植物精油对土耳其扁谷盗的驱避和熏蒸活性研究

本文研究了34种植物精油对土耳其扁谷盗成虫的驱避和熏蒸毒杀活性。结果表明,肉桂精油对土耳其扁谷盗成虫具有良好的驱避活性,24-48 h内,75%的个体选择了未添加植物精油的小麦;72 h后选择对照组的土耳其扁谷盗成虫降至63.33%,但仍有显著的驱避活性。孜然、松油和黑胡椒精油则对土耳其扁谷盗成虫表现出良好的引诱活性。在34种供试植物精油中,大蒜和芥末精油对土耳其扁谷盗成虫表现出强烈的熏蒸毒杀作用。当植物精油体积分浓度为10μL/L时,这两种植物精油在48 h内对供试害虫的校正死亡率保持在98%以上。进一步的毒力测试结果表明,在24 h、48 h及72 h处理时间下,大蒜精油对土耳其扁谷盗成虫的LC_(50)值分别为0.61、0.59及0.49μL/L,而芥末精油在相同处理时间条件下的LC_(50)值分别为4.35、4.28及4.16μL/L,大蒜精油对土耳其扁谷盗具有更强的熏蒸毒杀活性。     

4种植物精油对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗的生物活性

采用滤纸药膜法和广口瓶熏蒸法,在室内测定了大蒜、生姜、花椒和八角茴香4种植物精油对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗的生物活性。结果表明,4种植物精油对锯谷盗成虫均具有一定的驱避活性和熏蒸活性,平均驱避率分别为70.71%、60.64%、53.78%和66.33%,平均校正死亡率分别为60.47%、51.71%、47.01%和56.28%,差异达显著水平。4种植物精油的不同浓度和不同作用时间对锯谷盗成虫的驱避活性有显著差异,随着植物精油浓度的降低和作用时间的延长,各植物精油的驱避活性逐渐降低,浓度和时间的交互作用对驱避活性无显著影响。4种植物精油的浓度、不同作用时间以及它们的交互作用对锯谷盗成虫的熏蒸活性有显著影响,随着植物精油浓度的降低,熏蒸活性逐渐降低,随着作用时间的延长,熏蒸活性逐渐增强。进一步的毒力分析表明,大蒜精油的毒力最强,12 h的LC50值为6.01μL/L,随时间的延长,各植物精油的熏蒸毒力明显增强。这说明4种植物的精油对金银花贮藏贮藏期害虫锯谷盗具有一定的生物活性,具有开发为新型无公害杀虫剂的潜力。     

4种植物精油对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗的生物活性北大核心CSCD

采用滤纸药膜法和广口瓶熏蒸法,在室内测定了大蒜、生姜、花椒和八角茴香4种植物精油对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗的生物活性。结果表明,4种植物精油对锯谷盗成虫均具有一定的驱避活性和熏蒸活性,平均驱避率分别为70.71%、60.64%、53.78%和66.33%,平均校正死亡率分别为60.47%、51.71%、47.01%和56.28%,差异达显著水平。4种植物精油的不同浓度和不同作用时间对锯谷盗成虫的驱避活性有显著差异,随着植物精油浓度的降低和作用时间的延长,各植物精油的驱避活性逐渐降低,浓度和时间的交互作用对驱避活性无显著影响。4种植物精油的浓度、不同作用时间以及它们的交互作用对锯谷盗成虫的熏蒸活性有显著影响,随着植物精油浓度的降低,熏蒸活性逐渐降低,随着作用时间的延长,熏蒸活性逐渐增强。进一步的毒力分析表明,大蒜精油的毒力最强,12 h的LC50值为6.01μL/L,随时间的延长,各植物精油的熏蒸毒力明显增强。这说明4种植物的精油对金银花贮藏贮藏期害虫锯谷盗具有一定的生物活性,具有开发为新型无公害杀虫剂的潜力。     

