甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源调查与分析

调查、收集甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源,为甘肃抗逆农作物种质资源保护、研究、利用提供基础材料。2011～2013年采用查阅文献、访问和实地调查相结合的方法,对分布在甘肃干旱地区18个县(市、区)、48个乡(镇)、81个行政村的抗逆农作物种质资源的保存及利用现状进行了调查,并对种质进行了收集。共收集到粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜及野生资源材料845份,分属16科46属62种,其中抗旱种质27份,耐盐碱种质4份,高抗锈病种质14份。 本文对调查地区抗逆农作物种质资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源的保护、开发和利用进行了讨论。     

山东省沿海地区农作物种质资源调查与分析

2008年至2011年对分布在山东省沿海地区34个县（市、区）82个乡（镇）132个行政村的农作物种质资源进行了调查,共收集粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜、果树地方品种及野生资源材料848份,分属15科39属54种。本文对调查地区农作物种质资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对山东省沿海地区农作物种质资源的保护、开发和利用进行了讨论。     

广西猫儿山及其周边地区农作物种质资源收集与多样性分析

广西地处我国南疆,北回归线横贯其中部,属亚热带季风气候区,雨水丰沛,光照充足,自然条件优越,生物多样性水平居全国前列,其生物资源具有数量多、分布广、特异性突出等特点,是水稻、玉米、甘蔗、大豆、热带果树、蔬菜、食用菌、花卉等种质资源的重要分布地和重要的区域多样性中心。广西农业科学院于2015-2019年对广西猫儿山及其周边的10个县(市、区)进行了农作物种质资源的调查和收集,共收集685份农作物种质资源,包括蔬菜296份,粮食作物219份,经济作物164份,果树6份,隶属于18科36属57种,其中地方品种511份,野生资源172份,国内引进品种2份。同时,通过对所收集资源的综合分析,明确了广西猫儿山及其周边地区的农作物种质资源的种类、分布及其特点,蔬菜主要在灵川县、灌阳县收集最多,粮食作物主要在恭城县收集最多,经济作物主要在荔浦市、恭城县、灵川县收集较多,果树资源收集相对较少,收集的资源以地方品种为主,野生资源较少,种植年代长的引进品种极少。并提出了该地区作物种质资源保护、开发和利用的建议。     

广西十万大山农作物种质资源调查收集及多样性分析

广西十万大山是重要的生物多样性富集地,研究广西十万大山农作物种质资源多样性,对保护当地重要农作物种质资源和挖掘优良基因具有十分重要的意义。本研究以"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"收集的各类种质资源为对象,整理和分析十万大山农作物种质资源的种类、分布及其多样性。结果表明:在十万大山收集的181份农作物种质资源中,包括粮食作物78份、经济作物53份、蔬菜39份、果树11份,隶属于22科39属44种;按种质类型包括地方品种资源146份、野生资源35份。针对广西十万大山受产业发展不平衡和现代农作物种植结构调整的影响,导致农作物种质资源急剧减少、许多优异种质资源濒临消失的现状,建议实施异位保存和原生境保护相结合的策略,并通过加快资源鉴定评价与开发利用,促进当地优异种质资源在乡村振兴和经济建设中的可持续利用。     

浙江地方瓠瓜种质资源的表型鉴定与遗传多样性分析

"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"浙江项目组共新收集到瓠瓜地方种质资源51份。本研究对该51份瓠瓜种质进行田间种植鉴定,共调查了15个主要农艺性状,发现这批种质在多个性状上变异丰富;基于农艺性状的聚类分析将这批种质分为3个类群,其中第I类群的综合农艺性状表现优异,可直接或间接开发利用。利用22个瓠瓜核心SNP分子标记对这批种质进行基因型鉴定,基于基因型的聚类分析和群体结构分析均将这批种质划分为2大类群,发现类群分布主要与种质资源的地理位置相关。综合比较2种种质资源聚类分析方法,认为在二者并非完全吻合的情况下,采用分子标记的方法区分种质资源更加准确和客观。本研究结果为瓠瓜地方种质资源的开发利用提供了理论依据。     

