黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎更新特性研究

研究了黄土高原马栏林区主要植被类型中的辽东栎幼苗的数量特征,更新层幼苗、幼树的实生和萌生特性及其辽东栎在垂直结构上的数量分布。结果表明:(1)辽东栎幼苗在黄土高原马栏林区分布广泛且数量充足。不同的植被类型中辽东栎种群表现出不同的大小级结构,在油松—辽东栎混交林、油松林和辽东栎林中辽东栎种群的幼苗、幼树和成树均占一定的比例,而在油松—白桦混交林、白桦林、山杨林和山杨—白桦混交林中辽东栎种群则以幼苗和幼树为主。表明辽东栎种群在该地区植被的发展过程中将产生重要的作用。(2)辽东栎在这一地区是由实生和萌生的个体混合组成的。在各种植被类型中实生植株的密度都高于萌生植株,辽东栎种群的更新在该地区可能主要是通过实生植株来完成的,即辽东栎实生植株在更新过程中起重要的作用。但萌生植株作为辽东栎顺利通过瓶颈的一种手段,作为辽东栎种群繁衍和稳定的一种途径,在辽东栎种群的更新中也起着一定的作用。     

北京山区辽东栎林的径级结构、种群起源及生态学意义

 北京山区的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林径级结构的调查分析结果表明,辽东栎林是稳定性的群落类型,其更新主要通过萌生来完成。能够与辽东栎长期共存的伴生种有色木(Acer mono)、大果榆(Ulmus macrocarpa)、大叶白蜡(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)等。萌生在辽东栎种群中十分普遍,除辽东栎伐桩、枯木和大树根际有较多的萌生茎干外,多年生实生苗也有萌生现象发生。辽东栎林的更新在辽东栎总体种群的幼树阶段(径级2)存在着明显的瓶颈现象,但萌生特性使辽东栎林在更新时或受到干扰后形成较大的萌生种群,使辽东栎的大幼树能够得到迅速的补充,顺利地通过瓶颈进行更新,保持群落的相对稳定。一定数量的辽东栎实生种群的存在对于维持辽东栎的遗传多样性、种群整体活力和群落的稳定,提高辽东栎种群对环境变化的反应能力等方面有着十分重要的生态学意义。     

子午岭辽东栎林林窗主要树种更新生态位

在对子午岭林区辽东栎林中54个不同大小林窗调查的基础上,分析不同树种的更新生态位,结果表明：辽东栎林中不同树种的优势度随着林窗大小级的变化差异较大;根据各主要树种在不同大小级林窗内生态位宽度的变化,可分为生态幅度宽、中等、较小和狭小4类,其中大多数树种属于狭小生态幅宽度;辽东栎林中各主要树种在不同大小级林窗中的生态位重叠度较小,其中在100～200 m²林窗中的重叠度最小;在100～200 m²大小级林窗中,实生和萌生辽东栎的重要值和生态位宽度均大于0～100和200～300 m² 2个大小级林窗中的辽东栎,说明100～200 m²大小级林窗可为辽东栎的天然更新提供场所。     

锐齿槲栎林的天然更新——坚果、幼苗库和径级结构

对四川茂县地区的锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata)天然次生林进行研究,发现(1)坚果完好比例约在14%～26%之间,完好坚果的发芽率和发芽势都比较高,但在天然状况下能够留存到隔年5月的坚果几乎没有.因此,实生幼苗的天然补充就受到了严重的限制.(2)林缘的幼苗密度低于所有其它生境的(p＜0.05),林中的幼苗密度最高,和林窗的比较有显著差异(p＜0.05),而和灌丛的比较则没有差异.在灌丛幼苗密度和林中以及林窗的比较都没有差异.动物对坚果的取食速度则是林中的最慢(10.0%),林窗和林缘的相同(分别为61.1%和66.5%),都比较快(p＜0.01).(3)林中的幼苗在小于100 cm的各高度内都有大量分布,说明在林中树冠下幼苗是可以长期存在的,在幼苗和种子阶段的锐齿槲栎可能是耐荫的.(4)在林中缺失幼树,在林缘则有包括幼树在内的完整的更新大小系列,表明林缘也可以成为更新的关键地点.(5)在栎林的每一个大小级别上,萌生个体和实生个体都按各种比例伴生,说明导致萌生的干扰一直在发生,并可能在森林的更新中扮演重要角色;也说明该地区的锐齿槲栎林由萌生和实生起源的个体混合组成.     

