肠道微生物、精准营养与健康

肠道微生物对人体健康和疾病发生发展都有着重要的影响。健康的肠道菌群不仅可以保护宿主免受病原菌的侵袭,还可以参与人体多项生理过程,包括生物活性代谢物的产生、免疫调节、糖脂代谢、维持体内平衡等。膳食中的脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物作为主要的营养素,在为人类机体提供能量的同时,也对肠道菌群的组成产生重要影响。精准营养旨在结合膳食指南,根据不同个体对营养的需求以及自身基因、肠道菌群的差异,提供科学的个性化膳食建议,以期实现对疾病的预防和控制。但精准营养的发展还存在着诸多方法学上的局限。本文主要回顾了肠道菌群、膳食与健康三者之间的相互关系,指出肠道菌群在精准营养与健康研究中的重要作用和发展前景,重点提出在人群队列水平将人工智能算法应用于肠道微生物组等多组学大数据的必要性及其对精准营养研究的关键作用。     

果蔬功能成分与肠道菌群相互作用研究进展

果蔬是日常膳食的重要组成部分,其富含多种具有显著营养健康功效的功能成分,在促进人体健康和预防疾病方面发挥着至关重要的作用。不断有研究证实,果蔬功能成分的多种营养健康功能是通过与肠道菌群的相互作用实现的。从果蔬功能成分对肠道菌群的结构、数量和后续对人体生理功能的影响,以及肠道菌群对果蔬功能成分体内代谢和营养健康作用的影响两大方面,阐述果蔬功能成分与肠道菌群的相互作用研究进展,初步探讨果蔬功能成分-肠道菌群-人体健康的关系,为揭示果蔬营养健康机制,进一步为合理膳食提供重要的参考。     

无菌动物在饮食干涉肠道菌群研究中的应用

膳食干涉对肠道菌群与健康的影响已成为医学健康领域的研究热点,从发展来看,肠道菌群有可能会成为研究饮食方式、保健食品、中药制剂等对人体健康影响的重要靶标。然而,肠道菌群由于其复杂性,研究它和饮食干涉的关系对动物模型有高标准的要求,无菌动物体内外不携带任何活的微生物和寄生虫,在生物医学及人体疾病和健康等方面均有一定的应用和研究,是当前肠道菌群研究中应用最多的基础动物模型。采用无菌动物构建人源菌群动物是研究饮食、菌群与健康关系的常用方式。本文主要综述无菌动物构建人源菌群动物的研究应用及饮食干涉对肠道菌群的影响。     

人体肠道菌群来源碳水化合物活性酶（CAZYmes） 研究进展

肠道菌群是人体重要的代谢"器官",对人体的健康和疾病起着至关重要的作用.肠道菌群参与人体消化、免疫、神经系统调节机能的分子机理是特异性物质代谢通路在微生物与人体之间的协同耦合.酶是代谢通路中参与物质转化的基本功能单元,深入理解肠道菌群编码酶的分子催化机理将为以肠道菌群(或肠道酶)作为靶点的精准营养/医疗干预研究提供重要理论依据.特异性底物酶解研究表明,肠道菌群编码的酶系统不仅包含全部已知的碳水化合物活性酶(carbohydrateactive enzymes, CAZYmes)类,同时蕴含诸多潜在的新型CAZYmes.本文阐述CAZYmes的分类原则及催化机理,并主要从结构生物学方面综述人体肠道菌群来源的新型CAZYmes.     

短链脂肪酸对肠道动力影响的研究进展

人体的肠道不仅仅是消化吸收场所,也是大量微生物生存的家园。肠道作为人体最大的“储菌库”,其多种生理功能离不开复杂多变的肠道菌群和菌群代谢物(如短链脂肪酸等)的参与。短链脂肪酸是肠道菌群发酵膳食纤维产生的一类重要的信号分子,研究发现短链脂肪酸除参与维持人体肠道黏膜免疫屏障、调节体液及电解质平衡以及为肠上皮细胞提供能量外,还与肠道动力调节有关。本文就短链脂肪酸在肠道动力调节中的作用进行综述,旨在深入理解短链脂肪酸与肠道的互作关系,维持肠道的机械屏障,从而为探索肠道相关动力疾病的治疗提供新思路。     

