17)个/m2(Z=3.712,P0.01;Z=5.738,P0.01);10月份两种植物冬芽的生物量(干重)分别为(3.07!0.65)g/m2和(5.43!0.75)g/m2,也显著高于4月份平均生物量(0.89!0.35)g/m2和(2.21!0.59)g/m2(Z=3.118,P0.01;Z=3.821,P0.01)。10月份罗氏轮叶黑藻冬芽密度显著高于刺苦草冬芽密度(Z=3.466,P0.01),但4月份两种冬芽密度之间无显著差异(Z=1.677,P=0.09)。丰水期(4—9月)能形成冬芽的两种沉水植物的平均水深分别为(2.63!0.15)m和(2.61!0.12)m。沙湖冬季刺苦草冬芽和罗氏轮叶黑藻冬芽是植食性水鸟的重要食物。估计水鸟越冬期在沙湖摄取两种植物冬芽约1.04×108个,共1.9×104kg。     

鄱阳湖四种水鸟的栖息地利用与水深和食物的关系

为了了解水深和食物资源对水鸟栖息地利用的影响,2012 ~ 2013年越冬期,采用样方法,对鄱阳湖沙湖的白鹤 (Grus leucogeranus)、小天鹅 (Cygnus columbianus)、东方白鹳 (Ciconia boyciana) 和白琵鹭 (Platalea leucorodia) 4种水鸟的数量、觅食地和休息地的水深以及主要食物——沉水植物冬芽的密度和生物量进行了调查。每个样方为150 m? 150 m的栅格,全湖共设置152个样方。结果显示,10月份沉水植物冬芽的平均水深为 (124.2 ± 12.0) cm。4种水鸟觅食地的水深均显著高于其休息地的水深 (白鹤：Z = 11.96, 小天鹅：Z = 4.69, 东方白鹳：Z = 14.44, 白琵鹭：Z = 29.33, 所有P < 0.01);对于2种食冬芽的水鸟,白鹤觅食地的水深、冬芽生物量、取食深度以及休息地水深均显著低于小天鹅 (觅食地水深: Z = 8.56, 冬芽生物量: Z = 2.93, 取食深度: Z = 14.69, 休息地水深: Z = 4.34, 所有P < 0.05),但两者觅食地的冬芽密度差异不显著 (Z = 0.6, P = 0.55);对于2种食鱼性水鸟,东方白鹳觅食地水深、取食深度和休息地水深均显著大于白琵鹭 (觅食地水深: Z = 10.60; 取食深度: Z = 9.35; 休息地水深: Z = 8.47, 所有P < 0.01)。回归分析表明,白鹤、东方白鹳、白琵鹭的觅食个体数量均与水深呈二次项关系,个体数量最大的觅食地水深分别为23.9 cm,33.0 cm和22.6 cm;白鹤、小天鹅的觅食个体数量均与冬芽生物量呈线性关系。3种涉禽均只能分布在一定的水深范围内,且同种食性的水鸟利用不同的水深从而减少在空间生态位的重叠。     

鄱阳湖越冬水鸟种群变化动态

鄱阳湖是东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线上重要的越冬地,开展鄱阳湖越冬水鸟种群变化动态研究,对指导鄱阳湖湿地生境管理,尤其是水位管控具有重要意义。2005～2007年的越冬季节,我们对鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内3个重要湖泊(大湖池、沙湖和梅西湖)的越冬水鸟种群变化动态进行了调查,调查时间为每年10月至次年4月。3年共记录到水鸟53种,隶属于7目13科。3个越冬季节中单个调查日种类的最低值为9种,最高为31种。鄱阳湖越冬水鸟从10月上旬开始出现,在11月份鸟类数量急剧增加,在12月上旬和中旬达到数量峰值,然后开始缓慢减少,至4月初仅有少于1%的鸟类还停留在监测区域。在鄱阳湖要继续深入开展越冬候鸟空间分布动态变化的研究,分析水文节律变化对越冬鸟类生境的潜在影响,并深入研究气候因子与鄱阳湖越冬水鸟迁徙的关系。     

