托勒南山半圈养白唇鹿食性分析

利用粪便显微分析法和选择指数(E)对白唇鹿粪样28份(暖季)和20份(冷季)进行研究。结果表明,粪样中可识别植物碎片9科15种(属),以莎草科、禾本科、豆科、蔷薇科和蓼科植物为主,莎草科占71.75%±0.74%,其次为禾本科(13.4%±0.89%)、豆科(3.23%±0.37%)、蓼科(2.19%±0.2%)、蔷薇科(1.62%±0.29%)。白唇鹿对食物有很强的选择性,栖息地主要植物有16科68种,而白唇鹿取食9科15种(属)食物,7种(属)植物呈正选择,1种(属)植物呈随机选择,4种(属)植物呈负选择。     

青海省天峻地区藏原羚的食性分析

2005 ～2006 年草青期和草枯期我们在青海省天峻地区随机收集了藏原羚的粪样,并利用粪便显微分析法对藏原羚的食性进行了研究。结果表明,藏原羚采食共计16 科34 属43 种植物,其中草青期采食16 科33 属42种,草枯期12 科22 属30 种。豆科植物是藏原羚采食的主要类群,禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科和莎草科其次,豆科、禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科和莎草科等五科植物占藏原羚采食总量的90% 左右。不同物候期,藏原羚的食性变化明显,豆科、蔷薇科在草枯期所占的比例显著低于草青期,而禾本科、菊科和莎草科所占比例则显著高于草青期。     

天山中部地区北山羊食性及其季节变化

本研究采用粪便显微组织分析法,调查了天山中部地区北山羊(Capra sibirica)的食物组成及季节变化。结果表明,在北山羊的粪便显微装片中共鉴定出14科37种(属)植物。禾本科为北山羊主要食物,夏季和冬季分别占食谱的54.30%和59.34%。莎草科、豆科、蔷薇科以及菊科也是北山羊较为重要的食物。其中高山早熟禾(Poa alpina)、嵩草属(Kobresia spp.)和针茅属(Stipa spp.)物种均为夏季和冬季采食较多的植物。卡方检验结果表明,北山羊的食物组成在夏季和冬季间有明显变化,蔷薇科和菊科在冬季食谱中所占的比例显著低于夏季(蔷薇科,Pearson χ~2=13.737,df=1,P0.01;菊科,Pearson χ~2=4.784,df=1,P0.05),而对禾本科的采食比例冬季显著高于夏季(禾本科,Pearson χ~2=4.319,df=1,P0.05)。种属水平上北山羊夏季与冬季的采食食物种类的比例具有极显著差异(Pearson χ~2=89.495,df=36,P0.01)。上述研究结果表明,天山中部地区的北山羊属于泛食性物种,且食性有明显的季节变化。     

青海省可可西里地区几种有蹄类动物的食物重叠初步分析

2005年7月和2006年1月,应用粪便显微组织分析法测定了可可西里地区的藏野驴、藏羚、藏原羚、野牦牛,以及家牦牛和藏羊在冷季(1月)和暖季(7月)的食物构成.用Schoener's Index计算了这些同域分布动物种间的食物重叠度.结果表明,藏野驴分别与藏羚羊、野牦牛、藏原羚在暖季的食物重叠度各为63.0%、48.4%和24.1%,在冷季的重叠度为别为71.6%、42.0%和11.4%;藏羚羊与野牦牛、藏原羚在暖季的食物重叠度分别为52.0%和33.4%,其在冷季的食物重叠度各为50.3%和29.3%;野牦牛与藏原羚在冷暖季的食物重叠度分别为13.1%和15.9%.在可可西里地区吲域分布野牛有蹄类动物种间,藏原羚与其他有蹄类动物食物重叠较少,而藏羚羊、藏野驴、野牦牛之间则存在不同程度的食物重叠,且随季节不同而变化,反映了这些动物之间复杂的竞争和共存关系.此外,家牦牛和藏羊均与这些野生有蹄类动物存在高度的食物重叠.     

