中国比栉大蚊属六新种(双翅目:大蚊科)

比栉大蚊属Pselliophora隶属于双翅目长角亚目大蚊科(Tipulidae),Osten Sacken(1886)建立,模式种:P.laeta(Fabricius)。属征:体中型,黄色或绒黑色;头部前伸成“喙”状,复眼一对,很发达,无单眼,触角雌雄异形,雄蚊栉状,第一鞭节无侧支、端部具一钝突,第2至10鞭节基部和端部各具一对侧支,上下侧支大致等长,此乃属的重要识别特征,雌蚊类似念珠状;胸部很发达、较隆起,中胸背板具明显     

两湖短柄大蚊属二新种（双翅目：大蚊科）

短柄大蚊属Nephrotoma为Meigen(1803)建立,模式种是广布于古北区的N.dorsalis(Fabricius),1781。体中型,多呈黄色,有黑斑;翅一般白色透明,Rs基部很短,此乃属的重要识别特征。该属是大蚊科一大属,已知450余种,分布于世界各地。本文记述了湖南和湖北两省短柄大蚊属二新种,模式标本保存在北京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

云南蚊科三新种 （双翅目：蚊科）

记述了采自云南蚊科3新种,即：蓝带蚊属伪费蚊亚属一新种瞿氏蓝带蚊Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) qui Dong, Dong et Zhou, sp. Nov.,采自西双版纳优乐山竹穴积水中,与新糊蓝带蚊Ur. Novobscura Barraud和二斑蓝带蚊Ur. Bimaculata Leicester近缘;领蚊属一新种类孟连领蚊Heizmannia (Heizmannia) menglianeroides Dong, Dong et Zhou, sp. Nov.,采自云南省景洪县森林竹筒积水中,与孟连领蚊Hz. Menglianensis Lu et Gong, 1986为近缘;库蚊属泰蚊亚属一新种陈氏库蚊Culex (Thaiomyia) cheniDong, Wang et Lu, sp. Nov.,采自云南西北部海拔1795 m的腾冲县竹筒积水,与海南库蚊Cu. (Th.) hainaensis Chen, 1977近缘。讨论了各新种与近缘种的鉴别特征。新种分别存放在云南省疟疾防治研究所和贵阳医学院微生物教研室。     

中国蚊科新记录

在整理蚁科标本中,发现有两种系国内新记录,兹记述如下。1.侧扁蚁Camponotus compressus Fabr. ♀体长11毫米。暗黑色,具极精致与密集的网状刻点,上颚、触角鞭节及足为栗褐色或红色,少有黑色的,短柔毛稀疏、直立,头部与胸部常少毛。梗节与柄后腹的基部有时有光泽,腹节每节后缘为狭的褐黄色。 头呈三角形,前部极宽,后头角凸出;触角柄节圆筒形;复眼较小,位额的稍侧面;上颚有7个齿;唇基顶的中央具隆线,矩形的前部的中央部分伸出一叶。胸部比头窄,前面伸出一颈;足长,胫节狭直为棱桂形;梗节的结卵形,横切,前面凸出,后面扁平。腹部较宽阔粗大。     

赛蚊一新种(大叶赛蚊)的记述(双翅目:蚊科)

1972年,我们在宁夏回族自治区的银川采获一种新的赛蚊。由于新种赛蚊的第九背叶特大,因崦取名为大叶赛蚊Culista(Culiseta)megaloba新种。 大叶赛蚊Culiseta(Culiseta)megaloba新种形态特征 雌蚊 大型深褐色蚊虫,翅长6.3—7.0(平均6.5)毫米。 头部:头顶和后头覆盖淡色窄鳞,后头并有黑色竖鳞;沿复眼后缘有淡色鳞环,头侧为平铺的淡色宽鳞。触角蒂节(梗节)褐色,内面有淡色鳞,轮毛黑色。触须约为喙的1/8长,暗色,有时第三节基部和末端有少数淡色鳞。喙暗色,比前足股节赂长。 胸部:前胸前背片是淡色窄鳞和褐色宗毛,杂有少数淡色舌形鳞;前胸后背片具淡色窄鳞。中胸盾片的体壁黑色,具淡色或淡金黄色细鳞形成的不很明显的纵条,包括央、     

云南省毛蚊科新种记述(双翅目:毛蚊科)

本文记述了采自云南的毛蚊10新种,所有模式标本都保存在北京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

墨蚊是蚊科的昆虫吗?