黄土高原马栏林区优势种幼苗与其种群径级结构的演替研究

对黄土高原马栏林区几种典型群落类型中优势种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)、油松(Pinus tabulaefor-mis)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)和山杨(Populus davidiana)的幼苗和种群径级结构进行了研究。结果表明:(1)辽东栎幼苗在马栏林区7种典型群落类型中均有分布,且数量充足,实生苗更新良好,辽东栎在不同的群落类型中表现出不同的种群径级结构。在油松 辽东栎混交林和辽东栎林中趋于稳定型;在油松林、油松 白桦混交林、白桦林、山杨林和白桦 山杨混交林中则为增长型;(2)油松幼苗在油松 白桦混交林、油松林和油松 辽东栎混交林中分布较多,但均少于辽东栎幼苗。在这些群落类型中油松种群的径级结构属于稳定型;(3)白桦和山杨幼苗数量较少,无正常更新能力,种群径级结构趋于衰退,以白桦和山杨为主的群落类型将逐渐被以油松和辽东栎为主的群落类型所取代;(4)马栏林区优势种幼苗分布的广度和丰度受到光照、水和灌草层等非生物和生物因素及其相互作用的影响。表明在黄土高原马栏林区以天然恢复为主的辽东栎种群,将在该地植被的自然恢复过程中产生重要作用;油松种群不仅过去而且将来也同样会在该地区的植被恢复中发挥重要作用。     

子午岭地区辽东栎和油松林建群种的更新生态位宽度分析

通过实地调查并采用Levins生态位宽度指数对子午岭地区主要树种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)的幼苗、幼树和成树在不同坡向的辽东栎林、油松 辽东栎混交林和人工油松林3种群落中的生态位宽度进行了分析研究。结果显示:(1)辽东栎和油松的更新生态位宽度在不同群落中各不相同,成树的生态位宽度与群落类型一致;(2)辽东栎幼苗和幼树在阳坡和阴坡人工油松林中的生态位宽度分别是0.951、0.95和0.98、0.94,且生态位宽度显著大于其它2个群落,表明辽东栎幼苗和幼树能很好地适应人工油松林的环境条件;(3)在阳坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在辽东栎林最大为0.79,且极显著大于其它2个群落,而阳坡油松幼树的生态位宽度在人工油松林中最大为1.00;在阴坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在人工油松林最大为0.63,而阴坡油松幼树的生态位宽度却在油松 辽东栎混交林最大为0.83,且极显著大于其它2个群落;表明油松幼苗适应阳坡的辽东栎林环境和阴坡的人工油松林环境,油松幼树适应阳坡的人工油松林环境和油松 辽东栎林环境。结果表明,人工种植油松林有利于该地区的植被恢复,人工油松林和油松 辽东栎混交林会在该地区存在较长时间,而阳坡的油松 辽东栎混交林存在时间会更长。     