贺兰山野化牦牛冬春季食性

2008年11-12月和2009年4-5月对贺兰山野化牦牛的冬季和春季食性进行了分析,在其分布的哈拉乌沟收集冬季粪样500 g,春季粪样498 g,利用粪便显微分析法分析贺兰山牦牛取食植物的种类组成和比例,结果表明,冬季牦牛取食11科20种(属)植物,主要取食禾本科(59.10%)和菊科(26.05%)植物,其中针茅(35.86%)、冷蒿(23.96%)、冰草(8.28%)、莎草(7.60%)、虎尾草(6.81%)、芦苇(6.58%)构成了冬季食物总量的89.09%,为冬季主要食物。春季取食植物11科21种(属)植物,主要取食禾本科(52.76%)和莎草科(18.80%)植物,其中针茅(22.72%)、莎草(18.80%)、冰草(13.23%)、狗尾草(9.93%)、唐松草(6.46%)、冷蒿(6.31%)占春季食物总量的77.45%,为春季主要食物。此外,冬春季均取食一定量的毛茛科和豆科植物。冬春季针茅都是贺兰山野化牦牛的大宗食物。冬季食物生态位宽度低于春季,而Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数均高于春季。     

甘肃省荒漠种子植物区系

对甘肃省荒漠区种子植物进行了调查和区系分析。结果表明:该区有种子植物543种,隶属于228属,55科;为典型的温带荒漠植被,起源古老,与阿拉善地区植物区系关系密切;植物种类贫乏,区系优势现象十分明显;优势科10个,分别为藜科、豆科、禾本科、菊科、十字花科、蓼科、石竹科、毛莨科、蒺藜科和柽柳科;表征科6个,分别为麻黄科、柽柳科、胡颓子科、蒺藜科、藜科和蓼科;该区地理成分多样,有9个分布类型,其中,温带分布型占绝对优势,占总属数的33.76%;地中海、西亚至中亚分布及变型在区系组成中也占有重要地位,占总属的28.95%;中国特有成分较低,仅占全国特有属的1.56%。     

柯氏鼠兔的食性分析

柯氏鼠兔(Ochotona koslowi)是兔形目(Lagomorpha)鼠兔属中最古老的遗留种,也是稀有的濒危物种,自1894年命名以来,国内外对该物种的生存现状、生物学特征知之甚少.2007年10~11月,在藏北地区捕获到13只柯氏鼠兔,通过显微组织分析法对其胃及结肠内容物和收集的60份粪样进行了食性分析.结果表明,柯氏鼠兔胃、结肠内容物和粪便中镜检到可识别植物碎片属6科15种,其中豆科植物碎片占可识别植物碎片的39.44%,藜科植物碎片占36.00%,莎草科植物碎片占16.42%,禾本科、十字花科和菊科植物碎片分别占3.75%、2.67%和1.25%.食性分析表明,柯氏鼠兔偏爱豆科植物.     

异地半圈养藏羚卧息行为适应性的初步研究

藏羚Pantholops hodgsoni是青藏高原特有物种。为了探讨藏羚羊对异地环境的行为学适应,对异地圈养藏羚羊的卧息行为进行了不同性别、不同季节间的比较研究。采用全事件记录法和焦点动物取样法,记录和统计了异地圈养藏羚羊冷季和暖季的卧息行为。研究结果表明,在暖季,雌性和雄性藏羚羊在卧息时间及卧息时间占全天活动时间的比例(卧息比例)上没有差异(卧息时间:Z=-1.126,P0.05;卧息比例:Z=-1.357,P0.05);在冷季,雌性和雄性藏羚羊在卧息时间及卧息比例上也没有差异(卧息时间:Z=-1.14,P0.05;卧息比例:Z=-0.307,P0.05)。雄、雌性藏羚羊的卧息时间及卧息比例没有季节差异(雄性卧息时间:Z=-1.465,P0.05;雄性卧息比例:Z=-1.631,P0.05;雌性卧息时间:Z=-1.742,P0.05;雌性卧息比例:Z=-1.852,P0.05)。季节和性别对藏羚羊卧息行为的影响没有交互作用(F=0.057,P0.05)。总之,藏羚羊卧息行为之间既没有性别差异也没有季节差异,与可可西里地区藏羚羊的卧息行为相比,异地圈养藏羚羊的卧息行为已经调整其行为学适应对策。     