答:墨蚊和蚊都是双翅自的昆虫,但它们不同科。不少初中学生常问老师,墨蚊是否就是蚊的一种?有的教师不假思索地认为它是一种很小的蚊;也有的说墨蚊的科学名称叫蚋。     

Phylogeny,classification, and biogeography of Afrotrichloris,Apochiton, Coelachyrum,Dinebra, Eleusine,Leptochloa, Schoenefeldia,and a new genus,Schoenefeldiella (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae: Eleusininae)

To investigate the evolutionary relationships among species of Afrotrichloris, Apochiton, Coelachyrum, Dinebra, Eleusine, Leptochloa, and Schoenefeldia of subtribe Eleusininae, a phylogeny based on DNA sequences from nine gene regions (ITS, rps16-trnK, rps3, rps16, rpoC2, rpl32-trnL, ndhF, ndhA, ccsA) is presented. Previous molecular phylogenies indicated that Coelachyrum was polyphyletic and Schoenefeldia was paraphyletic, with Afrotrichloris embedded within it. Apochiton burttii was embedded in the Coelachyrum clade paired with C. longiglume, Coelachyrumpoiflorum was placed outside of Coelachyrum and sister to Eleusine, and Schoenefeldia is paraphyletic, with its two species forming a grade sister to Afrotrichoris. Our molecular phylogeny supports recognition of a new genus, Schoenefeldiella, and a new combination, Schoenfeldiella transiens. In addition, we provide generic emendations for Coelachyrum, which now includes five species including a new combination proposed here, Coelachyrum burttii, and Eleusine, which now includes 11 species.     

Review: Helicobacter: Inflammation,immunology, and vaccines

Chronic inflammation induced by Helicobacter pylori infection is a critical factor in the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Central to this inflammation is the initiation of pro‐inflammatory signaling cascades within epithelial cells, in particular those mediated by two sensors of bacterial cell wall components, nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 1 (NOD1) and alpha‐protein kinase 1 (ALPK1). H pylori is, however, also highly adept at mitigating inflammation in the host, thereby restricting tissue damage and favoring bacterial persistence. H pylori modulates host immune responses by altering cytokine signaling in epithelial and myeloid cells, which results in increased proliferation of regulatory T cells and downregulation of effector T‐cell responses. H pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) has been shown to play an important role in the dampening of immune responses and induction of immune tolerance capable of protecting against asthma. It is also possible to generate protective immune responses by immunization with various H pylori antigens or their epitopes, in combination with an adjuvant, though this for now has only been shown in mouse models. Novel non‐toxic adjuvants, consisting of modified bacterial enterotoxins or nanoparticles, have recently been developed that may not only enhance vaccine efficacy, but also help translate candidate vaccines to the clinic. This review will summarize the main discoveries in the past year regarding host immune responses to H pylori infection, as well as the design of new vaccine approaches against this infection.     

Functions of gelsolin: motility, signaling, apoptosis, cancer

Several new members of the gelsolin family have been discovered in the past year. Determination of the structure of gelsolin and identification of lysophosphatidic acid as a negative regulator provide novel functional insights. Gelsolin is an obligate downstream effector of Rac for motility in dermal fibroblasts, regulates phosphoinositide signaling pathways and ion channel function in vivo, and acts as both a regulator and effector of apoptosis.     