肠道菌群与代谢性综合征的关系及其运动干预效果的研究进展

人体肠道是一个复杂的微生态系统,栖息着数量、种类繁多的微生物,其中数目最庞大的微生物为肠道菌群,肠道微生物群落被认为是人体中的第二个基因组。诸多研究表明它们影响着机体许多功能,与代谢性疾病的发生有重要联系。运动干预能极大地改善肠道菌群和促进宿主的健康。通过查阅最近几年肠道菌群与代谢性综合征的资料,探索肠道菌群与代谢性综合征的关系及作用机制,进一步揭示了肠道菌群在人体健康中的关键作用,并综述了运动对肠道菌群干预的效果,为预防及治疗肠道菌群相关疾病提供参考。     

肠道菌群:运动健康促进的新靶点

肠道菌群与人体通过广泛信息交流形成互惠共生关系。肠道菌群结构稳定性、菌种多样性和微生态平衡性使其成为人体更易接触和调控的"生理中心",深刻影响人体健康。适宜运动可通过优化肠道菌群,促进宿主肠道微生态健康。以肠道菌群为靶点的运动健康促进研究,为运动与人体健康和疾病研究呈现出新领域。基于宏基因组学、宏转录组学等微生态研究技术,揭示与人体疾病相关的肠道菌群失调,鉴定出疾病相关的特定菌群种类及功能,使得以肠道菌群为靶点的运动精准干预人体健康成为可能。     

膳食纤维对肥胖相关的肠道微生态的影响

研究发现,肠道微生态的改变与肥胖等代谢性疾病相关。膳食纤维作为饮食的一部分,通过在肠道的作用改变肠道菌群比例及丰度、改善炎症反应、调节肠道激素及脂质代谢来改善肥胖,但膳食纤维在防治肥胖方面的推荐摄入量、种类及与肠道菌群的作用机制还需进一步研究。本文对膳食纤维对肥胖相关的肠道微生态的影响的研究进展进行了综述。     

常见肠道菌群代谢产物作为疾病诊断的指针的研究进展

人类肠道菌群能够产生多种代谢产物或与人体相互作用产生肠道菌群-宿主共代谢物,显著影响人体各大系统的生理功能。当人体健康状态以及肠道菌群发生变化时,肠道代谢物的种类和含量也会相应受到影响,因此肠道菌群代谢产物具有作为疾病诊断指针的巨大潜力。本文总结了常见的几类肠道微生物代谢产物,包括糖类、胆碱代谢物、脂质、氨基酸与肽类、维生素、胆汁酸、短链脂肪酸、酚、苯甲酰基和苯基衍生物等,及其在不同疾病状态下的作用机理,以期更好地理解肠道菌群、代谢产物和疾病之间的相关性,为疾病的预防、诊断和治疗提供新的靶点。     

马铃薯馒头摄入对女性青少年肠道菌群结构影响分析

选取某高中和职高青少年群体为研究对象,以班级为整体随机分为马铃薯馒头（马铃薯全粉占比30%）组、小麦馒头（小麦面粉占比100%）组和普通膳食组3组,开展为期8w的干预研究。随机抽取小麦馒头组、马铃薯馒头组及普通膳食组女性研究对象各5名,分析马铃薯馒头摄入对人体肠道菌群结构的影响。结果表明：与干预前相比,干预后小麦馒头组、马铃薯馒头组和普通膳食组肠道菌群OTU数量变化幅度分别为-12.9%、+3.3%、-5.1%。在门水平上的4种主要菌群（拟杆菌门、硬壁菌门、蛋白菌门、放线菌门）和属水平上的8种共有主要菌群（普氏菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属、柔嫩梭菌属、罗氏菌属、双歧杆菌属、萨特氏菌属和瘤胃球菌属）丰度均呈现马铃薯馒头组变化幅度最小;Alpha多样性指数和Beta多样性指数同样呈现干预前后变化幅度马铃薯馒头组要小于小麦馒头组和普通膳食组。基于以上分析认为,长期连续摄入30%的马铃薯馒头,并不会引起人体肠道菌群结构的显著变化。     

Envisioning emerging frontiers on human gut microbiota and its applications

The human gut microbiota is involved in multiple health-influencing host interactions during the host’s entire life span. Microbes colonize the infant gut instantaneously after birth and subsequently the founding and interactive progress of this early gut microbiota is considered to be driven and modulated by different host- and microbe-associated forces. A rising number of studies propose that the composition of the human gut microbiota in the early stages of life impact on the human health conditions at later stages of life. This notion has powered research aimed at detailed investigations of the infant gut microbiota composition. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms supporting the gut microbiome functionality and the interaction of the early gut microbes with the human host remain largely unknown.     

