西藏岗巴地区始新世介形虫化石组合

对西藏岗巴盆地层位最高的海相地层——遮普惹组所含介形虫化石进行了分析和研究,共鉴定出22属、33种,建立两个介形虫组合：Paracypris mayaensis sp. nov.-Bairdia zongpuxiensis sp. nov. 组合(下部)和 Phlyctenophora zongpuensis-Semicytherura subsyrnmetros组合(上部);讨论介形虫组合的特征及其地质时代,并与世界上其它地区有关地层进行对比,结合与之共生的有孔虫组合的时代特征,认为含该介形虫组合的海相地层——遮普惹组的时代应为始新世Ypresian-Priabonian早期。描述6种,其中有2新种：Paracypris mayaensis sp. nov.和Bairdia zongpuxiensis sp. nov.。     

Biogene fluvio-lakustrine Sedimentation im Rotliegend des permokarbonen Saar-Nahe-Beckens (SW-Deutschland)

Fuviatile-lacustrine and alluvial clastic sediments about 3500 m thick have developed during the Lower Permian (Rotliegend) in the Saar-Nahe Basin (SW-Germany). In the lower part of the Rotliegend (Kusel, Lebach and Tholey Groups) fluviatile-lacustrine sequences predominate, whereas in the upper part (the Nahe Group) alluvial-playa/sabkha sequences occur. The biogenic sediments consists of fluviatile and lacustrine limestones, autoththonous fluviatile and lacustrine coals as well as allochthonous coal seams and lacustrine black shales. Ostracod andSpirorbis limestones are rather rare. Biogenic sediments are especially known from the Kusel and the Lebach Group. Only a few biogenic sediments have developed in the Nahe Group. This change in the sedimentological development indicates a distinct change of climate during the Rotliegend.     

Ostracod distribution in Ulungur Lake (Xinjiang,China) and a reassessed Holocene record

Ostracod shells in surface sediments from Ulungur Lake (Xinjiang, China) belong mainly to Limnocythere inopinata as the dominant species, and Candona neglecta and Darwinula stevensoni as accompanying, less abundant taxa. Shells of an additional nine species were recorded only sporadically. The three most abundant ostracods have wide tolerance ranges in terms of salinity, substrate and water depth. The similarly recorded bivalve Pisidium subtruncatum, and the gastropods Gyraulus chinensis and Radix auricularia belong to the most tolerant representatives of the genera. The bivalve and gastropods, in addition to the ostracod assemblage, reflect the fact that Ulungur Lake has experienced strong lake level and salinity variations due to water withdrawal in the catchment and the counteracting diversion of river waters to the lake in recent decades. The substrate in Ulungur Lake is typically fine-grained, apart from the delta region of the Ulungur River channel, which is marked by relatively coarse-grained detrital sediments barren of ostracod shells. This channel was created 40 years ago to divert water to Ulungur Lake and support its local fisheries and recreational facilities. A reassessed Holocene ostracod record from the lake shows that a significantly higher salinity and lower lake level existed in the early Holocene before 6.0 ka in response to the regional climate. In contrast, a higher lake level and lowest salinity is inferred for the late Holocene period between ca. 3.6 and 1.3 ka before present. Afterwards, the lake level declined and salinity increased in response to regional moisture reduction, although conditions similar to the early Holocene lake status were not re-established. Our surface-sediment-derived data provide a baseline for analysis of future environmental variations due to global climate change and regional water management.     

Benthic ostracods and deep water-masses in the Atlantic Ocean

Ostracod faunas at six locations are compared, and related to distributions in an Atlantic Ocean-wide data base. Five, widely developed, vertical faunal sequences are recognised at particular levels within deep water-masses: Henryhowella Fauna (lower part of Antarctic Intermediate Water); Krithe Fauna (Upper North Atlantic Deep Water); Poseidonamicus-Bosquetina Fauna (upper part of Lower NADW); Dutoitella Fauna (lower part of Lower NADW); Legitimocythere Fauna (Antarctic Bottom Water). These faunas are correlated with previously established deep water benthic foraminiferal assemblages, and their possible palaeo-oceanographic use is discussed.     