广西玉米种质资源系统调查与收集

"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"广西项目组从2015年11月至2018年7月,采用访问和实地调查相结合的方法,对广西53个县(区)、71个乡(镇)、190个村(屯)的农作物种质资源现状及利用情况进行了系统调查,并对种质资源进行了收集,共收集和征集玉米地方品种资源308份,鉴定评价玉米资源270份。对收集的玉米资源分布特点进行分析,结果表明广西玉米地方品种主要分布于桂西北和桂北地区,桂东和桂东南分布较少。凌云、乐业、田林、凤山、东兰5县最集中。垂直分布结果显示:玉米地方品种分布最集中的区域为海拔400～800 m的中高海拔山区,占收集总数的39.6%。农艺性状初步鉴定结果:收集的玉米资源数量最多的是糯玉米,籽粒颜色最多的是白粒。鉴定评价获得墨白玉米、九节黄、珍珠糯玉米、忻城白糯、隆安爆玉米和天等爆玉米等6份玉米资源,分别在抗病虫、抗逆、品质等方面有优良的表现,对种质改良,选育高产、优质、广适的新品种有较高的利用价值。本文对收集到的玉米资源种类及利用价值进行了评价,对调查地区玉米地方品种现状、消长情况及原因进行了分析,并对广西玉米地方品种保护和开发利用进行了讨论,为广西玉米种质资源的发掘和创新利用提供参考依据。     

广东省水稻种质资源系统收集与鉴定评价

2016-2018年"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"广东省项目组对省内59个县(市、区)的水稻地方品种资源进行了系统调查与收集,共收集到水稻资源269份,并对其中的261份进行了鉴定评价.调查发现,收集到的水稻地方品种资源基本遍布整个广东地区,在珠三角周边的深圳市、东莞市、中山市和珠海市等4个地级市未收集到水...     

江西蔬菜种质资源调查收集与优异资源发掘

以"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"为契机,对江西省27个县(市、区)的402个村开展地方蔬菜种质资源的系统调查与收集,共收集到1817份蔬菜资源。通过对收集到的蔬菜地方品种资源的分布特点及其特异性分析,从抗病、抗逆、商品性、加工功能等不同方面筛选出10份优异地方蔬菜种质资源。通过接种鉴定评价,从本次收集的5份江西地方古老品种中筛选出高抗枯萎病的苦瓜种质资源3份。为蔬菜新品种选育和基础研究提供了丰富的物质基础及其信息。     

重庆部分地区的种质资源调查荞麦篇

"第三次全国农作物种质资源调查与收集"重庆项目组,于2015年10月至11月初在重庆市巫山县、奉节县和石柱县3个县开展了农业生物资源的系统调查,通过深入村社和农户,调查了解作物种类与品种多样性情况,收集和挖掘古老、特有和稀少种质资源。本次调查共收集到农作物地方品种和野生近缘植物种质资源341份,其中粮油作物136份、蔬菜86份、果树57份、茶树5份、烟草22份、牧草30份、麻类5份。本文重点介绍在粮油作物中的荞麦种质资源调查和资源收集情况,在收集到的19份荞麦资源中,既有珍稀、古老的地方品种,也包括特有野生资源。荞麦承载了彝族等少数民族的文化内涵,随着现代农业的发展,荞麦的古老、珍稀和特有种质资源正在流失,建议相关部门因地制宜,在发展现代农业生产的同时,采取必要的经济措施,对古老、珍稀和特有的荞麦种质资源,进行农户或原生境保护,为进一步开发利用提供种质资源基础。     

热带牧草种质圃资源收集、保存及分发利用研究

简述了农业部儋州热带牧草种质圃概况,介绍了热带牧草种质资源收集、保存及分发利用状况。截止到2013年底,共收集国内外热带牧草种质7760份,先后从中选育出22个牧草及饲料作物新品种通过全国牧草品审会审定。圃内无性繁殖材料活体保存草种质1552份,隶属3科68属202种,其中禾本科牧草种质有60属186种,豆科牧草资源有6属42种,莎草科有4属5种,引进种质有378份。每年向国内外相关科研院所、大专院校及企业和个人提供实物草种质材料300余份,提供种质数据信息400余条,指出了今后热带牧草种质圃在热带牧草资源收集、保存、分发利用方面的研究重点和研究方向。     

Dynamic Management of Maize Landraces in Central Mexico

Conservationists of crop genetic resources have feared that in situ conservation was not viable for agriculture precisely because of changes resulting from introduction of new varieties of existing crops, new crops, and new farm practices. In addition, conservation within farming systems necessarily implies a constantly changing crop population resulting from the processes of crop evolution. Even though in situ conservation of crop genetic resources is now generally understood to be dynamic, there are few examples of how evolution takes place in farmers fields. This study describes several changes in maize landraces in four communities along an altitude transect in Central Mexico (1200 to 2400 masl). While true modern varieties have not been widely adopted in the study region, farmer management results in numerous changes in maize landrace populations. Five types of dynamic management were observed: (1) purposeful hybridization between traditional and modern maize types, (2) possible creation of a new maize landrace by directional selection of the progeny of hybridization between two traditional landraces, (3) displacement of a local landrace by the introduction of a modern variety and a non-local landrace, (4) maintenance of stable populations of a locally dominant landrace, and (5) market-driven selection for a minor variety. We concur that in situ conservation of crops must be conceived as an open process where the objective is not to maintain historic varieties or static genetic conditions. Rather, in situ conservation of crops is totally in the hands of the farmer, although interventions may be designed to influence farmers’ management of agrobiodiversity.     

