模拟酸雨对小麦叶片同化物、生长和产量的影响

以小麦为材料,通过大田试验研究了模拟酸雨对小麦生长和产量的胁迫效应.结果表明：酸雨胁迫对小麦产量有较大影响,当酸雨pH≤3.5时显著低于对照（P＜0.01）;当pH≤ 2.5时,小麦株高明显变矮,叶片外观出现明显的受害症状,当pH≤3.5时,叶面积和比叶 鲜质量显著降低.酸雨胁迫下,小麦叶片叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素含量都明显降低,但对叶绿素a的影响更显著.酸雨胁迫导致小麦叶片可溶性糖和还原糖的合成受抑,当pH≤3.5时, 受抑作用较强,且酸度越高,影响越大;酸雨胁迫下,小麦叶片的总游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量均随着酸雨酸度的增加而降低,并分别在pH≤3.5和pH≤4.5时显著低于对照（P＜0.05）.     

模拟酸雨对小麦产量及籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量及组分的影响

以宁麦13和徐麦31两种小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同pH值酸雨对小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明:模拟酸雨抑制了小麦的生长,减少了生物量的积累。pH值2.0酸雨处理后宁麦13的单穗粒数和单茎产量分别较对照下降了48.6%和56.7%,徐麦31则分别下降了31.2%和39.7%,差异显著。小麦籽粒主要营养成分对酸雨胁迫响应不同,酸雨处理提高了籽粒氨基酸、蛋白质含量,pH值2.0酸雨处理后,宁麦13和徐麦31小麦籽粒中氨基酸含量分别比对照高36.6%和30.9%,总蛋白含量分别比对照高20.6%和15.1%,均与对照差异显著。而小麦可溶性糖、淀粉和脂肪含量较对照降低,且总体表现为酸度增强变化幅度增大。不同蛋白组分也对酸雨胁迫反应不同,酸雨处理提高了籽粒中清蛋白和球蛋白含量,而降低了谷蛋白含量和谷/醇。pH值2.0的酸雨处理后,宁麦13和徐麦31的清蛋白含量较对照分别增加了13.1%和23.9%,但与对照差异不显著。酸雨胁迫降低了总淀粉和支链淀粉含量,宁麦13和徐麦31的pH值2.0酸雨处理总淀粉含量分别较对照下降了11.8%和20.2%,与对照差异显著,但对直链淀粉含量影响不明显。可见酸雨不仅影响小麦的产量,而且对品质也有明显影响。酸雨处理尽管提高了籽粒总蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白和谷/醇,降低了其加工品质。     

模拟酸雨对朱砂叶螨寄主植物三月早茄生理生化的影响

以朱砂叶螨的寄主植物三月早茄为对象,研究了不同pH值和不同时间模拟酸雨胁迫下,茄子对酸雨的抵抗、适应能力和营养物质含量变化.结果表明,随酸雨酸度增强,茄叶的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、磷和可溶性蛋白含量呈单峰变化趋势;而过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖含量呈单谷变化趋势;还原糖含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随酸度增加呈上升趋势;茄叶pH值呈下降趋势,含水量不受酸雨影响.POD对酸雨作用反应迟缓,而SOD、CAT较敏感,其他几项生理指标则对酸雨作用时间反应灵敏.高pH(4.0～5.6)的酸雨刺激茄叶的保护能力增强,促进茄叶的生长发育.由于茄叶内糖含量、磷及可溶性蛋白含量的改变,植物的适口性有所变化,可促进叶螨生长,而在强酸性酸雨(pH＜3.0)胁迫下,植物的生长受到抑制,营养物质含量降低,抑制朱砂叶螨的生长.     

模拟酸雨条件下Pb2+和Cr6+对蕹菜光合作用及品质的影响

以蕹菜（Ipomoea aquatica Forsk．）为供试对象,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同酸度模拟酸雨（AR）条件下,Pb^2＋和Cr^6＋对其光合作用、营养品质及食用安全性的影响。结果表明：酸雨条件下,重金属对蕹菜叶片光合作用和品质的胁迫表现为Pb〉Pb＋Cr〉Cr;随酸度增加,AR＋Pb和AR＋Pb＋Cr处理的危害性显著增加,pH=3．5时,AR＋Pb＋Cr处理的胁迫性明显大于其他处理水平,对蔬菜造成伤害;3个光合作用参数均随酸雨酸度增加有不同程度的下降,但对胁迫的敏感性存在差异;pH〈5．6时,蕹菜中蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量与pH值呈正相关;随酸度增加,可溶性糖含量增加,而还原性糖含量下降,表现出对环境胁迫的应激反应;除了Cr污染处理外,Pb污染和Pb＋Cr污染都能显著促进蕹菜中硝态氮积累,其含量随酸雨酸度上升而增加;蕹菜中Pb和Cr存在竞争吸附作用,且随着酸雨酸度下降,蕹菜对2种重金属的富集有加快趋势。     