北京东灵山区两种生境条件下辽东栎幼苗补充与建立的比较

 北京东灵山区的人工油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林中常常混生有萌生的辽东栎（Quercus wutaishanica）种群。局部地带辽东栎与油松形成混交林,在山脊及山坡上部一些特殊生境辽东栎甚至取代油松林成为优势种。为了探讨北京东灵山区辽东栎林的天然更新机制及辽东栎幼苗在人工油松林中的天然更新,在油松人工林的林下和林缘两种生境条件下将辽东栎种子播种于2 cm深的土中,对辽东栎幼苗的补充和建立进行了对照试验。结果显示,在辽东栎结实丰年,两种生境条件下播种后辽东栎种子丢失差异并不显著,而辽东栎幼苗补充和建立方面的差异极显著。由于森林动物特别是啮齿类动物的活动对辽东栎幼苗建立的影响具有二重性：消耗种子与促进萌发,本试验特别关注辽东栎幼苗子叶丢失现象及其丢失后果。由于辽东栎种子萌根较早,在幼苗出土前其粗大的主根长达10～20 cm,并已初步形成根系,表明已有相当比例的营养物质从子叶转移到根部。因此当幼苗出土后如果仅仅只是子叶的丢失对辽东栎幼苗的成活和生长均无明显的影响。通过研究发现辽东栎幼苗期子叶丢失有3种形式：1）仅丢失子叶,幼苗其它部位未受伤害,多发生在林缘生境中,占发芽坚果的29.69%;2）整个幼苗连根被拖出地面,多发生在林下生境,占62.43%;3）在子叶与根颈的连接处主干被咬断,林缘为50.88%,显著高于林下的8.41%。但只有后两种形式才导致幼苗死亡。导致这些现象的原因是由于林缘土壤腐殖质含量低,比较干燥,土质较坚实,以及幼苗出土前坚果主根生长得较长等缘故,当幼苗遭受动物捕食时不会轻易地被拖出地面,拖走的往往仅仅是子叶。至生长季节结束,林缘样方辽东栎幼苗的成活率接近20%,茎干平均高度7.94 cm,芽数11.24·株-1,叶片平均干重为81.14 mg·株-1,且几乎全部由丢失子叶的幼苗所构成;而林下样方辽东栎幼苗的成活率不足2%,茎干平均高度4.74 cm,芽数7.52·株-1,叶片平均干重仅为42.27 mg·株-1,以未丢失子叶的幼苗为主。试验结果表明,林缘及类似林缘的环境条件更有利于辽东栎的实生更新。     

模拟增温和降水变化对北京东灵山辽东栎种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响

气候变化将增加地表平均气温、改变降水格局, 会影响到种子出苗和幼苗生长, 进而影响物种的更新动态。为探讨增温和降水变化对东灵山地区建群树种辽东栎(Quercus mongolica)种子出苗和一年生幼苗生长和适应状况的影响, 该文利用环境控制生长箱开展了温度和降水量的双因素控制实验, 温度设置3个梯度: 月平均气温(对照)、增温2 ℃和增温6 ℃; 降水量设置3个梯度: 月平均降水量(对照)、减水30%和加水30%。结果表明: 1)辽东栎的种子出苗率和一年生幼苗的生长对增温和降水变化的响应不一致, 种子出苗率主要受到降水及其与温度交互作用的影响, 幼苗生长仅受到温度和降水独立作用的影响; 2)春季增温2 ℃或降水量增加均使辽东栎种子出苗期提前; 增温6 ℃与降水量减少的水热组合延迟了种子出苗期并使其存活率和出苗率显著降低, 但在此温度下增加降水量则增加了出苗速率和出苗率。3)增温2 ℃对其生长无显著影响, 增温6 ℃则在不同水分条件下显著地增加了幼苗的比叶面积、抑制了叶的伸长生长, 同时也显著降低了各器官生物量积累, 并减少了幼苗生物量向根的分配; 降水量减少降低了幼苗根生物量, 但未影响总生物量和根冠比, 降水量增加显著促进了幼苗地上部分的生长, 特别是叶的生长。因此, 适当地增温或增加降水量将增加辽东栎幼苗的更新潜力, 但增温和降水量减少导致的干旱化将显著降低幼苗的更新潜力。     

