钙质海锦之古生态

古生代生物礁中钙质海绵（纤维海绵、房室海绵、硬海绵）的生态位在中三叠世以后被生态竞争能力更强的六射珊瑚所占据。在古生代和中三叠世的钙质海绵礁上,０－１０ｍ深度内钙质海绵很发育。由于与钙藻共生,典型的造礁钙质海绵生活在透光带以内,并且在其上部更丰富。钙质海绵礁也会生长到破浪带内并受风浪的破坏而形成倒骨岩和骨屑岩。对古生代的钙质海绵礁而言,倒骨岩和骨屑岩形成于０－３ｍ水深范围内,亮晶骨架岩形成于３－１     

塔里木板块塔中区上奥陶统良里塔格组的生物礁类型

塔里木板块塔中Ⅰ号坡折带附近上奥陶统良里塔格组取芯井段中可识别多种生物礁灰岩类型,包括珊瑚骨架/障积岩、海绵骨架/绑结岩、苔藓虫绑结岩、钙藻障积岩、钙质菌藻障积/绑结岩等礁灰岩类,藉此可归纳出珊瑚礁、珊瑚-钙藻礁、层孔虫礁、层孔虫-钙藻礁、珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻礁、苔藓虫礁丘、钙藻礁丘、灰泥丘和微生物礁等生物建造单元。这些礁体的时空分布模式与古环境分异相关联,纵向上具有灰泥丘向珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻礁至苔藓虫礁丘和钙藻礁的群落结构更替趋势;空间分布则向台地北缘,即I号坡折带延伸显示由低能带灰泥丘向高能带珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻礁的相变,而且高能带珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻主体礁和环其周缘相对低能带的钙藻礁丘、灰泥丘等在一定范围内构成造礁群落结构分异。     

华南板块古生代生物礁及其古地理控制因素

华南板块在古生代处于中、低纬度,碳酸盐岩类型多样并形成不同时空背景下的多种生物礁建造,生物礁发展序列基本吻合于全球古生代生物礁的宏演化趋势,寒武纪生物群和古生代动物群演化过程中重要造礁生物门类的起源、辐射、灭绝与复苏事件是塑造礁群落基本生态结构的历史因素。寒武纪早期的古杯-藻礁和继之的微生物礁生长区域相当局限;早—中奥陶世的苔藓虫礁、藻礁以及瓶筐石-硬海绵礁群落分异明显;晚奥陶世珊瑚-层孔虫礁以及藻丘建造见于浙赣局限台地及台缘带,而扬子区志留纪兰多维列世生物礁的生长频繁受陆源碎屑岩覆盖;中泥盆世的珊瑚-层孔虫-藻礁群落结构相对稳定,晚泥盆世法门期—密西西比亚纪的微生物礁、苔藓虫-珊瑚礁、宾夕法尼亚亚纪—早二叠世的苔藓虫-海绵-藻礁、中—晚二叠世的珊瑚-苔藓虫-海绵-藻礁可诠释为与生物灭绝事件相关的幕式群落演替。区域构造活动导致的岩相分异和海平面变化显著制约生物礁的时空分布。中—晚奥陶世的偏深水环境、志留纪兰多维列世—早泥盆世早期扬子区整体抬升的古地理格局造成适宜于生物礁生长海域的缩减;泥盆纪较长的温室期促进了生物礁发展,而宾夕法尼亚亚纪—早二叠世偏凉的海洋水体对生物礁的规模影响力度明显。从华南板块古生界整体的视角看,海相碳酸盐岩具有量值优势,海水在时间尺度和空间展布上多维持较高的清澈度,陆源碎屑岩沉积在特定的时间段可视为生物礁生长的主控因素;海平面变化因其幅度有限可在单剖面或区域上控制生物礁群落的纵横迁移,碳酸盐岩沉积区多见基底沉降与沉积补偿速率基本均衡,具备不同规模的浅海相沉积空间,因此水深变化并非起到决定性作用。特定时段碳酸盐岩台地海水的盐度异常可造成大规模白云岩沉积可排除生物礁发育。     

川西北上三叠统卡尼阶马鞍塘组中部硅质海绵礁

川西北地区绵竹汉旺青岩沟、观音崖以及安县雎水剖面三叠纪卡尼期马鞍塘组硅质海绵礁群生长于碳酸盐岩缓坡带,可划分为礁基、礁核、礁翼、礁间沉积等亚相,据内碎屑含量、化石埋葬学特征以及灰泥等基质比例厘定岩相和群落特征。礁灰岩主要为海绵格架岩和钙质微生物凝块岩,附礁生物类型包括有孔虫类、双壳类、棘皮类、介形类、腕足类、粗枝藻类、钙质海绵等。马鞍塘组海绵礁终结之后上覆黑色页岩沉积。晚三叠世卡尼期气候骤变在全球生物圈引发广泛的效应,海平面升降速率相对海绵礁的生长速率较大,加之构造活动频繁,大火山岩省集中爆发以及超级季风盛行,从而导致了硅质海绵礁灭绝。     

