温度对海洋底栖端足类日本大螯蜚（Grandidierella japonica）存活, …

日本大螯蜚（Ｇｒａｎｄｉｄｉｅｒｅｌｌａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）生长发育的适温范围为２０～２６℃,不同发育期耐受温度范围不同,刚孵化幼体温度下限为１１℃,上限３２℃,以后随着幼体发育,其对低温的适应力逐渐增强,雄性个体对极限温度的忍耐力低于雌性,耐受温度范围内,幼体的生长发育随温度的提高而加快,研究结果表明,日本大螯蜚实验室培养温度宜选择在２０～２６℃,用其进行的沉积物急性和慢性毒性生物检验的实验温度均     

孵育温度对虾蟹幼体质量影响的初步研究

研究了亲体催产、幼体孵化和幼体培养温度对斑节对虾和中华绒螯蟹胚胎及早期幼体生长发育的影响．在实验温度（中华绒螯蟹,17～21℃;斑节对虾,26～30℃）范围内,胚胎及幼体的生长发育随温度升高而加快,但幼体的大小和蜕皮变态存活率随温度升高而降低．虾蟹幼体孵育的温度效应决定于亲体催产温度及升温方式、幼体孵化温度和培养温度．着重探讨了孵育温度等环境条件对幼体质量的影响,并提出从虾蟹胚胎和幼体发育期间能量代谢和物质代谢等途径开展进一步研究．     

虎纹蛙选择体温和热耐受性在个体发育过程中的变化

体温是影响变温动物表现的最重要生理学变量。检测了国家二级保护动物虎纹蛙的雌性亚成体、雄性亚成体、幼体和蝌蚪这4个发育阶段的选择体温和热耐受性。单因子方差分析表明,虎纹蛙选择体温、耐受低温、耐受高温和温度耐受范围的组间差异均显著,幼体的选择体温(24.13℃)显著低于雌性亚成体(28.06℃)、雄性亚成体(29.27℃)和蝌蚪(28.23℃),雌性亚成体、雄性亚成体和蝌蚪之间差异不显著;幼体的耐受低温(13.85℃)显著高于雌性亚成体(11.27℃)、雄性亚成体(10.84℃)和蝌蚪(10.74℃),雌性亚成体、雄性亚成体和蝌蚪之间差异不显著;幼体具有显著低的耐受高温(35.48℃)、蝌蚪具有显著高的耐受高温(43.31℃),雌性亚成体(39.55℃)和雄性亚成体(39.02℃)的耐受高温差异不显著;幼体(21.62℃)具有显著小的温度耐受范围、蝌蚪(32.58℃)具有显著大的温度耐受范围,雌性亚成体(28.28℃)和雄性亚成体(28.18℃)的温度耐受范围差异不显著。虎纹蛙幼体和亚成体体温和水温之间在降温速度和升温速度的相关关系均显著。用回归剩余值去除水温变化速度对体温变化的影响,双因子方差分析(降温和升温速度为重复检验设置)表明,幼体的体温变化速度显著大于亚成体,两性亚成体间差异不显著;温度变化类型(降温和升温)和两因子的交互作用对体温变化的影响不显著。基本热生态位分离和体温调节能力的发育限制是形成上述现象的最可能的原因。     

温度和食物对虎纹捕鸟蛛发育和繁殖力影响的研究

研究不同温度和食物对虎纹捕鸟蛛生长发育和繁殖力的影响,结果表明,虎纹捕鸟蛛在２４℃－２６℃变温范围,饲以人工混合饲料溶液时生长发育最快,在这个温度范围外饲以单一食物为最低。最有利于虎纹捕鸟蛛繁殖的因子水平组合为２４℃－２６℃,食物为人工混合饲料溶液。     

不同温度与寄主条件下桃蚜生命表的研究

在寄主、温度对桃蚜生物学特性影响研究的基础上,研究了不同温度和寄主对桃蚜生命表的影响．结果表明,桃蚜生长发育最适温度均为２８℃,致死温度为３３℃．寄主对桃蚜最适内禀增长力（ｒ＇ｍ）有显著影响,不同寄主间２组合的蚜虫最适温度分别为２０．６６和２６．４４℃,同一寄主间为２４．４３和２８．９９℃;随着温度的升高,种群加倍时间呈负指数曲线下降．改换寄主后的蚜虫对低温条件更敏感．     