子午岭三种生境下辽东栎幼苗定居限制

辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)是子午岭地区的乡土乔木树种,也是该地区气候顶极群落的建群种,其幼苗的补充更新影响着森林群落的结构及物种组成。在3种典型生境(辽东栎林、人工油松林、灌草丛)中,设置3因素(种子、干扰、遮荫)两水平的野外播种实验(随机区组设计),记录辽东栎幼苗出苗量,并监测幼苗同生群在3种生境中3a间的生长状况,以确定种子及微生境在辽东栎幼苗补充过程中的限制作用。播种实验样方大小30cm×30cm,共计216个样方。结果显示,在辽东栎林及油松林内,增加种子和干扰强度(去除枯落物),能引起出苗量和幼苗补充量的显著增加,且2种处理方式间存在交互作用,表明在郁闭林冠下,辽东栎幼苗的补充受到了种子和微生境的双重限制,枯落物是导致微生境限制的主要因素之一。在灌草丛生境,各种处理方式均不能增加幼苗的补充量,表明辽东栎无法在开阔生境(强光照、干旱)中完成实生幼苗的补充更新。3种生境中的幼苗同生群生存分析表明,辽东栎幼苗在森林群落中存活率显著高于灌草丛群落。根据幼苗生长指标判断,在3种生境中,人工油松林是辽东栎幼苗定居的最佳场所。与实验预期相反,灌木对辽东栎幼苗的补充无显著影响。     

种子更新与萌蘖更新蒙古栎一年生幼苗生长特性的比较

通过比较辽东山区一年生蒙古栎实生幼苗和萌生幼苗的生长指标,探讨不同更新方式(种子更新与萌蘖更新)下1年生蒙古栎幼苗维持生长的形态和养分分配特征的差异。结果表明:1年生蒙古栎幼苗各器官的生物量在实生幼苗和萌生幼苗之间存在显著差异,主要表现为萌生幼苗叶重和茎重和茎质比均显著大于实生幼苗,实生幼苗的叶质比、光合组织/非光合组织大于萌生幼苗(P0.05);萌生幼苗生长性状表现出茎矮而粗的特征,实生幼苗表现出茎高而细、根系粗而长的特征;比叶面积、叶片氮含量、叶片δ13C含量在两种更新起源的幼苗之间无显著差异;萌生幼苗茎、叶和单株含水量均大于实生幼苗(P0.05);幼苗各器官结构性碳和非结构性碳含量在不同更新方式之间无显著差异,但萌生幼苗叶片、茎可溶性糖含量显著小于实生幼苗,萌生幼苗的叶片淀粉库显著大于实生幼苗(P0.05);可见,两种更新方式的蒙古栎幼苗通过不同的生长策略适应环境:萌生幼苗依赖于母体供应的养分和水分维持生长,同时将自身光合作用积累的淀粉储存于叶片中;实生幼苗主要依靠茎的高生长、增加光合组织生物量以便最大限度地利用光资源,同时通过在叶片和茎内储存更多的可溶性糖含量维持自身生长。     

Phylogenetic Structure of Tree Species across Different Life Stages from Seedlings to Canopy Trees in a Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest

Investigating patterns of phylogenetic structure across different life stages of tree species in forests is crucial to understanding forest community assembly, and investigating forest gap influence on the phylogenetic structure of forest regeneration is necessary for understanding forest community assembly. Here, we examine the phylogenetic structure of tree species across life stages from seedlings to canopy trees, as well as forest gap influence on the phylogenetic structure of forest regeneration in a forest of the subtropical region in China. We investigate changes in phylogenetic relatedness (measured as NRI) of tree species from seedlings, saplings, treelets to canopy trees; we compare the phylogenetic turnover (measured as β_NRI) between canopy trees and seedlings in forest understory with that between canopy trees and seedlings in forest gaps. We found that phylogenetic relatedness generally increases from seedlings through saplings and treelets up to canopy trees, and that phylogenetic relatedness does not differ between seedlings in forest understory and those in forest gaps, but phylogenetic turnover between canopy trees and seedlings in forest understory is lower than that between canopy trees and seedlings in forest gaps. We conclude that tree species tend to be more closely related from seedling to canopy layers, and that forest gaps alter the seedling phylogenetic turnover of the studied forest. It is likely that the increasing trend of phylogenetic clustering as tree stem size increases observed in this subtropical forest is primarily driven by abiotic filtering processes, which select a set of closely related evergreen broad-leaved tree species whose regeneration has adapted to the closed canopy environments of the subtropical forest developed under the regional monsoon climate.     