Planktonic ostracods (Crustacea) along the coasts of the South Shetland Islands King George and Elephant (Antarctic Ocean) during spring season 1994

Ostracod samples were taken from coastal waters of the South Shetland Islands (King George and Elephant) northeast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The population structure of the planktonic ostracods in the upper 200-m water column is described. In total 77 samples were taken quantitatively by RMT-1 hauls predominantly containing Alacia hettacra, A. belgicae and Metaconchoecia isocheira. The dominance of A2, A1 and adult stages supports Kock's conclusion of an upward-directed ontogenetic migration. Received: 19 December 1996 / Accepted: 24 March 1997     

Pleistocene–Holocene marine ostracods from Mersin offshore sediments,Turkey, Eastern Mediterranean

Ostracod faunas from 18 gravity offshore cores taken from S-SW of Mersin–Ta?ucu harbour in Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean) at water depths comprised between 285 and 665 m were studied. Thirty-two (32) species have been identified. Argilloecia acuminata s.l. and Polycope cf. tholiformis are the dominant species in the studied area. The fauna corresponds very well to the “Argilloecia acuminata community, C11” from the Pleistocene to Holocene established by Sissingh (Sissingh, W., 1982. Ecostratigraphical outline history of the Late Cenozoic ostracode fauna of the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Basin. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wettenschappen B 85, 299–322), and indicates circalittoral to upper bathyal environment in the Mediterranean. The ostracod fauna of the Mersin offshore sediments also shows great similarities to those from the Adriatic Sea (Bonaduce, G., Ciampo, G., Masoli, M., 1975. Distribution of ostracoda in the Adriatic Sea. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 40 Suppl., 1–304), Sicily (Aiello, G., Barra, D., Bonaduce, G., 2000. Systematics and biostratigraphy of the Plio-Pleistocene Monte S. Nicola section (Gela, Sicily). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 39, 83–112) and Bay of Naples (Müller, G.W., 1894. Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Zoologische Station zu Neapel. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, Monographie 31, 1–404). Only a few species are common with the Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara.     

北部湾海域浮游介形类物种组成、丰度分布及多样性

根据1998年1月～1999年5月北部湾海域4个航次生态环境综合调查资料,对北部湾海域浮游介形类进行分析研究。结果表明,北部湾渔场浮游介形类物种组成较为简单,记录有小型海萤（Cypridina nana）、齿形海萤（Cypridina dentata）、尖尾海萤（Cypridina acuminata）、纳米海萤（Cypridina nami）、针刺真浮萤（Euconchoecia aculeata）、细长真浮萤（Euconchoecia elongata）、后圆真浮萤（Euconchoecia maimai）等18种;隶属于2亚目、2科、4亚科、12属,其中有4种周年出现,9种只在特定的单一季节出现,其余5种季节性出现;夏季和冬季出现的物种数最多,达到11种;春季次之,为9种;秋季最少,只有6种。北部湾浮游介形类可以划分为3个生态类群,即低盐暖水类群、广温广盐类群和高温高盐类群,优势种群主要是近岸低盐暖水类群的针刺真浮萤和尖尾海萤。全海域栖息密度变化范围为0．02～51．58ind．／m^3,年平均1．22ind．／m^3,春季最高,达2．73ind．／m^3,在湾西北部密集有大量的针刺真浮萤;夏季此密集区逐渐向湾中部移动,纳米海萤为其密集种,栖息密度也有所降低;秋、冬季量少,但在湾南、北部各出现一个丰度相对较高的密集区,并由南北向湾中部递减。总生物量具有明显的季节性变化,平面分布趋势与栖息密度相似。生物多样性指数低,以湾口较高、湾顶较低,呈湾口向湾内西北方向递减趋势;全海域年平均多样性阈值为0．329,四季多样性水平皆为Ⅰ级,多样性程度低;多样性程度较高的区域,多出现于受外海水影响较大、水文状况变化较为复杂的海域。对浮游介形类的物种组成、丰度分布及多样性与北部湾的水系、水团、水温及盐度等环境因子的关系进行了探讨。     