不同酸度酸雨对小麦花后氮硫代谢和籽粒蛋白组分的影响

酸雨是中国重要的环境问题,为研究酸雨对小麦籽粒品质的可能影响,以小麦品种扬麦15和汶农17为材料开展盆栽试验,研究了不同酸度(pH2.5、p H4.0和p H5.6)酸雨对小麦花后氮硫代谢关键酶活性和籽粒蛋白质含量及组分的影响。结果显示:酸雨处理抑制叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,提高了扬麦15整个灌浆期及汶农17灌浆中后期叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,促进了叶片蛋白的降解,降低了叶片可溶性蛋白含量。不同酸度酸雨提高了成熟期籽粒中蛋白质含量,酸度越强,增加幅度越大,籽粒中各蛋白组分含量和大部分氨基酸含量也有明显提高。酸雨提高了扬麦15叶片丝氨酸乙酰转移酶(SAT)和O-乙酰丝氨酸硫裂解酶(OAS-TL)活性,但对汶农17硫代谢关键酶活性影响较小,酸雨处理还提高了籽粒中二硫键和含硫氨基酸含量。可见酸雨对小麦氮硫代谢有不同程度影响,进而影响了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和组成,酸度越强影响越大,但不同品种对酸雨响应有一定差异。     

模拟酸雨对油菜(Brassica napus L.)生长、产量及品质的影响

以油菜为供试材料,通过田间试验方法研究了酸雨对农作物生长、产量及品质的胁迫效应.研究结果表明,模拟酸雨胁迫对油菜的生长发育有较大的影响,具体表现为株高、叶面积生长受抑,叶单面鲜重明显降低,且在pH3.1时开始出现外观上的可见伤害;产量的分析结果表明,pH4.1可作为酸雨对油菜产量的影响阈限;品质特征指标分析结果表明,酸雨胁迫会导致油菜粗脂肪含量降低,使可溶性糖含量减少,而且随着酸度增强,粗脂肪与可溶性糖降低幅度越大;酸雨胁迫对可溶性蛋白质的影响阈限在pH5.1与pH4.1之间,对游离氨基酸总量的影响阈限在pH4.1与pH3.1之间,而对还原性糖、总酸度的影响阈限则在pH3.1与pHl.5之间,但以上各指标的确切阈值及酸雨对其影响的具体机理还有待进一步研究.     

模拟酸雨及其酸化土壤对小麦幼苗体内可溶性糖和含氮量的影响

以小麦为试材,采用盆栽方法研究了模拟酸雨及其酸化土壤对小麦幼苗体内可溶性糖和含N量的影响.结果表明,pH值为5.6、4.5、3.5、3.0和2.5的系列模拟酸雨引起了土壤酸化和盐基流失.当模拟酸雨的pH值由5.6下降到2.5时,被淋溶土壤的pH值由.0下降到3.41,土壤中交换性盐基总量从56.5下降到41.1mmol·kg^-1.将小麦幼苗栽培在该系列酸化土壤上,并分别用5种不同pH值的模拟酸雨喷淋地上器官,导致小麦幼苗体内的可溶性糖含量、含N量迅速下降,某些生理活动降低.其中,模拟酸雨喷淋对小麦幼苗茎叶可溶性糖含量、含N量、叶绿素含量以及光合速率的影响大于酸化土壤对其产生的影响.而酸化土壤对小麦幼苗根系中可溶性糖含量、含N量、硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性的影响大于模拟酸雨喷淋的影响.pH≤3.0的高强度酸雨以及由其产生的酸化土壤(T₄、T₅土壤)对小麦幼苗的碳素代谢和氮素代谢具有明显的抑制作用.     

