乳源性复合益生菌促进db/db糖尿病小鼠白色脂肪棕色化的研究

目的研究乳源性复合益生菌对db/db糖尿病小鼠白色脂肪棕色化细胞因子解偶联蛋白1(UCP1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α(PGC1α)、R结构域蛋白16(PRDM16)表达的影响。方法将6周龄的SPF级db/db糖尿病雄性小鼠适应性喂养1周,随机分为糖尿病模型组、罗格列酮组及复合益生菌高剂量组和低剂量组,SC57BL/Ks雄性小鼠为正常对照组,每组8只。血糖仪检测不同时段空腹血糖(FBG)水平,ELISA法检测糖化血红蛋(HbA1c)含量,取各组小鼠皮下白色脂肪组织,HE染色观察脂肪组织形态,用Real time-PCR检测各组白色脂肪组织中UCP1、PGC1α、PRDM16 mRNA表达水平以及Western Blot检测各组脂肪组织中UCP1的表达。结果与模型组相比,复合益生菌组FBG、HbA1c水平明显下降,并且复合益生菌能够明显增加脂肪组织多室脂肪细胞数量,具有棕色化的趋向,并能够显著提高UCP1、PGC1α、PRDM16的mRNA表达和UCP1表达量。结论本研究发现乳源性复合益生菌能够促进白色脂肪棕色化从而改善胰岛素抵抗。     

乳源性复合益生菌对2型糖尿病大鼠GLP 1的影响及调控机制

目的观察乳源性复合益生菌对2型糖尿病大鼠胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon like peptide-1,GLP-1)的影响,并探讨其调控机制。方法采用高脂高糖饲养合并腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ, 35 mg/kg)建立糖尿病大鼠模型(T2DM)。造模成功大鼠随机分为二甲双胍组(200 mg/kg)、低剂量复合益生菌组(1×10~8 CFU/d乳酸菌+1×10~6 CFU/d酵母菌)和高剂量复合益生菌组(1×10~(10) CFU/d乳酸菌+1×10~8 CFU/d酵母菌),以同周龄正常大鼠为正常对照组,灌胃4周。尾静脉采血测定空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖耐量;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清GLP-1和肽YY(PYY)水平;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测结肠组织GLP-1蛋白表达;荧光定量PCR检测肠道菌群、G蛋白偶联受体(GPR43、GPR41)水平;气相色谱(GC)检测肠道短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)含量。结果与模型组相比,高剂量复合益生菌能降低大鼠空腹血糖和口服糖耐量,增加肠道乳杆菌、双歧杆菌含量,提高肠道SCFAs含量,上调GPR43和GPR41 mRNA表达,促进胃肠激素GLP-1、PYY分泌,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论乳源性复合益生菌可显著促进T2D大鼠GLP-1的分泌,调节糖代谢,推测与调节肠道菌群-SCFAs-G蛋白偶联受体信号通路有关。     

基于16S rRNA基因序列分析法比较苏尼特双峰驼和阿拉善双峰驼自然发酵酸驼乳的微生物多样性

【目的】传统发酵乳制品是一类未经任何处理自然发酵而成的,其微生态环境未遭破坏,从而乳酸菌的生物学特性和基因多样性得到了很好的保留,具有开发和利用价值。自然发酵酸驼乳常用来治疗多种疾病且效果良好,与其中丰富的乳酸菌资源有着密不可分的联系。然而,目前有关自然发酵酸驼乳微生物菌群及多样性相关研究甚少。因此进一步挖掘内蒙古地区双峰驼自然发酵酸驼乳微生物群落结构和多样性是至关重要的。【方法】本研究采用IlluminaMiseq测序技术,测定了苏尼特和阿拉善双峰驼的自然发酵酸驼乳中微生物16S rRNA V3–V4区序列,并对群落结构和多样性进行了比较分析。【结果】多样性分析表明,苏尼特双峰驼酸驼乳中微生物群落丰富度和种群差异性比阿拉善双峰驼酸驼乳大,细菌多样性也高。在门水平上,苏尼特和阿拉善双峰驼酸驼乳中的菌群均以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主。在属水平上,苏尼特双峰驼酸驼乳主要以乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和乳球菌属(Lactococcus)为优势菌群,阿拉善双峰驼酸驼乳以乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和醋酸杆菌属(Acetobacter)为优势菌属。此外,肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、拉乌尔菌属(Raoultella)和明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)等的含有食源性致病菌和环境污染菌的菌属被检出。综上所述,不同地区不同品种酸驼乳的乳酸菌种类及优势菌群有较大差异,存在显著的地理差异。【结论】通过本研究,不仅对苏尼特和阿拉善双峰驼自然发酵酸驼乳乳酸菌的组成和种类有了明确的认知,为评估发酵酸驼乳微生物群落对消费者身体健康的影响提供了数据基础的同时为今后筛选优势菌群和挖掘新型益生菌奠定基础。     