Spatial structure and regeneration of Tetramerista glabra in peat swamp rain forest in Indonesian Borneo

We examined the spatial structure and regeneration of Tetramerista glabra, a dominant canopy tree in peat swamp rain forest in Borneo (West Kalimantan, Indonesia). T. glabra has strong spatial structure that changes dramatically during the life cycle; seedlings were highly aggregated, saplings were random and trees were evenly distributed. Germination and seedling relative growth were highest within canopy gaps, but seedling densities were highest at gap edges. Concentration of seedlings in gap edges, rather than localized seed dispersal, was responsible for seedling patchiness. The slope of the relationship between relative growth rate and seedling height decreased from gap, to gap edge to understory habitats, suggesting that competition within the seedling layer is more important in gaps than in the understory. The processes that break down seedling aggregation, leading to over-dispersion of trees, must be density dependent, but remain unknown.     

Interspecific variation in tree seedling establishment in canopy gaps in relation to tree density

Abstract. We tested whether interspecific variation in tree seedling establishment in canopy gaps was significantly related to interspecific variation in tree density, for seven deciduous forest tree species (Quercus alba, Hamamelis virginiana, Acer rubrum, Sassafras albidum, Quercus rubra, Prunus serotina, Ostrya virginiana). For each species, seedling establishment was calculated as the difference in seedling density before experimental gap creation versus three years after gap creation. In each of the six experimentally-created gap types (33 % or 66 % removal of tree basal area from 0.01-ha, 0.05-ha or 0.20-ha patches), differences in seedling establishment among species were significantly related to differences in their density in the tree canopy. A regression model with log_e tree density as the independent variable accounted for between 93 % and 98 % of interspecific variation in seedling establishment. Our results provide empirical support for models of tree dynamics in gaps that assume seedling establishment depends on canopy tree density.     

常绿阔叶林林冠环境对栲幼苗建成的影响

植物幼苗建成阶段是决定种群自然更新的关键生活史阶段。研究林冠环境对常绿阔叶林优势种幼苗建成阶段的影响对该类森林的恢复和管理具有重要意义。2014-2016年, 该研究在重庆市缙云山国家级自然保护区的常绿阔叶林的不同林冠环境(大林窗: >150 m ², 中林窗: 100-150 m ², 小林窗: 50-100 m ², 对照: 林下)下进行栲(Castanopsis fargesii)种子野外播种实验, 并对栲幼苗命运和生长情况进行了3年的持续监测。结果表明: (1)栲幼苗出土时间从7月持续到12月, 出苗时间较长, 大林窗对幼苗出土具有延迟作用; (2)栲种子野外平均萌发率为(62.8 ± 2.0)%, 第3个生长季(2016年)末幼苗平均存活率为(65.1 ± 2.2)%, 枯萎是栲幼苗死亡的主要原因; (3)林冠环境对栲种子萌发率及第1个生长季(2014年)末的幼苗存活率无显著影响, 对第2个(2015年)和第3个生长季末的幼苗存活率具有显著影响; (4)林冠环境在第1个生长季对幼苗生长无明显影响, 但在第2个和第3个生长季具有显著影响, 大、中林窗中幼苗总生物量、株高、基径、根长和叶片数显著高于林下, 比叶面积显著低于林下; (5) 3个生长季内, 4类林冠条件下栲幼苗的叶质量比和茎质量比升高, 根质量比和根冠比降低, 并且从第2个生长季开始大林窗中栲幼苗的叶质量比显著高于林下, 根质量比和根冠比显著低于林下。栲幼苗早期的存活和生长依赖种子储存的能量, 受林冠条件影响较弱, 后期则依赖光合作用, 受林冠条件影响较强, 从整个幼苗建成过程看, 大、中林窗更有利于栲幼苗定居。     

Analysis of seedling banks of a climax beech forest: ecological importance of seedling sprouts

Most of the common and dominant tree species in gaps of a climax Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) forest have large seedling banks on the forest floor. These seedlings were classified into “true seedlings” and “seedling sprouts”, each of which was further classified into two and three subtypes, respectively. Each species had a characteristic seedling form spectrum. The seedling bank of beech was composed almost solely of true seedlings, whereas, seedling sprouts predominated in the seedling banks of lower tree species such as Prunus grayana Maxim. and some species of Acer. The age structures suggested that seedling sprouts had longer life spans and had been recruited more constantly than true seedlings. The habit of sprouting and creeping seemed to enable seedlings of these species to persist for long periods, thus increasing their chance for eventual success in canopy gaps.     

Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of trees at different successional stages in a temperate forest in northeastern China

Aims Spatial distribution of adult trees in a forest community is determined by patterns of both seed dispersal and seedling recruitment. The objectives of our study were to understand the processes of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of dominant tree species in a temperate forest of northeastern China and to identify the factors constraining seed dispersal and seedling establishment at different stages of forest succession.Methods During three summer and autumn sessions between 2006 and 2008, altogether 113080 seeds from 22 different tree species were collected in three large field plots representing different forest types in the Changbai Mountain region of northeastern China. The spatial distribution of seed abundance was analyzed using a Syrjala test. Regeneration success of nine major tree species was assessed using variables defining 'limitations' in 'seeds' and 'seedling establishment'.Important findings We found that seed production fluctuated between years and varied greatly with forest types. Four tree species, Acer spp., Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis and Betula spp., had the greatest seed production and the widest range of seed dispersal, whereas Quercus mongolica showed the most sustained seed production pattern. The spatial patterns of seed abundance differed significantly among forest types and years. The tree species investigated in this study differed in the degree of seed limitation, as well as in limitation of seedling establishment. There were both negative and positive correlations between seed density and seedling density, depending on site and parental tree density. Seeds of 16 tree species were found in the Populus davidiana–Betula platyphylla forest (PBF) plot, 11 in the conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF) plot but only 8 in the broad-leaved-Korean pine mixed forest (BKF) plot. The number of seed-contributing species was not only greater in the secondary forests (CBF and PBF plots) than in the primary forest (BKF plot) but was also more variable during the 3 years of assessment. Results from the correlations between seed density and seedling occurrence and that between parental tree density or seed weight and dispersal limitation confirm our intuitive expectations, i.e. heavy seeds had greater dispersal limitation but higher establishment success than light seeds.     

小兴安岭阔叶红松混交林林隙特征

对小兴安岭阔叶红松混交林林隙基本特征进行了研究。结果表明:林隙的线状密度为31.78个/km,冠空隙和扩展林隙所占的面积比例分别为15.71%和30.78%;冠空隙的年干扰频率为0.46%,干扰轮回期约为434.8a。冠空隙的大小变化在42.12—372.52m2之间,平均为153.37m2;扩展林隙的大小变化在98.65m2—633.10m2之间,平均为300.44m2。冠空隙和扩展林隙面积分布格局均符合Weibull分布。林隙形成方式主要为干基折断,占总形成木总数的35.29%,其次为掘根风倒,占28.43%。平均每个林隙的形成木为4.98株,由红松、白桦、枫桦、冷杉形成,径级在20—30 cm之间,高度在15—30 m之间。冠空隙的直径与高度比值的相对频率的分布呈单峰型曲线,当比值为0.30—0.45时,出现峰值;而扩展林隙的直径与高度比值的相对频率的分布呈双峰型曲线,当比值分别为0.75—0.90和1.05—1.15时,出现峰值。林隙边缘木胸径级的多度分布和高度级多度分布符合Weibull分布,但不符合正态分布。约13.41%的边缘木未出现偏冠现象,偏冠率在0.5—0.7之间的边缘木占70.49%。     