模拟硫酸型、硝酸型及其混合型酸雨对油菜生理特性、生长和产量的影响

为了了解我国酸雨污染由硫酸型向硫-硝酸复合型转变所引起的环境效应,以油菜(Brassicanapus)为供试材料,在大田试验条件下,系统研究了模拟硫酸型(SAR)、硝酸型(NAR)及其混合型(MAR)酸雨对农作物生理特性、生长和产量的影响。结果表明,3种酸雨胁迫均能抑制油菜生理、生长和产量形成,但不同类型的酸雨间的抑制效应存在差异。当pH≤4.1时,SAR、NAR、MAR能破坏油菜叶质膜系统、降低光合色素含量及光合速率,从而抑制作物的光合作用;当pH≤3.1时,油菜叶面积减小,叶受害百分率明显增加。pH=4.1可作为酸雨对油菜产量的影响阈值。在pH=7.0–1.5的酸度范围内,油菜叶片膜透性、丙二醛含量、叶受害百分率表现为NARMARSAR,光合速率、光合色素含量、叶面积及产量则表现出SARMARNAR的变化特征。当pH4.1时,3种酸雨处理间差异均不明显,pH≤3.1时,3种酸雨间的胁迫效应差异显著增加(p0.05),且酸度越强,差异越大,其变化趋势为NARMARSAR。说明NAR和MAR胁迫对油菜生理、生长及产量的抑制较大。     

光周期诱导甘蔗花芽分化及成花逆转过程中生理代谢的变化

以两个在自然条件下难开花的甘蔗品种‘ROCl6’和‘ROC22’为材料,研究经光周期诱导甘蔗花芽分化和成花逆转过程中叶片碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明,未分化前,两品种经光周期诱导后叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量与对照相比无明显变化;从花芽分化诱变期开始,两品种叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量迅速增加,明显高于对照（未分化）。随着花芽进一步分化,其叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉含量逐渐降低并低于对照,处在一个较低的水平,蛋白质含量始终高于对照。成花逆转植株在花芽分化前期叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量也高于对照,但低于正常抽穗开花植株;之后随着花芽分化的停止,其叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉含量一直保持较稳定的水平,仅蛋白质略有降低。说明甘蔗花芽分化期间大量的基因表达并且合成各种蛋白质的过程需要消耗大量的碳水化合物。     

酸雨对三峡库区4种植物幼苗光合生理及根际土壤的影响北大核心CSCD

近年来酸雨的酸性和频率越来越高,酸雨类型逐渐由硫酸型向硫酸-硝酸混合型及硝酸型转变。该研究以两年生马尾松、杉木、青冈和毛竹幼苗为试验材料,通过4个月的盆栽实验对幼苗进行硫酸型(SAR)、硝酸型(NAR)和混合型(MAR)酸雨及其各自3个酸雨浓度(pH 2.5、pH 3.5、pH 4.5)的处理,并以pH 5.7的蒸馏水为对照组,对植物的净光合速率、叶绿素含量、树种株高变化量以及植物根际土壤pH值和交换性盐基离子含量进行测定,以探究植物幼苗对模拟酸雨的敏感性及抗性特征,为酸雨受灾区的植被建设和抗酸树种的培育提供参考数据。结果表明:(1)不同浓度及类型酸雨在一定程度上能够抑制植物的净光合速率、阻碍叶绿素的合成,即酸雨浓度越高,植物净光合速率越低,叶绿素含量越少。(2)低浓度酸雨能够促进植物株高的增长,但随着酸雨浓度的增大,植物株高增长量受到严重抑制,且马尾松和青冈的表现最为明显。(3)植物根际土壤在低浓度酸雨胁迫下能够有效释放出盐基离子中和酸根离子从而降低酸雨的毒害,但随着酸雨浓度的增大,盐基离子含量不断衰减,土壤pH值逐渐减小。(4)杉木、马尾松、毛竹、青冈的平均隶属度值在不同酸雨类型作用下的表现不尽相同,总体上杉木对硫酸型和混合型酸雨的抗性最强,而毛竹能耐受硝酸型及混合型酸雨,青冈相比其他3种树种对酸雨的抗性最弱。研究发现,马尾松对硝酸型酸雨最敏感,且受胁迫的pH阈值为2.5~3.5,但对硫酸型酸雨表现出明显的抗性;杉木对3种类型酸雨的抗性较其他3种树种要强,毛竹抵抗硝酸型酸雨能力强于其他2种酸雨,而青冈对硝酸型酸雨的抵抗力强于其他2种酸雨且是抗酸能力最弱的树种,毛竹、杉木及青冈受酸雨胁迫的pH阈值为3.5~4.5;4种植物对酸雨的综合抵抗能力表现为杉木>毛竹>马尾松>青冈。     

我国梨果糖酸含量的研究

探讨了国内１３９种鲜梨可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸的含量情况,给出了各种梨的糖酸比,为进一步提高梨的品质、制定绿色食品鲜梨标准提供依据     

Fractionation of Subunits in Xylanases from Trichoderma viride with a New Simple Preparative Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Apparatus

Formic acid was identified as the acidic component of antibiotic K-52B by gas-liquid chromatography, whereas amino sugar I hydrochloride was isolated from the acid hydrolysate as the basic sugar component. On the basis of infrared analyses of constituent oligosaccharides, formic acid was assumed to be linked to the hydroxyl group of galactose in oligosaccharide III. From the results of physicochemical properties and ninhydrin degradation, periodate oxidation and peracetylation studies of amino sugar I hydrochloride, C₈H₁₈N₂O₅. 2HC1 was considered to be a new diaminohexose with a substituent group.     