虾青素对db/db小鼠糖尿病肾病的保护作用

目的：采用2型糖尿病模型db/db小鼠,观察虾青素对糖尿病肾病的保护作用。方法：db/db小鼠糖尿病肾病模型成模后随机分为：模型对照组、氯沙坦组、虾青素低剂量组、虾青素高剂量组进行干预。同窝db/m小鼠作为正常对照。其中,氯沙坦组、虾青素低剂量组、虾青素高剂量组分别采用氯沙坦10 mg/（kg·d）BW、虾青素30 mg/（kg·d）BW、虾青素60 mg/（kg·d）BW进行灌胃,氯沙坦与虾青素均用橄榄油溶解,正常对照组与模型对照组灌胃等量橄榄油。干预8w后,检测其空腹血糖、OGTT、24 h尿白蛋白、尿ACR、肌酐、尿素氮等指标。结果：低剂量虾青素对糖耐量无不良影响,并能显著降低血清尿素氮、尿蛋白、尿ACR水平。结论：低剂量虾青素具有肾脏保护作用,但不具有剂量依赖性。     

小鼠肠道菌群失衡模型建立

目的利用抗生素干扰小鼠肠道菌群建立轻重程度的菌群失衡小鼠模型。方法选用不同浓度的头孢曲松钠,行小鼠灌胃,取盲肠内容物连续观察培养优势菌群变化。结果优势菌群失衡组小鼠与对照比较,盲肠体积增大,盲肠指数升高。头孢曲松钠8g/(kg·d)剂量连续灌胃8d,造成重度失衡模型,小鼠肠道只能检出肠杆菌属、链球菌属,且数量被抑制在103CFU/g以下。头孢曲松钠5g/(kg·d)剂量连续灌胃8d,造成轻度失衡模型,小鼠肠道双歧杆菌属、链球菌属和韦荣球菌属数量降至105左右,类杆菌属降至104左右。消化球菌属降至103左右,而其他菌属如乳酸杆菌属、肠球菌属和肠肝菌属等数量显著降低。结论亚致死剂量头孢曲松钠灌胃可以建立肠道菌群重度失衡模型。     

三联益生菌对便秘小鼠肠道推进功能改善及其对 小鼠肠道菌群调节作用的研究

目的研究新型嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM-乳双歧杆菌Bi-07-鼠李糖乳杆菌NH001三联益生菌制剂对便秘小鼠小肠蠕动的促进作用,以及其对小鼠肠道菌群构成比例的调节作用。方法小肠推进率实验:将50只KM小鼠适应性饲养后随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组和低中高三个剂量组。空白对照组和模型对照组给予蒸馏水,低中高剂量组每天分别给予0.165、0.330、0.990g/(kg·bw)益生菌制剂,灌胃14d后使用复方地芬诺酯建立小鼠便秘模型观察小肠墨汁推进率;肠道菌群调节作用实验:将42只BALB/c小鼠中随机抽取10只作为自身对比空白组,适应性饲养后将所有小鼠随机分为空白对照组和低中高三个剂量组,空白对照组给予蒸馏水,各剂量组以相同剂量给予益生菌制剂灌胃。自身对比空白组于灌胃前无菌采集小鼠直肠粪便,所有小鼠灌胃30d后无菌采集直肠粪便,使用16SrDNA基因测序对粪便中菌群DNA进行多样性及各水平菌群物种测定。结果高剂量组便秘小鼠小肠推进率显著高于模型对照组(P0.05);各剂量组肠道菌群多样性、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属数量较灌胃前显著增加(P0.05),大肠埃希菌属、梭菌属、肠球菌属较灌胃前显著降低(P0.05)。结论三联益生菌能够有效促进便秘小鼠肠道蠕动能力,改善便秘症状;同时对小鼠肠道菌群结构有调节作用。     