水位变动影响下三峡库区汉丰湖鸟类群落及多样性

受三峡水库夏落冬涨的水位调控方式影响,位于三峡库区腹心的重庆开州区汉丰湖形成22.5m水位落差。为了解汉丰湖鸟类群落结构与动态水位变化之间的响应关系,2015年3月—2016年2月对汉丰湖鸟类群落结构及多样性进行了调查。共记录鸟类97种,隶属12目32科,其中湿地鸟类49种,主要包括雁鸭类(18种)、鸻鹬类(13种)、鹭类(7种)及秧鸡类(5种)。研究表明:受水位变化影响,鸟类群落结构及其多样性变化显著。夏季(8月)低水位期(水位高程152.50m),鸟种数最高,为34种,Shannon-Wiener指数最高;肉食性鸟与食虫鸟是主要取食功能群;与夏季低水位期生境类型多样、消落带植物正处于生长旺盛期、食物资源丰富有关,是雀形目鸟类、鹭类、秧鸡类等适宜的栖息地。冬季(12月)高水位期(水位高程174.50m),鸟种数为30种,Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度指数均最低,植食性鸟类是主要的取食功能群,鸟类数量最高;与冬季高水位期水面开阔、生境类型单一有关,高水位期的大水面有利于鸭类集群越冬。冬季在退水期(水位高程170.01m),水位下降导致汉丰湖生境结构变化,越冬鸟类数量和物种丰度降低,空间分布格局也随之变化。鸟类是三峡水库生物多样性的重要组成部分,为保护和提升三峡水库生物多样性,恢复和营造鸟类栖息地,应针对繁殖鸟和越冬水鸟的功能需求进行生态设计。     

基于遥感反演预测“引江济淮”工程对菜子湖越冬水鸟栖息地的影响

菜子湖位于“东亚-澳大利西亚”候鸟迁徙路线上, 为越冬水鸟提供重要的栖息地。“引江济淮”工程拟通过菜子湖调引长江水, 向巢湖和淮河输送水资源。工程实施后, 菜子湖冬季水位将明显抬升, 改变原有自然节律, 导致湿地景观格局发生重大变化, 可能对在此越冬的水鸟产生重要影响。结合遥感影像、水位季节动态及野外水鸟调查, 分析不同水位时各类湿地景观斑块的分布及面积, 预测工程实施后湖泊水位变化对越冬水鸟栖息地的影响。2016年和2017年两次同步调查共记录到水鸟49450只, 隶属于6目12科42种。菜子湖水位和湿地景观格局具有明显的季节动态, 10月份水位开始下降, 暴露多种湿地景观斑块, 泥滩和草滩面积随水位下降而增加, 为多种越冬水鸟提供觅食地。泥滩和草滩的分布具有空间异质性, 越冬水鸟的空间分布与此相适应。“引江济淮”工程实施后, 菜子湖冬季水位较高, 导致大量泥滩和草滩不能暴露, 越冬水鸟栖息地丧失严重, 如东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)(EN)、白鹤(Grus leucogeranus) (CR)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)(UV)和鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)(UV)等濒危物种。为降低工程对越冬水鸟栖息地的影响, 建议工程实施后菜子湖越冬期水位应不超过11.5米。     

不同水位下拟建鄱阳湖水利枢纽对食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性的影响研究

鄱阳湖为亚洲最大的候鸟栖息地,近十余年发生了枯水期提前且延长及湖区生态环境日益恶化的问题,对于此问题江西政府提出了一种科学的工程措施--鄱阳湖水利枢纽（简称枢纽）。然而,枢纽对越冬候鸟栖息地的影响尚无定量研究。以鄱阳湖食块茎鸟类--白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）、白枕鹤（Grus vipio）和小天鹅（Cygnus columbianus）的栖息地为研究对象,利用3S技术结合生态学知识,在ArcGIS平台上搭建了食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性评价模型,使用二维水动力模型联合适宜性评价模型,生成鄱阳湖在兴建枢纽前、后的食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性分布图。选取工程调度时期水位相对稳定时段,以鄱阳湖无枢纽状态下星子水位为基础,探究鄱阳湖在不同水位时,有拟建枢纽和无拟建枢纽状态下食块茎鸟类的栖息地适宜性的变化,定量分析拟建枢纽对候鸟栖息地适宜性造成的影响。研究发现：枢纽的调度规则具有一定的科学性,水位调度方案对湖泊食块茎鸟类越冬初期栖息产生的影响较小,但会牺牲一部分越冬后期适合食块茎鸟类栖息的区域。拟建枢纽选址处至都昌站的食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性受枢纽的负面影响最为显著,各级自然保护区之中,北部省级候鸟自然保护区受其负面影响最大,此保护区将减少18.01-39.80 km²适合食块茎鸟类栖息的面积。但是枢纽的运行能增加湖泊土壤水含量,使食块茎鸟类更易于觅食,且能增加喜食块茎鸟类的食物丰富度。本研究可为为今后鄱阳湖湖区水环境规划和水生态管理维护提供一定的科学参考。     