Heritage genetics for adaptation to marginal soils in barley

Future crops need to be sustainable in the face of climate change. Modern barley varieties have been bred for high productivity and quality; however, they have suffered considerable genetic erosion, losing crucial genetic diversity. This renders modern cultivars vulnerable to climate change and stressful environments. We highlight the potential to tailor crops to a specific environment by utilising diversity inherent in an adapted landrace population. Tapping into natural biodiversity, while incorporating information about local environmental and climatic conditions, allows targeting of key traits and genotypes, enabling crop production in marginal soils. We outline future directions for the utilisation of genetic resources maintained in landrace collections to support sustainable agriculture through germplasm development via the use of genomics technologies and big data.     

Analysis of genetic diversity among persimmon cultivars using microsatellite markers

In the Mediterranean area, the production of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thumb) [2n = 6x = 90] has increased recently as an alternative to the major fruit crops. In Spain, production relies almost exclusively on the cultivar “Rojo Brillante” which accounts for 83% of the crop. A crop based on a monovarietal culture implies several commercial risks that can compromise the future of the crop. Although the species was introduced in Europe very recently, it is well adapted to the climate of southern Europe. However, the recent introduction from Japan, the mistakes on the identity of varieties in the collections due to a bad translation of variety names from Japanese, and the lack of genetic characterization of many varieties have caused difficulties for effective management of the available genetic resources. The present paper was aimed at exploring the genetic diversity among different persimmon cultivars, including those collected in the European survey as well as Japanese cultivars. Seventy-one persimmon cultivars coming from two European collections that included accessions from Japan, Italy, and Spain were analyzed using 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers. A total of 206 alleles were obtained, with a mean value of 10.8 alleles per locus. A neighbor joining dendrogram and a principal coordinate analysis arranged the cultivars according to their genetic relationships. Analysis of molecular variance revealed significant genetic variability between and within groups, 73.3% and 85.2% for astringent-type and country origin, respectively. The simple sequence repeat markers classified the persimmon cultivars according to their genetic relationship.     

Analysis of >1000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in geographically matched samples of landrace and wild barley indicates secondary contact and chromosome-level differences in diversity around domestication genes

Barley is a model species for the investigation of the evolution, adaptation and spread of the world's important crops. In this article, we describe the first application of an oligonucleotide pool assay single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) platform to assess the evolution of barley in a portion of the Fertile Crescent, a key region in the development of farming. A large collection of >1000 genetically mapped, genome-wide SNPs was assayed in geographically matched landrace and wild barley accessions (N=448) from Jordan and Syria. Landrace and wild barley categories were clearly genetically differentiated, but a limited degree of secondary contact was evident. Significant chromosome-level differences in diversity between barley types were observed around genes known to be involved in the evolution of cultivars. The region of Jordan and southern Syria, compared with the north of Syria, was supported by SNP data as a more likely domestication origin. Our data provide evidence for hybridization as a possible mechanism for the continued adaptation of landrace barley under cultivation, indicate regions of the genome that may be subject to selection processes and suggest limited origins for the development of the cultivated crop.     

葫芦科蔬菜种质资源对南方根结线虫的抗性评价

根据不同种质的来源地、农艺性状等背景信息,从国家蔬菜种质资源中期库中选取具代表性的444份主要瓜类作物地方品种,分属葫芦科7个属的13个种或变种,采用病土接种法进行苗期根结线虫抗性鉴定,得出了不同葫芦科作物对南方根结线虫的抗性分布范围。忽略基因型差异,不同作物的平均病级指数从小到大的顺序为:冬瓜、西瓜、丝瓜、节瓜、苦瓜、越瓜、甜瓜、菜瓜、瓠瓜、黄瓜、中国南瓜、印度南瓜、美洲南瓜。通过抗性鉴定,共获得27份抗根结线虫种质(病级指数1~2),包括12份冬瓜、3份苦瓜、7份丝瓜和5份西瓜。     

Wheat gene bank accessions as a source of new alleles of the powdery mildew resistance gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pm3</Emphasis>: a large scale allele mining project

Background  

In the last hundred years, the development of improved wheat cultivars has led to the replacement of landraces and traditional varieties by modern cultivars. This has resulted in a decline in the genetic diversity of agriculturally used wheat. However, the diversity lost in the elite material is somewhat preserved in crop gene banks. Therefore, the gene bank accessions provide the basis for genetic improvement of crops for specific traits and and represent rich sources of novel allelic variation.     