The relative importance of sediment and water column supplies of nutrients to the growth and tissue nutrient content of the green macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis along an estuarine resource gradient

Large blooms of opportunistic green macroalgae such as Enteromorpha intestinalis are of ecological concern in estuaries worldwide. Macroalgae derive their nutrients from the water column but estuarine sediments may also be an important nutrient source. We hypothesized that the importance of these nutrient sources to E. intestinalis varies along a nutrient-resource gradient within an estuary. We tested this in experimental units constructed with water and sediments collected from 3 sites in Upper Newport Bay estuary, California, US, that varied greatly in water column nutrient concentrations. For each site there were three treatments: sediments + water; sediments + water + Enteromorpha intestinalis (algae); inert sand + water + algae. Water in units was exchanged weekly simulating low turnover characteristic of poorly flushed estuaries. The importance of the water column versus sediments as a source of nutrients to E. intestinalis varied with the magnitude of the different sources. When initial water column levels of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were low, estuarine sediments increased E. intestinalis growth and tissue nutrient content. In experimental units from sites where initial water column DIN was high, there was no effect of estuarine sediments on E. intestinalis growth or tissue N content. Salinity, however, was low in these units and may have inhibited growth. E. intestinalis growth and tissue P content were highest in units from the site with highest initial sediment nutrient content. Water column DIN was depleted each week of the experiment. Thus, the water column was a primary source of nutrients to the algae when water column nutrient supply was high, and the sediments supplemented nutrient supply to the algae when water column nutrient sources were low. Depletion of water column DIN in sediment + water units indicated that the sediments may have acted as a nutrient sink in the absence of macroalgae. Our data provide direct experimental evidence that macroalgae utilize and ecologically benefit from nutrients stored in estuarine sediments.     

Seasonal changes in the microbial population of the water column and sediments of the Ongagawa River,northern Kyushu,Japan

The total viable count, population density of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria, and nitrogen in the microbiomass (microbiomass-N) in sediments were monitored monthly at 12 points in the Ongagawa River basin from June 2002 to May 2006. The measurement of the sediment microbiomass-N was used for evaluation of the sediment’s microbial population in the river ecosystem. An extraordinarily high population of E. coli was observed during the season when there was stagnant water in the basin, with a high population and an insufficient drain diffusion system, and, thus hydrological water control is indispensable to prevent rapid E. coli growth. Microbiomass-N in sediments showed a negative correlation or independent fluctuation in relation to the bacterial population in the water column of the river. Seasonal changes in extracted nitrogen (N) in river sediments did not show correspondence with microbiomass-N in sediments. The microbiomass-N in sediments changed independently of the bacterial population in the river water, indicating that the high population of bacteria in the water does not lead to a high microbial population in river sediments. Ordination of the microbial parameters by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that microbiomass-N in sediments was quite different from other parameters. Relatively higher H⁺ (lower pH), PO₄ ³⁻ concentration and dissolved oxygen (DO) were the determinant parameters of higher microbiomass-N in sediments. A relative microbial abundance between the water column and sediments as well as each of the microbial populations in the water column and sediments could be a quantitative parameter for evaluating the biochemical processes of stream water.     

Ocean currents shape the microbiome of Arctic marine sediments

Prokaryote communities were investigated on the seasonally stratified Alaska Beaufort Shelf (ABS). Water and sediment directly underlying water with origin in the Arctic, Pacific or Atlantic oceans were analyzed by pyrosequencing and length heterogeneity-PCR in conjunction with physicochemical and geographic distance data to determine what features structure ABS microbiomes. Distinct bacterial communities were evident in all water masses. Alphaproteobacteria explained similarity in Arctic surface water and Pacific derived water. Deltaproteobacteria were abundant in Atlantic origin water and drove similarity among samples. Most archaeal sequences in water were related to unclassified marine Euryarchaeota. Sediment communities influenced by Pacific and Atlantic water were distinct from each other and pelagic communities. Firmicutes and Chloroflexi were abundant in sediment, although their distribution varied in Atlantic and Pacific influenced sites. Thermoprotei dominated archaea in Pacific influenced sediments and Methanomicrobia dominated in methane-containing Atlantic influenced sediments. Length heterogeneity-PCR data from this study were analyzed with data from methane-containing sediments in other regions. Pacific influenced ABS sediments clustered with Pacific sites from New Zealand and Chilean coastal margins. Atlantic influenced ABS sediments formed another distinct cluster. Density and salinity were significant structuring features on pelagic communities. Porosity co-varied with benthic community structure across sites and methane did not. This study indicates that the origin of water overlying sediments shapes benthic communities locally and globally and that hydrography exerts greater influence on microbial community structure than the availability of methane.     