龙柏精油对小菜蛾的生物活性

龙柏精油对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)的室内生物活性测定结果表明,熏蒸作用是龙柏精油对小菜蛾的主要作用方式,熏蒸实验中当龙柏精油浓度为5.00 mg/L2、.50 mg/L时,处理后48 h小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为92.33%、80.29%。龙柏精油对小菜蛾具有较强的非选择性拒食作用和产卵忌避作用,但由于精油的挥发性效果不持久。当龙柏精油浓度为5.00 mg/L和2.50 mg/L时,24 h小菜蛾的产卵忌避率分别为80.45%和77.42%;而48 h则降为72.30%和61.79%。当龙柏精油浓度为5.00,2.50和1.25 mg/L时,24 h的非选择性拒食率分别为86.70,74.36和70.93%,48 h的非选择性拒食率分别降为82.36,71.40和60.40%。龙柏精油对小菜蛾具有一定的触杀活性,当龙柏精油浓度为5.00 mg/L时效果最好,24 h和48 h的校正死亡率分别为60.00%和76.67%。     

三种植物精油对家蝇成虫的熏蒸活性

【目的】探究香樟Cinnamomum caphora果实精油、天竺桂Cinnamomum pedunculatum叶精油和龙柏Sabina chinensis var.chinensis叶精油对家蝇Musca domestica成虫的熏蒸活性,比较这3种植物精油以及混配精油对家蝇的毒力效果,为植物源灭蝇剂的开发提供理论依据。【方法】利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取植物精油,采取三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测试植物精油及其混剂对家蝇5日龄成虫的熏蒸毒性和击倒作用。【结果】3种植物精油对家蝇的LC50值(致死中浓)分别为5.28,16.86和14.54μg/cm3。LC90熏蒸剂量下,对家蝇的KT50值(击倒中时)分别为12.03,16.56和13.37 min。天竺桂叶精油和龙柏叶精油混配后对家蝇有增效作用,二者的LC50值配比为9∶1时,增效作用极为显著,共毒系数高达367.95。【结论】香樟果实精油对家蝇成虫有很好的熏杀和击倒作用,龙柏叶精油次之,天竺桂叶精油效果最差。天竺桂叶精油和龙柏叶精油混配后对其对家蝇成虫的熏蒸毒性有增效作用。3种植物精油具备开发环保灭蝇剂的潜力,可深入研究。     

植物精油对锈赤扁谷盗成虫熏蒸毒杀作用研究

为明确适用于防治锈赤扁谷盗的植物精油种类及其用量,本试验采用拌粮密闭熏蒸法,比较23种植物精油对锈赤扁谷盗成虫熏蒸毒杀活性差异,从中筛选出作用效果较好的精油种类进行熏蒸毒力测定。通过二次筛选结果表明,大蒜与芥末精油对锈赤扁谷盗成虫具有明显的熏蒸毒杀作用。进一步的毒力测试结果表明,在24 h、48 h、72 h处理时间下,大蒜精油对锈赤扁谷盗成虫的LC_(50)值分别为0.7827、0.7222、0.6478μL/L,而芥末精油在相同处理时间条件下的LC_(50)值分别为2.7581、2.6117及2.4619μL/L,大蒜精油对锈赤扁谷盗具有更强的熏蒸毒杀活性。     

假臭草花精油的化学组成及对柑橘木虱的驱避和致死活性

【目的】为了让入侵植物假臭草Praxelis clematidea(Griseb)R.M.KingH.Rob.变废为宝,首次探讨了假臭草花精油对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama的驱避和致死活性,以用于生物防治。【方法】采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了假臭草不同部位的精油,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析花精油的化学成分,并检测了其对柑橘木虱的生物活性。【结果】假臭草花精油得率(0.31±0.03)%高于茎叶精油的得率(0.23±0.02)%;GC-MS检测显示,假臭草花精油至少含有25种化合物,其中β-荜澄茄油烯(43.85%)和β-石竹烯(30.34%)是其主要成分;花精油浓度为40和50μL·mL~(-1)处理30 min时,对柑橘木虱的驱避反应率均可达到100%。不同浓度的花精油对柑橘木虱具有明显的致死活性。当浓度为50μL·mL~(-1)的时候,浸液法处理九里香Murraya exotica L.嫩梢18 h时,柑橘木虱校正死亡率分别达到(56.25±4.79)%,LC50值为44.83μL·mL~(-1),而熏蒸法48 h时的柑橘木虱校正死亡率仅为(66.33±5.00)%,LC50为24.80μL·mL~(-1)。假臭草花精油对柑橘木虱的驱避和致死活性可能与其主要成分的作用有关。【结论】研究结果证明假臭草花精油对柑橘木虱具有良好的驱避和致死活性,具有开发成为柑橘木虱驱避剂及杀虫剂的良好潜能。     