马里苷、黄诺玛苷对db/db小鼠肠道菌群的影响及相关性

目的探索两色金鸡菊中黄酮类成分马里苷、黄诺玛苷对db/db小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法将db/m小鼠作为正常对照组,db/db小鼠分为db/db模型组、db/db+恩格列净(db/db+Empagliflozin)组、db/db+马里苷(db/db+Marein)组、db/db+黄诺玛苷(db/db+Flavanomarein)组,每组8只。采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)的方法检测小鼠粪样中Bacteroides ovatus、Ruminococcus gnavus的变化,并运用Pearson检验分析Bacteroides ovatus、Ruminococcus gnavus的变化与2型糖尿病相关表型的相关性。结果 (1)干预12周后与db/m组相比,db/db组小鼠粪样中Bacteroides ovatus水平显著降低(P0.010);恩格列净(P0.001)、马里苷(P0.050)、黄诺玛苷(P0.001)干预后能显著升高其含量,差异具有统计学意义。(2)与db/m组相比,db/db组小鼠粪样中Ruminococcus gnavus水平显著升高(P0.050);恩格列净(P0.050)、马里苷(P0.050)干预后能显著降低其含量,差异具有统计学意义。(3)Bacteroides ovatus水平与空腹血糖(FBG)、三酰甘油(TG)呈负相关(r=-0.420,P=0.021;r=-0.474,P=0.008);Ruminococcus gnavus水平与FBG、TG呈正相关(r=0.397,P=0.030;r=0.404,P=0.027)。结论马里苷、黄诺玛苷可以调节小鼠肠道菌群的变化,这可能是其抗糖尿病的重要机制。     

吡格列酮对db/db小鼠骨骼肌蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B表达的影响

目的探讨吡格列酮对db/db小鼠骨骼肌蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B（protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B,PTP1B）表达水平的影响。方法将20只4周龄db/db小鼠随机分为两组（吡格列酮组和db/db对照组）,每组10只,分别给予吡格列酮10mg/kg.d和安慰剂灌胃。另设10只同周龄db/m小鼠,给予安慰剂灌胃作为非糖尿病对照（db/m对照组）。每周监测体重、血糖,4周后用蛋白印迹法检测各组小鼠骨骼肌组织中PTP1B蛋白含量。结果db/db组小鼠骨骼肌PTP1B表达显著高于db/m组,给予吡格列酮干预,血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数显著低于db/db组（P〈0.05）,骨骼肌PTP1B表达水平亦显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论吡格列酮改善胰岛素抵抗,可能与降低骨骼肌PTP1B蛋白表达有关。     

野西瓜乙醇提取物对大鼠细菌性阴道炎及阴道菌群的影响

目的观察野西瓜乙醇提取物对细菌性阴道炎及阴道菌群的影响。方法建立细菌性阴道炎模型并分为模型组、对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,另取8只正常SD大鼠记为正常组。对照组予以氧氟沙星60 mg/kg灌胃,低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组分别予以50、100、200 mg/kg西瓜乙醇提取物灌胃,模型组与正常组均予以等量无菌生理盐水灌胃。对比疗效、干预前后阴道菌群变化。结果总有效率高剂量组最高,中剂量组和对照组次之,低剂量组较低,除中剂量组和对照组差异无统计学意义外(P0.05),其余两两比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);干预前模型组、对照组和三个剂量组阴道菌群Chao1指数、Shannon指数、厚壁菌门、放线菌门、乳杆菌科、双歧杆菌科、真杆菌科、乳杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、优杆菌属水平相对丰度均低于正常组,干预后模型组均下降,对照组和三个剂量组均升高,且干预后模型组均低于正常组,对照组和三个剂量组均高于模型组,除中剂量组和对照组差异均无统计学意义外(P0.05),其余两两比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);阴道变形菌门、子囊菌门和半知菌亚门相对丰度、葡萄球菌科、假单胞菌科、肠杆菌科、酵母科、丛梗孢科水平相对丰度、葡萄球菌属、假单胞菌属、大肠杆菌属、假丝酵母菌属、曲霉菌属相对丰度与上述变化正相反;野西瓜乙醇提取物的作用呈剂量依赖性。结论野西瓜乙醇提取物对大鼠细菌性阴道炎治疗效果好,呈剂量依赖性,并可调节阴道菌群。     