Arsenic transport between water and sediments

Arsenic discharged into the Moira River has accumulated in the sediments of Moira Lake during the past century. The chronology of arsenic concentrations in the sediments, established using Pb-210 dating, has a subsurface concentration maximum (> 1000 g g^–1) that reflects higher inputs to the lake 15 to 45 years ago. The distribution coefficient (K_d) of arsenic in the surficial sediments was low (4000–6000 L kg^–1) and decreased below the sediment water interface. Higher concentrations of exchangeable As also were extracted deeper in the sediments. As a result, arsenic is mobile in the sediment column and the flux of arsenic via diffusion and particle resuspension from the sediments into the water is greater than current external loading from the Moira River. Less than 20% of the external input of arsenic is buried in the lake sediments. Using these flux measurements and a one dimensional model of arsenic transport in the sediment column, we constructed the history of arsenic exchange between water and sediments throughout the past century. The simulations predict that arsenic input into the water from the sediments has been > 20 % of external loading for the past 25 years and will continue to be important in the future as diffusion and resuspension regenerate arsenic from the mixed layer of the sediments into the overlying water.     

Assessment of persistent organochlorine compounds contamination on the Lake Victoria water and sediments: a case study in Tanzania

The current study was conducted to establish the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), its degradation products, and indicatory polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediments from Lake Victoria in Tanzania. Seven indicator PCBs were identified in sediments, and five were identified in water. The PCBs loading ranged from lower than the limit of detection (LOD) to 10.28 µg kg^?1 DW and 0.95 to 2.24 µg l^?1 in sediments and water, respectively. PCBs, CB 138 and CB 153 dominated the load, because of their chemical stability and high degree of chlorination. In addition, ten OCPs were identified in sediments, and seven OCPs were identified in water. The levels of organochlorine compounds in sediments were higher than in water samples, implying that sediments may serve as a sink for these compounds. The presence of these compounds is probably as a result of either historical use, long-range environmental transport or environmental persistence. The levels of organochlorine compounds in the lake water and sediments are below the maximum residue limit set by EU and FAO, except for aldrin and dieldrin. Based on the Threshold Effect Concentration (TEC) for freshwater ecosystems, aldrin and dieldrin are the only OCPs that seem to be a threat to the lake environment.     

High concentrations of viruses in the sediments of Lac Gilbert, Québec

Viruses were found to be very abundant in the top layer of the sediments of Lac Gilbert, Québec. Viruses were extracted from the sediments using pyrophosphate buffer, and viruses from the diluted extracts were pelleted onto grids and enumerated using transmission electron microscopy. Viral abundance in the sediments ranged from 6.5 × 10⁸ to 1.83 × 10¹⁰ ml^–1, which is 10- to 1,000-fold greater than the number observed in the water column. This increase corresponds well with the 100- to 1,000-fold increase in bacterial abundance in the sediments. Viral abundance differed significantly among the surface sediment samples taken at different bottom depths and among samples taken at different depths of the water column. Viral abundance also varied significantly between the oxic and anoxic zones of the water column and the sediments. The virus-to-bacteria ratio varied greatly among the different sediment sites but not among depths in the water column. Viral abundance in the water column was related to bacterial abundance and chlorophyll concentration, whereas viruses in the sediments were most abundant in sediments with high organic matter content. Elevated viral abundance and their erratic distribution in the sediments suggest that viruses might play an important role in sediment microbial dynamics. Correspondence to: Roxane Maranger     

Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Mercury Methylation and Demethylation in an Oligotrophic Lake