A micromethod for the estimation of oligosaccharides containing glycosidically linked sialic acid or hexoses, or both, in glycoproteins

The peeling reaction, the process by which oligosaccharides are degraded in alkali, was used as the basis for an assay to provide structural information about glycosidically linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins. Glycoproteins were treated with 0.05 M NaOH at 50 degrees to induce release, and subsequent degradation ("peeling"), of glycosidically linked, but not of N-glycosydically linked, oligosaccharides. Among the degradation products generated from O-linked chains were three 3-deoxy sugar acids whose formation was correlated with certain structural features of the oligosaccharides. N-Acetylneuraminic acid was released from terminal positions in the oligosaccharides, and iso- and meta-saccharinic acids were derived from the degradation of 4-O- and 3-O-substituted hexoses, respectively. All of these sugar acids were detected colorimetrically by periodate oxidation and reaction of the product with 2-thiobarbituric acid. The ability of the method to generate 3-deoxy sugar acids was tested in 8 alkali-treated glycoproteins. 3-Deoxy sugar acids were detected only in those glycoproteins whose glycosidically linked carbohydrates contained N-acetylneuraminic acid, or 3-O- or 4-O-substituted hexoses, or both. As little as 0.12 microgram of 3-deoxy sugar acid produced from 5 micrograms of human chorionic gonadotropin was sufficient for detection. This method is novel in its ability to distinguish sialylation of glycosidically linked carbohydrates. Furthermore, it combines the specificity of beta-elimination with the sensitivity of the 2-thiobarbituric acid assay in targeting degradation products of the peeling reaction as candidates for an assay method.     

A Chemotaxonomic Study of Vibrio fluvialis Based on the Sugar Composition of the Polysaccharide Portion of the Lipopolysaccharides

A chemotaxonomic study was carried out with a new serotyping scheme comprising 35 O-antigen groups of Vibrio fluvialis on the basis of the sugar composition of the polysaccharide portion of their lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A previously developed rapid method of preparing samples for compositional sugar analysis was employed. The 35 O-antigen groups were divided into 21 chemotypes. It is noted that a rarely occurring component sugar of gram-negative bacterial LPS, D -glycero-D -manno-heptose, and two kinds of uronic acids, i.e., galacturonic acid of a weakly bound type and glucuronic acid of a strongly bound type, were found in common in all the 21 chemotypes. A characteristic sugar component of gram-negative bacterial LPS, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO), was not detectable in any of the 21 chemotypes. Instead, three kinds of “KDO-like substances” were found, one in each of three chemotypes (III, XI and XVII). They were strongly positive in Weissbach's periodate-thiobarbituric acid test for KDO, but definitely not identical to it in high-voltage paper electrophoresis (HVPE); the substance present in chemotype XI was indicated by HVPE to be 3-deoxy-D -threo-hexulosonic acid which is a sugar constituent of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O7 and O12 LPS.     

The Relationship between Sugar and Amino Acid Export to the Phloem in Young Wheat Plants

The relationship between amino acid and sugar export to thephloem was studied in young wheat plants (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Pro-INTA, Isla Verde’) using the EDTA-phloemcollection technique. Plants grown with a 16 h photoperiod showeda rapid decrease in the concentration of sugars and amino acidsin the phloem exudate from the beginning of the dark period.When plants grown with a 16 h photoperiod were kept in the darkfor longer than 8 h the free amino acid content in leaves andexudate (on a dry weight basis) increased continually throughoutthe 72 h of darkness. During the first 24 h of darkness thesugars in the phloem exudate decreased to 30% of the initialvalue, and returned to the control level when plants were returnedto light. When plants grown under low light intensity for 10d were transferred to high light intensity, they showed an increasein leaf sugar content (dry weight basis) after 3 d but therewere no differences in leaf free amino acid content (dry weightbasis) compared to low-light plants. The sugar concentrationin the phloem exudate was increased by higher light intensities,but there was no difference in the amino acid concentrationof the phloem exudate, and thus the amino acid:sugar ratio inthe phloem decreased in the high-light plants. The present resultssuggest that amino acids can be exported to the phloem independentlyof the export of sugars. Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Sugar exudation, amino acid transport, nitrogen, phloem, transport, wheat, Triticum aestivum L.     