探讨不同浓度的清郁和降汤对反流性食管炎大鼠肠道菌群的影响

【目的】观察不同浓度的清郁和降汤对反流性食管炎（reflux esophagitis，RE）的治疗效果，并探讨其对肠道菌群的影响。【方法】将36只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组，其中1组为假手术组，剩余5组大鼠采用“前胃结扎+外置幽门部分结扎术”手术造模方法建立反流性食管炎模型。造模2周后将术后全部存活的30只大鼠随机分成对照组、中药高剂量组（予高剂量清郁和降汤）、中药中剂量组（予中剂量清郁和降汤）、中药低剂量组（予低剂量清郁和降汤）、西药组（予泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊+枸橼酸莫沙比利分散片+复方嗜酸乳杆菌片），每组6只。于术后第15天开始灌胃，其中假手术组及对照组予蒸馏水灌胃，其他组分别给予相应的药物灌胃，持续灌胃14 d后将所有大鼠处死后进行取材。以苏木精-伊红（hematoxylin-eosin，HE）染色观察大鼠食管组织的病理学改变；采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序检测其肠道黏膜的菌群构成。【结果】反流性食管炎大鼠存在着较为明显的肠道菌群结构变化及肠道菌群多样性较低的情况，B组（对照组）中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门占比减少，变形菌门占比增多，且假单胞菌属、青枯菌属等细菌增多。低、中、高3种浓度的清郁和降汤均能够提升RE大鼠的肠道菌群多样性，增加拟杆菌门及厚壁菌门，降低变形菌门的占比，从属水平上看，清郁和降汤能够提升大鼠肠道中拟杆菌属、乳杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、颤螺旋菌属、双歧杆菌属和狄氏副拟杆菌属等益生菌占比。以D组（中剂量组）对大鼠肠道菌群多样性提升最为明显，其效果最接近假手术组。特征微生物方面，B组以变形菌门为特征性微生物，D、E两组出现了放线菌门及拟杆菌门下属细菌为特征微生物的情况，在门水平与F组相同。【结论】清郁和降汤能够有效地治疗反流性食管炎，其机制可能与改变RE大鼠的肠道菌群结构、减少有害菌、提升益生菌的占比和改善肠道菌群多样性有关。     

db/db小鼠的实验室应用

db/db小鼠为广泛应用的2型糖尿病动物模型,由瘦素受体(leptin receptor,Lepr)的自发性突变引起极度肥胖、多食、消渴、多尿。其表型的严重程度受基因背景的影响,在C57BLKS/J背景下更严重。Lepr还在其它多个位点发生自发性突变,产生一系列肥胖动物,包括db3J/db3J小鼠、db5J/db5J小鼠、dbpas/dbpas小鼠、Zucker fa/fa大鼠和Koletsky fak/fak大鼠等。这些啮齿动物在食欲旺盛和严重肥胖方面表型相似,但在血糖、肾脏损伤及生殖能力等方面的表型不尽相同,为探讨Lepr的复杂功能提供了丰富的素材。本文将就瘦素信号通路的发现史,db/db小鼠在代谢、生殖、免疫等方面的异常表型,其实验室应用、繁殖与鉴定策略,其它自发性突变动物的表型差异及对应的Lepr突变模式等进行较全面的综述。     

Hepatic glycogen metabolism in the db/db mouse

Summary Knowledge of the metabolic changes that occur in insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes is relatively lacking compared to insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes. This paper summarizes the importance of the C57BL/KsJ-db/db mouse as a model of type 2 diabetes, and illustrates the effects that insulin-deficient and insulin-resistant states have on hepatic glycogen metabolism. A longitudinal study of db/db mice of ages 2–15 weeks revealed that significant changes in certain parameters of hepatic glycogen metabolism occur during this period. The liver glycogen levels were similar between diabetic and control mice. However, glycogen particles from db/db mice were on average smaller in mass and had shorter exterior and interior chain lengths. Total phosphorylase and phosphorylase a activities were elevated in the genetically diabetic mice. This was primarily due to an increase in the amount of enzymic protein apparently the result of a decreased rate of degradation. It was not possible to find a consistent alteration in glycogen synthase activity in the db/db mice. Glycogen synthase and phosphorylase from diabetic liver revealed some changes in kinetic properties in the form of a decrease in V_max, and altered sensitivity to inhibitors like ATP. The altered glycogen structure in db/db mice may have contributed to changes in the activities and properties of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. The exact role played by hormones (insulin and glucagon) in these changes is not clear but further studies should reveal their contributions. The db/db mouse provides a good model for type 2 diabetes and for fluctuating insulin and glucagon ratios. Its use should clarify the regulation of hepatic glycogen metabolism and other metabolic processes known to be controlled by these hormones. The other animal models of type 2 diabetes, ob/ob mouse and fatty Zucker (fa/fa) rat, show similar impairment of hepatic glycogen metabolism. The concentrations of glycogen metabolizing enzymes are high and in vitro studies indicate enhanced rate of glycogen synthesis and breakdown. However, streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals and BB rats which resemble insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes are characterized by decreased glycogen turnover as a result of reduction in the levels of glycogen metabolizing enzymes.     

