北京及邻近地区蛇类存疑种分布及讨论

本研究基于前人对北京及邻近地区蛇类的基础调查文献进行总结,并于2010—2016年,多次对北京及邻近地区进行蛇类资源调查。本研究根据调查结果和现有文献对北京蛇类多样性资源予以初步总结,并对部分存疑物种进行讨论。其中,黑头剑蛇Sibynophis chinensis曾被认为是人为引入的物种,但本研究证实其应为原生种;北京地区所纪录的"中介蝮"实际应为2个不同种,分别为华北蝮G.stejnegeri和西伯利亚蝮指名亚种G.halys halys;乌苏里蝮G.ussuriensis系误记,应为短尾蝮G.brevicaudus。     

亚洲蝮属两种的种下分类研究(蛇亚目:蝮亚科)

对分布在辽东半岛和山东半岛的“黑眉”蝮蛇,依据Ｍａｙｒ（１９５３）两个样本间平均数比较的亚种划分的经典方法,进行分类学研究,辽东半岛半蛇岛蝮应为：蛇岛蝮千山亚种Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓｈｅｄａｏｅｎｓｉｓ ｑｉａｎｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｓｐ;ｎｏｖ．山东半岛产岩栖蝮为：岩栖蝮长岛亚种Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ ｃｈａｎｇｄａｏｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｓｐ;ｎｏｖ．。     

蝰科(Viperidae)蝮亚科(Crotalinae)线粒体12S rRNA基因序列分析及其系统发育

对蝮亚科(蛇岛蝮Gloydius shedaoensis Zhao、黑眉蝮Gloydius saxatilis Emelianov、乌苏里蝮Gloydius ussurriensis Emelianov、竹叶青Trimeresurus stejnegeri Schmidt 和分别来自不同地区的尖吻蝮Deinagkistrodon acutus Guenther、短尾蝮Gloydius brevicaudus Stejneger各两条)6种蛇共8个个体测定、分析了约370bp线粒体12S rRNA基因序列,以游蛇科链蛇属半棱鳞链蛇Dinodon semicarinatus 序列为外群构建分子系统树.分子数据结果支持尖吻蝮形态学的属级分类地位;提示蛇岛蝮位于黑眉蝮的蛇岛亚种分类地位,同时探讨了蛇岛蝮的起源问题;并提示短尾蝮和乌苏里蝮同位于种级分类地位.     

华北地区的短尾蝮分类地位的确定及短尾蝮种下分类的探讨

华北地区的短尾蝮的鼻间鳞形状和斑纹与东北地区短尾蝮Gloydius brevicaudus和日本蝮G. blomhoffii相似,鳞片变化范围也有很大重合.尽管不少学者对此进行过研究,但它们的分类地位尚有争议.作者对中国产蝮亚科Crotalinae亚洲蝮属Gloydius乌苏里蝮G. ussuriensis、东北地区短尾蝮G. brevicaudus、长江中下游地区短尾蝮和华北地区短尾蝮共4个居群12个个体测定了约660 bp线粒体ND4基因序列,并从GenBank下载了日本产日本蝮3个个体的ND4基因序列,以尖吻蝮属Deinagkistrodon的尖吻蝮D. acutus和白头蝰属Azemiops的白头蝰A. feae序列为外群,用最大简约法构建分子系统进化树.结果 显示,亚洲蝮属的岩栖蝮G. saxatilis、中介蝮G. intereidius和高原蝮G. strauchii与日本蝮、乌苏里蝮和短尾蝮聚成姐妹群;乌苏里蝮与日本蝮聚集, 3个地区的短尾蝮聚集,且3个地区的短尾蝮不成单系,支持华北地区的短尾蝮不是日本蝮的结论.作者认为,华北地区的短尾蝮是短尾蝮的一个居群,而不是其亚种;短尾蝮暂不分亚种.     

我国学者对亚洲蝮属蝮蛇分类研究的贡献

本文对我国学者对亚洲蝮属蝮蛇的分类学研究贡献,尤其是新物种的发现、描述及研究简史进行了总结。该属主要分布于亚洲,共计22种。蝮蛇是我国重要的传统中药材和现代生物医药资源,对其分类和生物学认识是资源开发和蛇伤治疗方面的基础。1979年以来,我国学者对我国该属的分类问题做了大量卓有成效的研究工作,在我国目前已知的16种亚洲蝮属蝮蛇中,有8个种和1个亚种为我国学者发现并描述,它们分别是蛇岛蝮(含指名亚种和千山亚种)、秦岭蝮、六盘山蝮、长岛蝮、庙岛蝮、红斑高山蝮、诺尔盖蝮和澜沧蝮。此外,近年来还进一步通过对西伯利亚蝮-中介蝮复合种的研究,发现我国北方一直被认为的中介蝮应该是西伯利亚蝮指名亚种、华北蝮和阿拉善蝮。最后,总结了我国分布的16种蝮蛇的名录和分布信息。     