宿主遗传因素对肠道菌群的影响

随着高通量测序技术的发展,人们逐渐认识到肠道菌群与人类的健康和疾病密切相关,并发现肠道菌群受很多因素的影响。除了研究传统饮食和药物对肠道菌群的改变外,近年来,科学家也开始注重遗传因素在塑造肠道菌群中的作用。遗传因素可决定宿主的饮食偏好、肠道的生理结构、肠道屏障功能和免疫功能等,而这些都直接与肠道菌群相互作用,参与肠道微生态平衡的构建和稳定。因此,在研究肠道菌群与疾病发生相关性的过程中也需要考虑遗传因素的重要性。随着基因敲除、无菌小鼠和菌群移植等实验技术的革新,以及主成分分析、数量性状基因座和全基因组关联性分析等大数据分析手段的提高,科学家能够深入研究宿主遗传基因与肠道菌群之间的关联性,从而证明宿主遗传基因在塑造肠道微生态的过程中具有重要作用。本文将首先简述肠道菌群与疾病发生之间可能存在的联系,然后从多方面综述遗传因素对肠道菌群的影响及主要的研究进展,从而为今后该领域的深入研究提供重要的指导,也为今后预防和治疗疾病提供新思路和新方法。     

Unravelling the effects of the environment and host genotype on the gut microbiome

To what extent do host genetics control the composition of the gut microbiome? Studies comparing the gut microbiota in human twins and across inbred mouse lines have yielded inconsistent answers to this question. However, candidate gene approaches, in which one gene is deleted or added to a model host organism, show that a single host gene can have a tremendous effect on the diversity and population structure of the gut microbiota. Now, quantitative genetics is emerging as a highly promising approach that can be used to better understand the overall architecture of host genetic influence on the microbiota, and to discover additional host genes controlling microbial diversity in the gut. In this Review, we describe how host genetics and the environment shape the microbiota, and how these three factors may interact in the context of chronic disease.     

Rapidly expanding knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease

The human gut is colonized by a wide diversity of micro-organisms, which are now known to play a key role in the human host by regulating metabolic functions and immune homeostasis. Many studies have indicated that the genomes of our gut microbiota, known as the gut microbiome or our “other genome” could play an important role in immune-related, complex diseases, and growing evidence supports a causal role for gut microbiota in regulating predisposition to diseases. A comprehensive analysis of the human gut microbiome is thus important to unravel the exact mechanisms by which the gut microbiota are involved in health and disease. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technology, along with the development of metagenomics and bioinformatics tools, have provided opportunities to characterize the microbial communities. Furthermore, studies using germ-free animals have shed light on how the gut microbiota are involved in autoimmunity. In this review we describe the different approaches used to characterize the human microbiome, review current knowledge about the gut microbiome, and discuss the role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Finally, we indicate how this knowledge could be used to improve human health by manipulating the gut microbiota. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From Genome to Function.     

肠道菌群与microRNA的交互在促结直肠癌中的作用

结直肠癌是西方国家最常见的癌症之一,多数患者伴有肠道菌群的改变。有研究表明,肠道菌群通过microRNA调节宿主基因的表达,而宿主的microRNA同样调节菌群的生长和基因表达。因此,本文概述了肠道菌群与宿主microRNA相互作用的具体机制,以及这种交互作用在结直肠癌的发生、发展、治疗阶段的研究进展。为进一步深入研究肠道菌群与结直肠癌的关系提供理论基础。     