Microbial mercury methylation and methylmercury decomposition were examined in Lake Clara, an oligotrophic northern Wisconsin seepage lake, using radioisotopic tracers. Methylation activity was near background in the water column, was greatest in the profundal surficial sediments, and decreased with depth in sediment cores. Active demethylation occurred in the water column but was variable. Demethylation was greatest in the surficial sediments and decreased slightly with sediment depth. The methylation/demethylation ratio (M/D) was >1 in the water column, exhibited a sharp peak in surface sediments, and decreased in deeper sediments. Methylation and demethylation activity varied in surface sediments collected along a lake transect. The M/D ratio in surface sediments ranged from 1.4 to 5.8. Methylation in attached microbial communities was near background, while demethylation was high. The M/D ratios in the attached communities were all <0.20. Methylation activity in surface sediments incubated at in situ temperature increased from spring to late summer and decreased in the fall. Demethylation increased from early to midsummer and then declined. The M/D ratio in surface sediments increased from mid- to late summer, and decreased in the fall. These results indicate that the greatest potential for methylation in Lake Clara occurs in the surficial sediments and that methylation in surficial sediments is greatest from mid-July through September. In addition, the net rate of methylmercury production may be significantly affected by demethylation.     

The freshwater microcrustacea of Easter Island

The Cladocera, Copepod and Ostracod fauna of Easter Island amounts to only five species. Three of these are wide-ranging, and four are cyclic parthenogens or at least capable of parthenogenesis. Two, the Cladoceran Alona weinecki and the Ostracod Sarscypridopsis sp., are more interesting from a biogeographic point of view, because restricted (apart from Easter Island) to the subantarctic. It is argued that this is strong evidence of their introduction by man, not by natural passive dispersal.     

惠州西湖底泥中氮磷特征的初步研究

惠州西湖为典型的亚热带城市浅水湖泊.为了调查该湖泊底泥性质了解底泥对水质的影响.2004年8月在惠州西湖5个子湖(南湖、丰湖、平湖、菱湖和鳄湖)采集了6个底泥柱样,对其含水率、烧失量(LOI)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、藻类可利用性磷(AAP)和粒度的垂向特征进行了初步研究.结果表明,各子湖中南湖内源负荷最大,底泥中的LOI、TN、TP和AAP含量高于其他湖区数倍以上,表层值较高,表明曾遭受过严重的污染,而其它湖区的垂向变化不明显.底泥成分以粘土、粉砂为主,水体混浊度高可能与底泥粒径较小以及鱼类和游船活动的强扰动性有关.     

Fish predation on epiphytic microcrustacea in Tivoli South Bay,a Hudson River tidal freshwater wetland

The littoral microcrustacean fauna of Tivoli South Bay was studied from July to September, 1989. The effects of fish predation on microcrustacean densities were tested in a short-term predator exclusion experiment. Fish were excluded from water chestnut (Trapa natans) plots in four screened exclosures. An equal number of open cages allowed foraging. Fish predation did not have a significant effect on densities of ostracods or other microcrustaceans. Ostracod densities increased in cages throughout the experimental period, whereas cladoceran and copepod densities decreased in both treatments. Gut contents analysis of banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) revealed that ostracods and other microcrustaceans were commonly ingested by larval, juvenile, and adult killifish utilizing T. natans as habitat. These results suggest that ostracods and other microcrustacean epifauna associated with T. natans may represent an important trophic link in the tidal freshwater wetlands of the Hudson River Estuary. Deceased     

武汉南湖水体及沉积物不同形态磷的季节变化

在武汉南湖5个采样点分别采集了湖水和柱状沉积物样品,对水体、沉积物及其间隙水中磷的季节变化以及沉积物中的不同形态磷进行了研究.结果表明: 水体总磷（TP）和正磷酸盐磷（PO₄^3--P）的平均含量分别为0.240和0.033 mg·L^-1.TP和PO₄^3--P均在11月含量最高,但TP含量的最低值出现在2月,PO₄^3--P含量的最低值出现在8月.沉积物中TP的平均含量为1.005 mg·g^-1, 4—11月呈上升趋势,11月至次年2月趋于稳定;其垂直分布上随沉积深度增加逐渐降低.其间隙水PO₄^3--P的平均含量为0.209 mg·L^-1,11月最高,2月最低,其垂直分布规律与沉积物TP一致.沉积物中的不同形态磷以无机磷为主,占TP的61.4%～77.1%.沉积物中活性磷（BA-P）的含量很高,但BA-P随沉积深度增加显著降低.相关性分析表明,沉积物主要通过BA-P和自生钙磷（ACa-P）的释放向水体供给磷.     