蝮亚科蛇线粒体细胞色素b基因序列分析及其系统发育

对中国产蝮亚科（Crotaline)亚洲蝮属（Gloydius)6种蛇（其中短属蝮取自两个不同地区）[短尾蝮Gloydius brevicaudus (Stejneger).黑眉蝮Gloydius saxatilis(Emelianov),蛇岛蝮Gloydius shedaoensis(Zhao),雪山蝮Gloydius strauchii(Bedriaga),高原蝮Gloydius strauchii monticola monticlal (Werner),乌苏里蝮Gloydius ussurriensis(Emelianov)]与竹叶青属竹叶青蛇Trimeresurus stejnegeri Schmidt共7种蛇8个个体测定了789bp或744bp线粒体细胞色素b基因序列,用MEGA1．02软件分析了其碱基组成及变异情况,以游蛇科链蛇属半棱鳞链蛇Dinodon semicarinatus序列为外群,用PAUP4．0b2软件构建最简约分子系统树,结果显示,竹叶青蛇在全部受试物种中处于原始地位,分布于东北地区的蛇岛蝮,乌苏里蝮,黑眉蝮与浙江与陕西产的短尾蝮所组成的分枝与横断山区的高原蝮,雪山蝮聚集形居的分枝组成姐妹群,支持分布于中国境内的亚洲蝮属蛇种的两个起源及分化地的假说,同时探讨了蝮蛇的分类地位问题。     

中国蝮蛇头骨形态比较及分类学讨论

目前,我国蝮蛇某些种类的分类仍存在不同见解,对蝮蛇类群的分类主要集中在外部形态的比较,而较少涉及内部结构的研究.因此,本文对我国13个地区的8种(亚种)共26号蝮蛇的头骨进行了比较解剖.以头骨特征为依据,对岩栖蝮Agkistrodon saxatilis、乌苏里蝮A.ussurensis、蛇岛蝮A.shedaoensis、短尾蝮A brevicaudus、秦岭蝮A.qinlingensis等的有效性及分类地位进行了讨论;同时对尖吻蝮Deinagkistrodon acutus的骨骼形态与其他种类也进行了比较,认为它们在谱系上应代表两个不同的类型,将它们分隶于蝮属Agkistrodon和尖吻蝮属Deinagkistrodon是合理的.还以头骨形态特征为依据对8种蝮蛇编制了检索表.     

河北兴隆县雾灵山蝮蛇分类地位的探讨

河北兴隆县的蝮蛇分类问题,以往有国外学者进行过报道.国内文献记载河北省只分布有一种蝮蛇即短尾蝮.2006年实地考察和饲养观察研究发现,雾灵山的蝮蛇不是同一种,而是两种蝮蛇.它们的形态、分布和习性均不同,依照中国动物志爬行纲第三卷鉴定,分别为短尾蝮和中介蝮,从而恢复了河北省中介蝮分布的纪录.     

我国不同地区蝮蛇脑的比较

脊椎动物的脑,在其复杂的生活中,起着十分重要的作用。比较分析不同种(亚种)或同种不同居群动物脑的异同,可能有助于丰富和提高我们对这些动物的认识。 关于我国蛇类脑的解剖及比较,尚未见报道。蝮蛇Agkistrodon blomhoffii(Boie)在我国有三个亚种,其中的中介亚种现作为独立的种。蛇岛蝮Agkistrodon shedaoensis Zhao为近年订名的一新种。本文报道不同地区的蝮蛇及蛇岛蝮脑的比较。     

蛇岛蝮蛇生态的观察

蝮蛇(Agkistrodon halys)为我国分布最广的一种毒蛇,除青、藏、滇及两广外,各省区均有发现。这种蛇不仅数量多,毒性较强,常常伤害人畜,影响劳动力和战备,并且也是用途颇广的药材。因此,无论在其利用或蛇伤防治上,对它的生态都有研究的必要,但这方面的工作报道不多,而且全是关于蝮蛇的短尾亚种(A.h.brevicaudus)的。本文所观察的为蛇岛的蝮蛇,属于中介亚种(A.h.intermedius),分布在我国秦岭以北广大地区及东北三省。蛇岛位于渤海口,其上盛产     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Similar aerosol emission rates and viral loads in upper respiratory tracts for COVID-19 patients with Delta and Omicron variant infection

Highlights
1 Aerosol emission rates of Delta or Omicron patients were similar.
2 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of Alpha, Delta and Omicron patients were similar.
3 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of vaccinated or unvaccinated Delta patients had no difference.     

Recombinant human interferon-α1b inhibits SARS-CoV-2 better than interferon-α2b in vitro

Highlights
1) A comprehensive evaluation method for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs was established based on RT-qPCR, TCID₅₀ method, and immunofluorescence.
2) A significant antiviral effect of rHuIFN-α1b was shown with EC₅₀=0.12 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=0.52 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells, which was better than rHuIFN-α2b (EC₅₀=0.25 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=2.48 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells).
3) rHuIFN-α1b has a good potential in the application of anti-COVID-19 therapy.