中华鳖（Trionyx sinensis）幼体能量转换的初步研究

在突验室内,对中华鳖幼体的能量转换进行了初步研究。结果表明：１）温度结中华鳖幼体对食物的同化效率无显著影响,但影响总转化效率和生长效率。二者在２２℃左右最高,２６—３２℃温度范围内各温度组之间元显著差异,３５℃则显著下降。２）体重与同化效率的关系为：ＡＥ＝９４．１８６＋２．７６０ｌｇＷ,而生长效率和总转化效率在各体重组间无显著变化;３）中华鳖幼体能量收支方程为：１００Ａ＝７４Ｒ＋２６Ｇ,并认力中华鳖将较多能量（７４％）投入代谢,而将较少能量（２６％）投入生长是适应其生态习性的缘故。     

不同温度对脊尾白虾胚胎发育与幼体变态存活的影响

选用实验室内人工控制交尾的脊尾白虾,研究了不同温度对脊尾白虾胚胎发育及幼体变态、存活的影响。结果表明,在盐度为31的条件下,脊尾白虾胚胎发育的生物学零度为12.18℃,有效积温为3828.27℃.h。在15.3—28.1℃范围内,胚胎发育时间随着温度升高而呈双曲线性缩短,而胚胎发育速度随着温度的升高而呈直线性加快,但当温度超过30℃时,胚胎无法正常完成发育。脊尾白虾幼体变态发育速度随着温度的升高而加快,18、20、22、24、26、28℃各实验组开始出现仔虾的时间依次为17、14、11、9、8和8 d,各组90%以上幼体变态为仔虾的时间依次为21、18、15、14、11和11 d。各实验组在幼体变态过程中存活率都呈明显的阶梯式下降趋势,且28℃组的存活率下降最快,但当存活幼体全部变为仔虾时,各实验组间的存活率并无显著性差异(P>0.05)。18℃组仔虾干质量明显高于其它各组(P<0.05),28℃组仔虾干质量最低,但与20、22、24、26℃组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。因此在脊尾白虾育苗中,幼体孵化温度不应低于12℃,最高不超过28℃为宜;幼体培育温度,建议控制在22—26℃为最佳。     

中国林蛙的热生物学研究进展

本文对中国林蛙卵、胚胎、蝌蚪、幼体和成体等不同发育阶段的热生物学研究进行了综述,温度对中国林蛙不同发育阶段均有不同的影响。11～13℃是卵孵化的最适温度,卵孵化率接近100%,胚胎在7～22℃温度范围内均能正常发育;10～20℃是蝌蚪的最佳生长发育温度,成活率都在95%以上;5℃下蝌蚪不能完成变态,在15～30℃之间,温度越高雄性比例越大,15～25℃是成体生活的最适温度。这些研究结果可为中国林蛙的人工养殖提供科学依据。     

荒漠沙蜥胚胎生长发育的温度适应性研究

为研究荒漠沙蜥胚胎发育的温度适应性,我们设定了3个温度(26℃、30℃、34℃)孵化荒漠沙蜥受精卵,并在胚胎孵化过程中对胚胎代谢和心率、新生幼体的形态学特征和幼体静止代谢率的温度适应性进行了研究。结果显示,随着卵的发育,荒漠沙蜥的胚胎代谢率和心率逐渐上升,在孵化后期达到最大;胚胎的心率对孵化温度具有较高的敏感性,随环境温度上升心率显著加快。孵化温度对荒漠沙蜥新生幼体的部分形态学指标有显著影响,26℃下孵化的荒漠沙蜥幼体体型较大。新生幼体的代谢率均比胚胎代谢率高,且不同温度下孵出的幼体其热适应性有较大差异,30℃组孵化出的新生幼体代谢水平最低。我们推测幼体在与孵化温度相同的环境下消耗较少的能量便可保证基本的生理活动需求;相反,个体需要消耗更多的能量才能适应从胚胎到幼体的不同生活史阶段的环境温度变化。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。