Chemical composition of modern and pre-acidification sediments in the Tatra Mountain lakes

Concentrations of major nutrients (C, N, P) and acid soluble metals (Ca, Mg, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were determined in modern (0–1 cm) and pre-acidification (5–10 cm) sediment layers collected from 37 alpine and 3 forest lakes in the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia, Poland) in 1996–1998. Sediment composition reflected catchment characteristics and productivity of lakes. In the sediments of alpine lakes, C and N concentrations decreased and Mg increased with a decreasing proportion of vegetation and soil in the catchment. Decreasing Ca:Mg ratios in sediments along the vegetation gradient was inverse to that in water, and could be associated with different ratios of cations in water leachate from catchments and in solids which enter the lake due to soil erosion. Phosphorus concentrations increased with the proportion of moraine areas, with till soils rich in P. Concentrations of C, N, P, and Ca in sediments positively correlated to their concentrations in water. Sediment concentrations of Al and Al:Ca ratios increased with decreasing sediment and water pH. A negative correlation between water pH and concentrations of organic C in water and sediments indicated the important impact of organic acids on the acid status of the lakes exposed to higher terrestrial export of organic matter. Compared to the pre-acidification period, the modern sediments had significantly higher Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, and K, but lower Mg concentrations. The Zn and Pb enrichment was more evident in oligotrophic alpine lakes than in more productive forest lakes and was independent of lake water or sediment pH. Fe and Mn concentrations in the modern sediments were higher than in ambient soils and bedrock, while those in pre-acidification sediments were similar to contemporary soils and to the rock layer. The enrichment of the modern sediments with Fe and Mn thus probably resulted from both their redox recycling and ecosystem acidification.     

Internal loading of phosphorus from sediments of Lake Pontchartrain (Louisiana,USA) with implications for eutrophication

Diffusive flux of bioavailable soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) across the sediment–water interface is one mechanism by which sediments can be a source of phosphorus to the water column in aquatic systems and contribute to primary productivity. This process is dependent on sediment biogeochemistry and SRP concentration gradients at the sediment–water interface. In systems subjected to episodic external pulses of nutrient-rich water, SRP concentration gradients can have potential implications for diffusive flux. In this study, we sought to investigate two hypotheses: (1) diffusive flux of SRP from sediments is a significant source of SRP in the annual budget for the oligohaline Lake Pontchartrain estuary and (2) under SRP-depleted water column conditions following large episodic, external pulses of nitrogen-rich Mississippi River water to the estuary, internal SRP loading by diffusive flux can regenerate SRP in the water column to previously observed levels rapidly. Our specific objectives were to: (i) determine sediment, water column, and phytoplankton characteristics at multiple locations in the estuary, (ii) measure rates of SRP diffusive flux from sediments using intact cores under aerobic and anaerobic incubations, (iii) estimate the potential for water column SRP regeneration by diffusive flux under SRP-depleted conditions using a simple model, and (iv) estimate the annual load of SRP from the sediments by diffusive flux. Results indicate that diffusive flux of SRP from Lake Pontchartrain sediments likely contributes ~30–44% of the annual SRP load to the estuary. Further, internal SRP loading by diffusion has the potential to regenerate SRP in SRP-depleted waters to previously observed concentrations in <60 days. Our findings suggest that a sequence of events is feasible where external pulses of nitrogen-rich water produce phosphorus-limited conditions, followed by an internal pulse of SRP from sediments to restore nitrogen-limited conditions. This internal SRP load may be an important contributor in promoting blooms of nitrogen-fixing harmful algae under summertime low-nutrient conditions.