鄱阳湖越冬雁类食源植被适宜取食时间窗口

雁类是长江中下游越冬水鸟的优势种群,以苔草(Carex spp)等湿生植被为主要食物来源。作为长江中下游仅存的通江湖泊之一,鄱阳湖显著受到水文波动的影响,湿地植被的生长发育与洲滩淹没和出露时间密切相关。雁类对食物资源具有高度的选择性,建立雁类取食植被的特征和苔草生长过程之间的关系,是刻画适宜栖息地时空分布范围,开展雁类及其食物资源保育的关键。选择鄱阳湖典型子湖泊常湖池作为研究区,对苔草春季生长期开展了原位观测试验,对4个高程梯度的苔草株高和生物量等关键生长因子进行了12次野外监测和采样。同时,结合遥感影像、气温数据及实地观测记录,确定了4个高程梯度洲滩的出露时间和苔草有效生长时间。在此基础上,建立了基于Logistic方程的苔草株高和生物量的生长过程曲线。并根据实地观测的雁类觅食苔草的特征,反推得到雁类适宜取食苔草的时间窗口。结果表明:苔草株高与地上生物量显著正相关,水文条件和气温是影响苔草生长的关键因素,而退水时间的推迟,会导致生长期缩短和低温限制下的有效生长时间减少,影响雁类食物资源的分布。苔草在秋季生长期出露达到12—28 d,而在春季生长期出露达到83—182 d时适宜雁类取食。研究提出了确定越冬雁类苔草适宜取食时间窗口的方法,证实洲滩退水时间推迟超过20 d,苔草生长节律将难以匹配雁类数量峰值期觅食的需要。本研究对鄱阳湖湿地水文调控和湿地资源管理具有重要意义。     

鄱阳湖越冬白鹤觅食地特征分析

2008年11月至2009年3月,采用样线法、样方法和因子分析法对鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区越冬白鹤(Grus leucogranus)觅食地特征进行了研究。结果表明,白鹤在保护区的分布具有时空动态性,主要受水位和食物的控制;白鹤对不同类型觅食地具有选择性(P0.05),对沉水植物型觅食地,即以苦草(Vallisneria natans)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)为主的沉水植物型生境利用度最大;白鹤各型觅食地各因子的方差分析表明,植被因子具有极显著差异(P0.001),基底因子和掘食因子具有显著差异(P0.05);因子分析表明,觅食地选择以取食效率因子为主,其次是基底因子和食物丰富度因子。     

鄱阳湖非繁殖期水鸟的微生境利用及对水位的响应

为了解鄱阳湖水鸟的微生境利用及对水位的响应,2014年10月—2015年4月采用样点法对鄱阳湖5个区域52个样点的水鸟数量和微生境利用进行了调查。结果表明:小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)、鹤鹬(Tringa erythropus)和白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)等8种水鸟以浅水生境为主,豆雁(Anser fabalis)、鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)和赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)以浅水和草洲生境为主,白额雁(Anser albifrons)和灰鹤(Grus grus)以草洲生境为主,白骨顶(Fulica atra)和凤头??(Podiceps cristatus)以深水生境为主,红嘴鸥(Larus ridibundus)和小??(Tachybaptus ruficollis)以深水和浅水生境为主。通过分析水鸟数量与星子站水位的关系表明:鄱阳湖水鸟总数量与水位呈负相关,鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区吴城片区、都昌候鸟省级自然保护区和进贤区域在水位为8 m左右出现水鸟数量高峰,而鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区恒丰片区、南矶湿地国家级自然保护区和东鄱阳湖湿地公园在水位为10~12m时数量最多;各区域水位与不同科及不同种水鸟的分布数量主要呈负相关,??科水鸟因潜水取食需要一定水深,其分布数量与水位在一些区域呈显著正相关。     

安徽沿江浅水湖泊越冬水鸟群落的集团结构

长江中下游湖泊是越冬水鸟的重要栖息地,随着湖泊渔业养殖强度的不断加大,湖泊湿地严重退化,水鸟的越冬生态受到影响。为揭示长江中下游浅水湖泊越冬水鸟对湿地资源的利用特征,2008年12月至2009年3月,通过扫描取样法采集安徽省长江沿江升金湖、菜子湖和武昌湖3个浅水湖泊30种越冬水鸟的取食行为百分比数据,利用聚类分析法对越冬水鸟进行集团划分,并采用无倾向对应法(DCA)分析越冬水鸟的取食特征。聚类分析结果表明,安庆沿江湖泊越冬水鸟群落可分为4个集团,即深水取食集团G1、挖掘和啄取集团G2、浅水取食集团G3和泥滩拾取集团G4。G2集团的鸟种最多,共有13种,优势种为鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)、豆雁(Anser fabalis);G3集团次之,共6种,优势种为小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia);G4集团共5种,优势种为黑腹滨鹬(Calidris alpina)、鹤鹬(Tringa erythropus)和红脚鹬(Tringa totanus);G1集团水鸟种类有6种。这些水鸟的觅食生境主要在湖泊滩涂和浅水区域,其食物资源的可利用性和觅食对策共同决定群落组成结构。DCA分析表明,取食方式及取食时运动方式组成的觅食对策决定了集团食物资源的分割,草滩中取食鸟类主要采用静止取食和啄取方式,泥滩取食集团主要采取拾取及奔-停取食,深水区取食集团则主要采用潜水方式取食,因此,维持湖泊不同区域的丰富食物资源对于保护湖泊丰富的水鸟资源具有重要意义。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.