Molecular phylogeny of basal gobioid fishes: Rhyacichthyidae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Eleotridae (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

Morphological character analyses indicate that Rhyacichthyidae, Odontobutidae, Eleotridae, and Xenisthmidae are the basal families within the perciform suborder Gobioidei. This study uses DNA sequence data to infer the relationships of genera within these families, as well as determine the placement of more derived gobioids (family Gobiidae) and the identity of the outgroup to Gobioidei. Complete sequences of the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, COI, and cyt b genes (4397 base pairs) are analyzed for representatives of 27 gobioid genera and a variety of perciform and scorpaeniform outgroup candidates; the phylogeny is rooted with a beryciform as a distal outgroup. The single most parsimonious tree that results indicates that, of the outgroups sampled, the perciform family Apogonidae is most closely related to Gobioidei. Gobioidei is monophyletic, and Rhyacichthys aspro is the most basal taxon. The remainder of Gobioidei is resolved into clades corresponding to the families Odontobutidae (plus Milyeringa) and Eleotridae+Xenisthmidae+Gobiidae. Within Eleotridae, the subfamily Butinae (minus Milyeringa) is paraphyletic with respect to Gobiidae, and Eleotrinae is paraphyletic with respect to Xenisthmidae. Other than these groupings, the primary disagreement with the current morphology-based classification is that the molecular data indicate that the troglodytic Milyeringa should be placed in Odontobutidae, not Butinae, although support for this placement is weak. The most basal lineage of Gobioidei is known from the freshwaters of the Indo-Pacific, with marine-dwelling lineages arising several times independently in the group. The phylogeny also indicates that different gobioid lineages are distributed in Asia, Africa, Madagascar and the Neotropics. Five sister pairs of basal gobioid species inhabit Atlantic and Pacific drainages of Panama, with widely varying divergences.     

Structures of the potassium-saturated, 2:1, and intermediate, 1:1, forms of a quadruplex DNA

Potassium can stabilize the formation of chair- or edge-type quadruplex DNA structures and appears to be the only naturally occurring cation that can do so. As quadruplex DNAs may be important in the structure of telomere, centromere, triplet repeat and other DNAs, information about the details of the potassium–quadruplex DNA interactions are of interest. The structures of the 1:1 and the fully saturated, 2:1, potassium–DNA complexes of d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG) have been determined using the combination of experimental NMR results and restrained molecular dynamics simulations. The refined structures have been used to model the interactions at the potassium binding sites. Comparison of the 1:1 and 2:1 potassium:DNA structures indicates how potassium binding can determine the folding pattern of the DNA. In each binding site potassium interacts with the carbonyl oxygens of both the loop thymine residues and the guanine residues of the adjacent quartet.     

Systematic revision of Aluntiini Emeljanov, 1979 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae: Dictyopharinae): reclassification,phylogenetic analysis,and biogeography

The dictyopharid planthopper tribe Aluntiini s.l. is revised and reclassified into two tribes: Aluntiini s.s. and Arjunini Song & Szwedo trib. nov. The tribe Aluntiini s.s. includes five genera: Aluntia Stål, 1866; D endrophora Melichar, 1903 stat. rev. ; Dictyomorpha Melichar, 1912; Indodictyophara Liang & Song, 2012; and Madagascaritia Song & Liang gen. nov. The new tribe Arjunini comprises two genera – Arjuna Muir, 1934 and Pippax Emeljanov, 2008 – both moved from Aluntiini s.l. Four new species – A luntia longicephalica Song & Szwedo sp. nov. , Madagascaritia angusta Song & Liang sp. nov. , Arjuna maai Song & Wang sp. nov. , and Arjuna muiri Song & Wang sp. nov. – are described. A morphologically based phylogenetic analysis is undertaken for Aluntiini, Arjunini, and the representatives of Dictyopharini, Hastini, Orthopagini, and the fossil Worskaitini within Dictyopharinae, all distributed in the Old World. A matrix of 129 characters of the habitus, coloration, head, thorax, and male and female genitalia of the adults was used for the cladistic analysis. The phylogenetic results show that Aluntiini s.l. as placed in Dictyopharidae is well supported, but it is distinctly paraphyletic and should be separated into two unambiguous tribes. A palaeotropical distribution pattern displayed by Aluntiini is suggested. The origin and diversification of Aluntiini are discussed preliminarily. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London