石蒜总生物碱对家蝇的生物活性

在室内测定了石蒜总生物碱对家蝇的生物活性,表明石蒜总生物碱对家蝇具有一定的触杀作用和生长发育抑制作用.石蒜总生物碱不同浓度(15、12、9、6、3 mg/mL)、不同作用时间(24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h、72 h)以及它们的交互作用分别对家蝇幼虫和成虫的触杀作用有显著影响.当石蒜总生物碱的浓度为15 mg/mL时,家蝇幼虫(3龄早期)和成虫(羽化3d)平均校正死亡率最高,分别为40.96％和38.25％,随着浓度的降低,触杀作用逐渐降低,随着作用时间的延长,触杀作用逐渐增强,72 h的平均校正死亡率分别达39.35％和37.55％,但总生物碱对家蝇幼虫和成虫的触杀作用间无显著差异.处理24、36、48、60、72 h后,石蒜总生物碱对家蝇幼虫的LC50值分别为57.42、36.48、21.92、13.13和10.95 mg/mL,对成虫的LC50值分别为86.66、37.86、23.91、14.15和11.51 mg/mL.老熟幼虫的平均重量除了在3 mg/mL时与对照差异不显著,其他各浓度下都显著低于对照,而在各浓度下的化蛹率、蛹的平均重量和羽化率均显著低于对照.     

艾叶精油对玉米螟赤眼蜂的影响及两者对米蛾的联合作用

玉米螟赤眼蜂是生物防治中一种重要的天敌昆虫,为探明艾叶精油对玉米螟赤眼蜂的影响及两者对米蛾的联合防治效果,本文研究了艾叶精油熏蒸、触杀、驱避活性对玉米螟赤眼蜂的影响及艾叶精油和玉米螟赤眼蜂对米蛾的联合作用。结果表明,艾叶精油熏蒸和触杀处理对玉米螟赤眼蜂卵具有明显影响,寄生在米蛾卵上的玉米螟赤眼蜂卵经0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6μg/cm3艾叶精油熏蒸处理72h后玉米螟赤眼蜂的羽化率分别为56.67%、49.33%、44.00%、33.33%、26.00%和14.67%;寄生在米蛾卵上的玉米螟赤眼蜂卵经100、200、300、400、500、600mg/L艾叶精油触杀处理72h后玉米螟赤眼蜂的羽化率分别为54.00%、45.33%、38.00%、28.67%、18.00%和6.00%,均与对照组表现出显著性差异。艾叶精油驱避活性对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂也有明显的影响,300mg/L艾叶精油对玉米螟赤眼蜂的驱避率79.05%,随着时间间隔和距离间隔的增加,这种影响作用降低;联合应用艾叶精油与玉米螟赤眼蜂时先释放玉米螟赤眼蜂,24h后再滴加艾叶精油的防治效果最佳,米蛾的死亡率可高达96%。     

生姜精油对黑腹果蝇的急性毒性分析

在蔗糖水溶液中加入不同浓度的生姜精油饲喂野生型黑腹果蝇成虫,用时间-剂量-死亡率模型对96h内各处理果蝇成虫累计死亡率随时间、剂量的变化进行拟合.结果表明:较高浓度的生姜精油对果蝇成虫具有较强的急性毒性.0.5%生姜精油作用72h,果蝇成虫的累计死亡率分别为雌88%、雄79%;1%和10%生姜精油作用72h,雌雄成虫的累计死亡率均达100%.随着处理时间的延长,达到50%致死水平所需生姜精油浓度(即LC50)逐渐降低.Tween-20对果蝇成虫(尤其是雄虫)也有较强的毒性,高浓度时作用尤为明显.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various