大兴安岭新林林业局3种林分类型天然更新幼苗幼树的空间分布格局

基于大兴安岭新林林业局落叶松林、白桦林和混交林3种主要林分类型16块样地的调查数据,依照幼苗幼树的株高划分为3个等级: Ⅰ级, 株高≤60 cm; Ⅱ级, 60 cm＜株高≤200 cm; Ⅲ级, 株高＞200 cm且胸径＜5 cm.在4种取样尺度下,采用负二项指数等7种聚集度指数,判定幼苗幼树的分布格局及格局强度,分析格局变化和格局规模.结果表明: 除落叶松林的落叶松幼苗幼树Ⅱ级最多,且随等级升高幼苗幼树密度先升高后降低外,白桦林和混交林的落叶松以及3种林分的白桦幼苗幼树Ⅲ级最多,而Ⅰ级最少,随等级升高,幼苗幼树密度均升高.落叶松幼苗幼树在3种林分4种取样尺度下均呈聚集分布.白桦幼苗幼树在白桦林中除在10 m×20 m尺度为随机分布外,均呈聚集分布.除落叶松幼苗幼树在混交林中5 m×10 m尺度时聚集强度最大外,落叶松在其他林分以及白桦在3种林分均在5 m×5 m尺度下聚集强度最大.在落叶松林,落叶松和白桦幼苗幼树的聚集强度随等级增大而减小,其中白桦由聚集分布变为随机或均匀分布;在白桦林和混交林中,落叶松和白桦幼苗幼树的聚集强度随等级升高不断增大,由均匀分布变为聚集分布.在3种林分类型中,不同更新等级落叶松和白桦幼苗幼树种群的格局规模均为25 m².落叶松和白桦幼苗幼树种群格局强度在不同林分类型、不同更新等级中差异明显.     

基于机载激光雷达的中亚热带常绿阔叶林林窗特征

机载激光雷达(LiDAR)是一种新型主动式遥感技术,能直接获取多尺度高精度的冠层三维结构信息,将其推广到森林干扰生态学领域,可为林窗研究提供应用支撑.以湖南中亚热带常绿阔叶林为研究对象,利用小光斑LiDAR数据进行林窗识别和几何特征估测.选择合适的分辨率和内插方法生成冠层高程模型,采用计算机图形学方法估测林窗面积、边界木高度和形状指数,并进行野外观测验证.结果表明: 林窗识别率为94.8%,主要影响因素是林窗面积和林窗形成木类型;估测的林窗面积和边界木高与野外观测值呈较强线性相关,R²值分别为0.962和0.878,其中估测的林窗面积平均比野外观测值高19.9%,估测的林窗边界木高度平均比野外观测值低9.9%;区域内林窗密度为12.8个·hm^-2,占森林面积13.3%;林窗面积、边界木高和形状指数的平均值分别为85.06 m²、15.33 m和1.71,区域内多为较小面积、边缘效应不太显著的林窗.
     

Importance of seed size for the establishment of seedlings of five deciduous broad-leaved tree species

Effects of seed size and phenology on the establishment of five deciduous broad-leaved tree species were examined in deciduous woodland. Treatments included absence and presence of litter in the forest understory, a small gap, and a large gap. Seedling emergence of large-seeded speciesQuercus mongolica var.grosseserrata andAcer mono was not reduced by accumulation of litter in the forest understory, but was promoted in the large gap where litter was less. Seedling emergence of small-seeded species,Alnus hirsuta, Cercidiphyllum japonicum andBetula platyphylla var.japonica, was reduced by the litter in almost all of the sites. Seedlings of large-seeded species avoid shade stress phenologically by unfolding all of their large leaves in a short period before canopy closure in the forest understory. These species had little mortality after seedling emergence. In contrast, small-seeded species have a longer duration of leaf emergence, shorter leaf longevity, and rapid leaf turnover in all the sites. These seedlings attained similar height to those of the large-seeded species at the end of the second year in the large gap, but survival and height growth rate decreased after canopy closure in the forest understory. We suggest that the importance of seed size in determining seedling establishment largely depends on the relationships between seasonal changes of environmental conditions and phenological traits of seedlings, which are related to seed size.Abbreviations Ah Alnus hirsuta - Am Acer mono - Cj Cercidiphyllum japonicum - Bp Betula platyphylla var.japonica - Qm Quercus mongolica var.grosseserrata