贵州罗甸干田坳晚二叠世生物礁基本特征研究*

通过综合岩相和生物群落特征对贵州罗甸干田坳晚二叠世生物礁进行分析,将研究区划分出三期造礁旋回。对造礁海绵在三个造礁阶段,以及礁前砾屑岩的成分面积进行统计,计算出各阶段的造礁成分组成状况,还原当时的造礁群落。共鉴定出纤维海绵纲3科4属,房室海绵纲9科10属和硬海绵纲2科2属。数据表明自始至终纤维海绵纲的小领针海绵属都为造礁群落里的优势生物,其中S1阶段房室海绵纲的多囊腔海绵属种、叠瓦腔海绵属种和泡腔海绵属种为造礁主体;S2阶段小领针海绵和一纤维海绵未知属种为造礁主体,S3阶段房室海绵的多囊腔海绵占造礁主导地位。统计表明造礁海绵群团的分异度由S1至S3期降低明显。同时着重对本礁点主体的S2阶段骨架礁岩各个部分的结构特征进行细致分析,尤其是RFC的形成历史进行探讨,碳氧同位素测试得到的数据表明S2阶段古水温经历了高达16℃左右的波动,而RFC形成时的古水温为37.86℃,它是一种高温海水的反映;最后通过与南盘江盆地同期的紫云礁和茅口期的广西隆林礁进行对比,揭示它们的成礁模式和演化的异同。     

广西、贵州和川东二叠纪生物礁的钙藻化石及其古生态环境

广西,贵州和川东二叠纪礁相岩石和礁后相岩层内获得了红藻Solenoporella,Gymnocodium,Permocalcu-lus;绿藻Anthracoporella,Mizzia以及显微疑难藻类化石Pseudovermiporella,Tubiphytes等,除了广西隆林有中二叠世茅口期藻类化石外,其它均属于晚二叠世乐平世的分子,这些藻类植物一般生活于热带和亚热带,正常盐度的浅海水内,其水深不大于30m,川东,鄂西晚二叠世礁属于浅水海绵礁,而非深水礁。     

湖北利川二叠纪生物礁的埋藏学特征及其环境意义*

二叠纪钙质海绵礁的研究已逾百年,但缺乏埋藏学方面的研究。本文选取鄂西利川典型钙质海绵礁剖面,对造架生物的属种组成、保存状态(直立还是倒伏)、个体大小、古石孔藻包壳和泥晶含量进行统计研究。共鉴定出17个属种的钙质海绵和一个属种的水螅;通过统计研究发现,含钙质海绵的灰岩厚98m,其下部4/5厚度所含钙质海绵以倒伏的为主,上部1/5厚度以直立的为主;含倒伏钙质海绵的灰岩中藻包壳(古石孔藻)不发育,钙质海绵以直立为主的灰岩中,藻包壳发育;钙质海绵的个体大小由海绵灰岩下部而上增大不明显;泥晶基质的含量自海绵灰岩的下部而上明显减少。由此推断:下部的钙质海绵灰岩形成时由于没有藻包壳,大多被风浪打倒。上部具有藻包壳的钙质海绵灰岩,尽管形成时的水动力能量更强,但由于有藻包壳,其抗风浪能力得到加强,所以大多直立保存。     

川西北晚三叠世的灯海绵动物群*

由于印支运动的结果,我国晚三叠世卡尼期地层分布局限。川西北广元县至什邡县分布的地台型海湾相卡尼期地层称汉旺组。此组下段含菊石Trachyceras, Protrachyceras, Clionites等,相当于下卡尼阶;该段下部厚0—37m,为海百合、钙藻生物骨屑灰岩滩相;上部厚32—91m,为亮晶鲕粒灰岩滩相。汉旺组上段含菊石Tropites, Discotropites, Hanaceras,Buchites等,相当于上卡尼阶;该段下部厚3—16m,为生物骨屑灰岩滩相;     

泥质对志留系礁滩生长的抑制作用:黔北桐梓韩家店组的例证

黔北桐梓的戴家沟剖面和狮溪剖面志留系兰多维列统特列奇阶下部的韩家店组出露完好,该组泥岩、粉砂岩中夹有厚度1—3m、直径4—7m的小型点礁。礁核相多具典型的障积格架岩特征,但生长时限短暂,群落分异度低,仅见床板珊瑚、单体四射珊瑚、苔藓虫和海百合茎,礁间为珊瑚、苔藓虫和海百合茎碎片堆积的滩相,伴生丰富的遗迹化石。在陆源碎屑快速沉积的背景下,浑浊海水频繁的富营养化过程限制了礁体纵横向生长和朝高分异度群落发展的可能性。     

陕南寒武纪早期仙女洞组生物礁灰岩微相序列

扬子地台北缘在寒武纪筇竹寺期—沧浪铺期出现海退,该时期的仙女洞组属浅海碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩的混合沉积单元,分布于陕西南部及四川北部。陕南南郑福成和碑坝剖面组成完整仙女洞组序列,其中包含8期生物礁相单元。单层礁体为米级厚度,形态特征显示丘状隆起或平缓延伸。水体的清澈度、深度以及水动力强度变化对各期礁相单元生长的控制力度因时而异,陆源碎屑数次侵入导致海水浑浊度增高,点断了礁体生长。礁灰岩微相类型包括钙质微生物粘结岩、古杯-钙质微生物绑结岩、古杯漂砾-砾屑灰岩、粒泥状-泥粒状灰岩以及泥状灰岩。早期礁灰岩中钙质微生物粘结岩含量丰富,之后古杯绑结岩在礁灰岩构建中具有丰度增长的趋势,且上部礁灰岩层位中不规则古杯占主要地位。仙女洞组沉积晚期海水变浅和水动力条件增强,常见漂砾灰岩和砾屑灰岩。     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.