Dietary zinc supplementation attenuates hyperglycemia in db/db mice

Although zinc (Zn) deficiency has been associated with insulin resistance, and altered Zn metabolism (e.g., hyperzincuria, low-normal plasma Zn concentrations) may be present in diabetes, the potential effects of Zn on modulation of insulin action in Type II diabetes have not been established. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of dietary Zn deficiency and Zn supplementation on glycemic control in db/db mice. Weanling db/db mice and lean littermate controls were fed Zn-deficient (3 ppm Zn; dbZD and InZD groups), Zn-adequate control (30 ppm Zn; dbC and InC groups) or Zn-supplemented (300 ppm Zn; dbZS and InZS groups) diets for 6 weeks. Mice were assessed for Zn status, serum and urinary indices of diabetes, and gastrocnemius insulin receptor concentration and tyrosine kinase activity. Fasting serum glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the dbZS group compared with the dbZD group (19.3 +/- 2.9 and 27.9 +/- 4.1 mM, respectively), whereas the dbC mice had an intermediate value. There was a negative correlation between femur Zn and serum glucose concentrations (r = -0.59 for lean mice, P = 0.007). The dbZS group had higher pancreatic Zn and lower circulating insulin concentrations than dbZC mice. Insulin-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity in gastrocnemius muscle was higher in the db/db genotype, and insulin receptor concentration was not altered. In summary, dietary Zn supplementation attenuated hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in db/db mice, suggesting that the roles of Zn in pancreatic function and peripheral tissue glucose uptake need to be further investigated.     

Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function in diabetic db/db and transgenic db/db-hGLUT4 mice

Control db/+ and diabetic db/db mice at 6 and 12 wk of age were subjected to echocardiography to determine whether contractile function was reduced in vivo and restored in transgenic db/db-human glucose transporter 4 (hGLUT4) mice (12 wk old) in which cardiac metabolism has been normalized. Systolic function was unchanged in 6-wk-old db/db mice, but fractional shortening and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were reduced in 12-wk-old db/db mice (43.8 +/- 2.1% and 8.3 +/- 0.5 circs/s, respectively) relative to db/+ control mice (59.5 +/- 2.3% and 11.8 +/- 0.4 circs/s, respectively). Doppler flow measurements were unchanged in 6-wk-old db/db mice. The ratio of E and A transmitral flows was reduced from 3.56 +/- 0.29 in db/+ mice to 2.40 +/- 0.20 in 12-wk-old db/db mice, indicating diastolic dysfunction. Thus a diabetic cardiomyopathy with systolic and diastolic dysfunction was evident in 12-wk-old diabetic db/db mice. Cardiac function was normalized in transgenic db/db-hGLUT4 mice, indicating that altered cardiac metabolism can produce contractile dysfunction in diabetic db/db hearts.     

Activation of PPARdelta alters lipid metabolism in db/db mice

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors, which heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor and bind to peroxisome proliferator response elements in the promoters of regulated genes. Despite the wealth of information available on the function of PPARalpha and PPARgamma, relatively little is known about the most widely expressed PPAR subtype, PPARdelta. Here we show that treatment of insulin resistant db/db mice with the PPARdelta agonist L-165041, at doses that had no effect on either glucose or triglycerides, raised total plasma cholesterol concentrations. The increased cholesterol was primarily associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, as shown by fast protein liquid chromatography analysis. These data were corroborated by the chemical analysis of the lipoproteins isolated by ultracentrifugation, demonstrating that treatment with L-165041 produced an increase in circulating HDL without major changes in very low or low density lipoproteins. White adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was reduced following treatment with the PPARdelta ligand, but was increased by a PPARgamma agonist. These data suggest both that PPARdelta is involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in db/db mice and that PPARdelta ligands could potentially have therapeutic value.     