益生菌调控幼龄畜禽消化道微生物研究进展

益生菌是一类对宿主(人类或动物)有益的活性微生物,包括细菌、真菌(如酵母)等,具有促进动物生长、提高免疫力的作用,是潜在的抗生素替代品。益生菌可能通过与动物消化道微生物互作来发挥益生作用,但具体机制仍不明确。综述了基于高通量测序技术研究益生菌调控幼龄畜禽(仔猪、雏鸡、反刍动物)消化道微生物群落组成的最新进展,并提出了未来研究方向,包括益生菌如何通过与消化道微生物互作影响其功能,益生菌对于幼龄畜禽不同健康状态下肠道微生物的影响,以及宿主因素如何影响益生菌对于幼龄畜禽消化道微生物的作用效果。     

Human activity can influence the gut microbiota of Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands

The gut microbiota of animal hosts can be influenced by environmental factors, such as unnatural food items that are introduced by humans. Over the past 30 years, human presence has grown exponentially in the Galapagos Islands, which are home to endemic Darwin's finches. Consequently, humans have changed the environment and diet of Darwin's finches, which in turn, could affect their gut microbiota. In this study, we compared the gut microbiota of two species of Darwin's finches, small ground finches (Geospiza fuliginosa) and medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis), across sites with and without human presence, where finches prefer human‐processed and natural food, respectively. We predicted that: (a) finch microbiota would differ between sites with and without humans due to differences in diet, and (b) gut microbiota of each finch species would be most similar where finches have the highest niche overlap (areas with humans) compared to the lowest niche overlap (areas without humans). We found that gut bacterial community structure differed across sites and host species. Gut bacterial diversity was most distinct between the two species at the site with human presence compared to the site without human presence, which contradicted our predictions. Within host species, medium ground finches had lower bacterial diversity at the site with human presence compared to the site without human presence and bacterial diversity of small ground finches did not differ between sites. Our results show that the gut microbiota of Darwin's finches is affected differently across sites with varying human presence.     

Comparative analysis of Korean human gut microbiota by barcoded pyrosequencing

Human gut microbiota plays important roles in harvesting energy from the diet, stimulating the proliferation of the intestinal epithelium, developing the immune system, and regulating fat storage in the host. Characterization of gut microbiota, however, has been limited to western people and is not sufficiently extensive to fully describe microbial communities. In this study, we investigated the overall composition of the gut microbiota and its host specificity and temporal stability in 20 Koreans using 454-pyrosequencing with barcoded primers targeting the V1 to V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. A total of 303,402 high quality reads covered each sample and 8,427 reads were analyzed on average. The results were compared with those of individuals from the USA, China and Japan. In general, microbial communities were dominated by five previously identified phyla: Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria. UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the species composition of gut microbiota was host-specific and stable over the duration of the test period, but the relative abundance of each member fluctuated. 43 core Korean gut microbiota were identified by comparison of sequences from each individual, of which 15 species level phylotypes were related to previously-reported butyrate-producing bacteria. UniFrac analysis revealed that human gut microbiota differed between countries: Korea, USA, Japan and China, but tended to vary less between individual Koreans, suggesting that gut microbial composition is related to internal and external characteristics of each country member such as host genetics and diet styles.     

土壤动物肠道微生物多样性研究进展

随着分子生物学技术方法的快速发展,动物肠道微生物已成为医学、动物生理学与微生物生态学等研究领域热点。土壤动物种类繁多,分布广泛,其作为陆地生态系统重要组分,是驱动生态系统功能的关键因子。土壤动物体内的微生物由于与宿主长期共存,在与宿主协同进化中形成了丰富多样的群落结构,能够影响土壤动物本身的健康,进而介导土壤动物生态功能的实现。近些年,土壤动物肠道微生物工作方兴未艾,日渐得到重视。总结了四个部分内容：1)首先总结了土壤动物肠道微生物多样性领域的研究现状,该领域年发文量逐年增长,且近十年增长快速。土壤模式生物肠道微生物多样性研究较多且更为深入。土壤动物肠道微生物多样性组成与驱动机制、共存机制及群落构建的理论研究是该领域前沿;2)进而展示了土壤动物肠道微生物多样性组成和研究方法,土壤动物肠道菌群组成以变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门为主。早期工作基于传统分离培养,近年来新一代测序技术推动了该领域发展;3)接着关注了土壤动物肠道微生物的生态学功能,总体上体现在肠道微生物能帮助宿主分解食物基质、参与营养利用、影响寿命和繁殖及提高宿主免疫能力,且其能够影响土壤动物的气体排放及介导其对生态系...