木质纤维素预处理技术研究进展

详细评述了木质纤维素的预处理工艺研究进展,特别是浓酸低温水解-酸回收工艺、稀酸二阶段水解工艺、金属离子在稀酸水解过程中的助催化作用以及水蒸汽爆裂、氨纤维爆裂、CO2爆裂、酶催化水解等方法的研究进展情况。木质纤维素原料预处理技术发展为发酵生产乙醇技术的研究开发奠定了坚实基础。     

Efficient fermentation of Pinus sp. acid hydrolysates by an ethanologenic strain of Escherichia coli.

Process conditions for the acid hydrolysis of pine hemicellulose and cellulose have been described which provide a biocompatible sugar solution. By using an improved strain of recombinant Escherichia coli, strain KO11, hydrolysates supplemented with yeast extract and tryptone nutrients were converted to ethanol with an efficiency of 85% to over 100% on the basis of monomer sugar content (approximately 72 g/liter) and with the production of 35 g of ethanol per liter in 48 h. In the process described, approximately 347 liters of ethanol could be produced per dry metric ton of lignocellulose.     

Detoxification of dilute acid hydrolysates of lignocellulose with lime

The hydrolysis of hemicellulose to monomeric sugars by dilute acid hydrolysis is accompanied by the production of inhibitors that retard microbial fermentation. Treatment of hot hydrolysate with Ca(OH)(2) (overliming) is an effective method for detoxification. Using ethanologenic Escherichia coli LY01 as the biocatalyst, our results indicate that the optimal lime addition for detoxification varies and depends on the concentration of mineral acids and organic acids in each hydrolysate. This optimum was shown to be readily predicted on the basis of the titration of hydrolysate with 2 N NaOH at ambient temperature to either pH 7.0 or pH 11.0. The average composition of 15 hydrolysates prior to treatment was as follows (per L): 95.24 +/- 7.29 g sugar, 5.3 +/- 2.99 g acetic acid, 1.305 +/- 0.288 g total furans (furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural), and 2.86 +/- 0.34 g phenolic compounds. Optimal overliming resulted in a 51 +/- 9% reduction of total furans, a 41 +/- 6% reduction in phenolic compounds, and a 8.7 +/- 4.5% decline in sugar. Acetic acid levels were unchanged. Considering the similarity of microorganisms, it is possible that the titration method described here may also prove useful for detoxification and fermentation processes using other microbial biocatalysts.     

Efficient fermentation of Pinus sp. acid hydrolysates by an ethanologenic strain of Escherichia coli.

Process conditions for the acid hydrolysis of pine hemicellulose and cellulose have been described which provide a biocompatible sugar solution. By using an improved strain of recombinant Escherichia coli, strain KO11, hydrolysates supplemented with yeast extract and tryptone nutrients were converted to ethanol with an efficiency of 85% to over 100% on the basis of monomer sugar content (approximately 72 g/liter) and with the production of 35 g of ethanol per liter in 48 h. In the process described, approximately 347 liters of ethanol could be produced per dry metric ton of lignocellulose.     

Mutational and computational analysis of the role of conserved residues in the active site of a family 18 chitinase.

Glycoside hydrolysis by retaining family 18 chitinases involves a catalytic acid (Glu) which is part of a conserved DXDXE sequence motif that spans strand four of a (betaalpha)8 barrel (TIM barrel) structure. These glycoside hydrolases are unusual in that the positive charge emerging on the anomeric carbon after departure of the leaving group is stabilized by the substrate itself (the N-acetyl group of the distorted -1 sugar), rather than by a carboxylate group on the enzyme. We have studied seven conserved residues in the catalytic center of chitinase B from Serratia marcescens. Putative roles for these residues are proposed on the basis of the observed mutational effects, the pH-dependency of these effects, pKa calculations and available structural information. The results indicate that the pKa of the catalytic acid (Glu144) is 'cycled' during catalysis as a consequence of substrate-binding and release and, possibly, by a back and forth movement of Asp142 between Asp140 and Glu144. Rotation of Asp142 towards Glu144 also contributes to an essential distortion of the N-acetyl group of the -1 sugar. Two other conserved residues (Tyr10 and Ser93) are important because they stabilize the charge on Asp140 while Asp142 points towards Glu144. Asp215, lying opposite Glu144 on the other side of the scissile glycosidic bond, contributes to catalysis by promoting distortion of the -1 sugar and by increasing the pKa of the catalytic acid. The hydroxyl group of Tyr214 makes a major contribution to the positioning of the N-acetyl group of the -1 sugar. Taken together, the results show that catalysis in family 18 chitinases depends on a relatively large number of (partly mobile) residues that interact with each other and the substrate.