Towards new sources of resistance to the currant-lettuce aphid (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nasonovia ribisnigri</Emphasis>)

Domesticated lettuce varieties encompass much morphological variation across a range of crop type groups, with large collections of cultivars and landrace accessions maintained in genebanks. Additional variation not captured during domestication, present in ancestral wild relatives, represents a potentially rich source of alleles that can deliver to sustainable crop production. However, these large collections are difficult and costly to screen for many agronomically important traits. In this paper, we describe the generation of a diversity collection of 96 lettuce and wild species accessions that are amenable to routine phenotypic analysis and their genotypic characterization with a panel of 682 newly developed expressed sequence tag (EST)-linked KASP? single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that are anchored to the draft Lactuca sativa genome assembly. To exemplify the utility of these resources, we screened the collection for putative sources of resistance to currant-lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri) and carried out association analyses to look for potential SNPs linked to resistance.     

High levels of genetic diversity throughout the range of the Portuguese wheat landrace 'Barbela'

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Landrace populations represent an important intra-crop reservoir of biodiversity and source of novel gene alleles for use in breeding programmes. Here the aim was to measure the diversity of a wheat landrace, 'Barbela', from the north of Portugal. METHODS: DNA was extracted from 59 accessions of Barbela collected across its geographical range. Diversity was measured by microsatellite length polymorphisms using 27 primer pairs amplifying 34 polymorphic microsatellite loci. KEY RESULTS: High levels of polymorphism were found, with an average polymorphism information content of 0.52; an average of 4.77 alleles (range 2-11) were present at each locus, and half of these loci showed an additional allele in the reference variety 'Chinese Spring'. CONCLUSIONS: 'Barbela' is maintained from seeds collected by farmers, but it maintains high allelic variation, and no groupings of accessions were detected when analysed by geographical region, farm or climate, indicating that the wheat landrace is a homogeneous entity. The diversity within the farmer-maintained landrace demonstrates the importance of characterization and maintenance of landrace collections before valuable genetic combinations are lost as uniform commercial crops are introduced.     

重庆地区玉米种质资源调查与收集

"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"重庆项目组于2015-2016年在重庆市石柱县、巫山县、巫溪县、城口县、奉节县、武隆县、秀山县、云阳县、潼南区、合川区、江津区和万盛经济技术开发区这12个重点区县75个乡镇的181个村开展了农作物资源的系统调查与收集,并向重庆市其他区县以普查的形式进行了优异资源的征集,通过这两种方式共收集到资源1379份,其中玉米地方品种122份。本文对收集到的重庆玉米地方品种资源的分布区域、特点和特异资源进行了整理和分析。从玉米资源的水平分布来看,收集的资源多分布于重庆的东北、南部和武陵山地区,中西部地区资源分布较少;从玉米资源的垂直分布来看,收集的资源多分布于800~1000 m的中山和1200~1600 m的高山地区。收集的玉米资源籽粒多为硬粒型,籽粒颜色多为白色。收集的特异玉米地方品种中,大籽黄高抗穗粒腐病;野鸡爪根系发达,具有极强的耐瘠性;铁籽白、青壳早、金黄早食用品质良好,具有良好的淀粉加工特性。这些资源对现代玉米品种在品质、抗逆性、适应性和营养高效利用等性状方面的改良具有较强的利用价值。     

In Situ conservation of maize in Mexico: Genetic diversity and Maize seed management in a traditional community

Results from a study of maize varieties and seed sources in a traditional community in Jalisco, Mexico, raise questions about the relationship between genetic erosion and the introduction of varieties. The relevance of models for in situ conservation of crop genetic resources based on geographical isolation of a community is discussed. The morphophenological diversity of local materials is shown to be enhanced by introductions of both improved cultivars and landraces from farmers in other communities. On the other hand, the geographical point of reference for defining “local” landrace is shown to be larger than the community itself. Farmers will classify seed obtained from other farmers in and outside the community as that of a local landrace if it resembles their own according to the phenotypic characteristics they use to distinguish varieties. Maize diversity in this community is then the result of a certain level of introduction of genetic material and not of geographical isolation.