AL023001基因在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠中的差异表达分析

利用Affymetrix寡核苷酸基因表达谱芯片对2型糖尿病肾病模型动物——db/db小鼠的肾脏基因表达谱进行了研究.在此基础上,利用末端快速扩增法和RT-PCR的方法,对筛选出来的一个糖尿病肾病相关EST进行了cDNA克隆和表达分析.得到了一长为1.7 kb的cDNA片段.序列分析和网上数据库比对发现,此cDNA片段是小鼠表达序列AL023001的一部分.根据AL023001序列设计特异性引物,利用半定量RT-PCR的方法对AL023001在db/db小鼠肾脏、肝脏、脂肪、骨胳肌、脑等组织中的表达情况进行了分析,发现AL023001在db/db小鼠肾脏中的表达情况与基因芯片检测结果吻合,且AL023001在肝脏、脂肪、骨胳肌和脑等糖尿病肾病相关联组织中均有差异表达.这些结果提示：AL023001与db/db小鼠的糖尿病肾病具有相关性.上述工作有利于揭示AL023001基因的功能,探讨糖尿病肾病的分子机制.     

Myocardial infarction and heart failure in the db/db diabetic mouse

Clinical studies have reported that the incidence and severity of myocardial infarction is significantly greater in diabetics compared with nondiabetics after correction for all other risk factors. The majority of studies investigating the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury have focused on otherwise healthy animals. At present, there is a paucity of experimental investigations on the pathophysiology of heart failure in diabetic animals. We hypothesized that the severity of myocardial reperfusion injury and the development of congestive heart failure would be markedly enhanced in the db/db diabetic mouse. Accordingly, we studied the effects of varying durations of in vivo myocardial ischemia and reperfusion on the incidence of heart failure in db/db diabetic mice. Nondiabetic and db/db diabetic mice (10 wk of age) were subjected to 30, 45, or 60 min of left coronary artery occlusion and 28 days of reperfusion. Survival at 24 h of reperfusion was 100% in nondiabetic mice subjected to 30 min of myocardial ischemia and 88% in nondiabetic mice subjected to 45 min of myocardial ischemia. In contrast, survival was 53% in db/db diabetic mice subjected to 30 min of myocardial ischemia and 44% in db/db mice after 45 min of myocardial ischemia. Prolonged survival in nondiabetic mice was not significantly attenuated when compared during the 28-day follow-up period with all groups experiencing >90% survival. Prolonged survival was significantly decreased in db/db mice after both 30 and 45 min of myocardial ischemia compared with sham controls. Furthermore, we observed a significant degree or left ventricular dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiac contractile dysfunction in db/db mice subjected to 45 min of myocardial ischemia and 28 days reperfusion. In nondiabetic mice subjected to 45 min of myocardial ischemia, we failed to observe any changes in left ventricular dimensions or fractional shortening. These studies provide a feasible experimental model system for the investigation of heart failure secondary to acute myocardial infarction in the db/db diabetic mouse.     

Effect of adrenalectomy on the pancreas of db/db mice

Adrenalectomy has been performed in the diabetic mouse and the islet immunohistochemistry studied. Adrenalectomy restored blood glucose to normal. Mean islet size of diabetic animals was larger than that of either adrenalectomized diabetic animals or of lean controls. Adrenalectomy restored the immunohistochemical appearance of the islets to normal when examined with anti-insulin, anti-glucagon and anti-somatostatin antisera.     

Antidiabetic effects of Vigna nakashimae extract in db/db mice

The inhibitory activity of Vigna nakashimae extract against intestinal α-glucosidase was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The extract exerted a significant inhibitory effect against intestinal α-glucosidases. With sucrose-loading, it reduced the peak responses of blood glucose significantly in normal mice. Next, it was administrated to 8-week-old db/db mice for 2 weeks, and then plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels were measured. The extract significantly suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia and blood glycated hemoglobin in the db/db mice. In addition, it lowered fasting glucose and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, it led to significant decreases in plasma triglyceride levels. It reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress in thapsigargin-induced HepG2 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Vigna nakashimae extract has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects that occur via inhibition of α-glucosidase activity and endoplasmic reticulum stress.