西北干旱荒漠区种子植物科的区系分析

西北干旱荒漠区分布有种子植物82科、484属、1704种,优势现象明显,优势科11个,它们是菊科、豆科、禾本科、藜科,十字花科、蓼科,莎草科、毛莨科、蔷薇科、唇形科和百合科;表征科8个,它们是香蒲科,麻黄科,柽柳科、蒺藜科,胡颓子科、藜科、眼子菜科和蓼科。地理成分多样,其中以世界广布成分为主,共37科,占总科数的45.12%,其次为温带成分（包括热带至温带,亚热带至温带,温带,温带至寒带）,共有31科,占总科数的37.80%,热带成分,热带致亚热带成分较少,共14科,占总科数的17.07%。这些反映出植物的分布与本地区气候相适应的特点。     

蒙古野驴的秋季食性分析

2006 年9 月在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物保护区内采集了25 堆蒙古野驴粪便和10 科共29 种植物标本,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法分析了蒙古野驴的秋季食性,并初步探讨了其食性与周围环境的关系。结果表明,蒙古野驴秋季食性广, 共采食8 科26 种植物。这些植物按照其在食物组成中的比例可分为3 大类:主要食物为梭梭、针茅、驼绒藜, 共占食物组成的61.3% ;常采食植物为柽柳、角果藜、蒿、琵琶柴、芨芨草等11种,共占食物组成的33.3%; 少见采食的植物为盐爪爪、獐毛、顶羽菊、黑果枸杞、里海盐爪爪等12 种,共占食物组成的6.7% 。按科别而论,蒙古野驴采食最多的是藜科植物,其次是禾本科植物。从被采食植物的分布区域分析,其采食区域广阔,包括了保护区内所有的生境类型。      

Evaluation the possibility of ex situ conservation of plateau antelopes according to food content with stable isotope C and N analysis

Tibetan antelopes, Pantholops hodgsoni, are endemic to the high-altitude Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of western China. Because of human activities and illegal hunting, the population has decreased sharply in recent years. So the population conservation and enlargement becomes a puzzle to the scientists and government. There are some individuals in several zoos in high altitude area, however, ex situ conservation has never been carried out on a large scale. There are two questions that should be popularized before ex situ conservation is performed. Whether the food content in ex situ area similar to native area or not is the preliminary one, and the other is that whether Tibetan antelope can coexist with other ungulates distributed in ex situ or not. The aim of this study was to identify the food habit of Tibetan antelope in native (Kekexili area, KA) and ex situ (Tiebujia area, TA) areas and the food competition between Tibetan antelope and ungulates in KA and TA. The data indicate that fecal samples provide the most convenient and uninjurious sources to predict the food habit of Tibetan antelope. C3 plants, such as Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Compositae, Leguminosae and Cruciferae, were selected by antelopes both in KA and TA tested with stable isotope analysis method. Tibetan antelopes have high competition with ungulates distributed in KA but low competition with ungulates living in TA. Our results provide a tempting foreground for chiru’s ex situ conservation integrated protecting strategies into the development of appropriate grazing, especially in brittle ecosystem.     

Dietary Overlap of Przewalski's Gazelle,Tibetan Gazelle,and Tibetan Sheep on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Abstract: We studied food composition and overlap among sympatric Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii), Tibetan gazelle (P. picticaudata), and Tibetan domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in the Upper Buha River, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, using microscopic fecal analysis. The 2 gazelles forage mainly on plants from Leguminosae and Compositae families and domestic sheep feed mainly on Gramineae and Cyperaceae. The dietary overlap index between the 2 gazelles and Tibetan domestic sheep increased from 0.43 to 0.58 during the plant-growing period to 0.76–0.77 during the plant-withering period, which indicated competition for foods intensified during the food-limited season. Although the 2 gazelle ate similar diets, they might avoid food competition by occupying different foraging areas. We suggest reducing numbers of overwintering Tibetan domestic sheep on pastures to lessen survival pressure on the endangered gazelles during winters.     

藏雪鸡(Tetraogallus tibetanus)春夏季食性

藏雪鸡(Tetraogallus tibetanus)生活在青藏高原及其毗邻地区,是国家二级保护动物。2016年5—8月,在青海省尖扎县,采集藏雪鸡新鲜粪便及可能食用的植物,采用粪便显微分析法研究了藏雪鸡食性。结果表明:藏雪鸡能以各种植物器官为食,叶片是其食用的主要器官,茎次之,再次是花和果(种子),根极少;藏雪鸡所食植物器官比例有明显季节变化,叶片的比例逐月下降,花的比例在7月显著增加,而果(种子)比例在8月陡增至28%;藏雪鸡能以生境中24科72种草本植物中的19科49种为食,还取食苔藓和地衣;禾本科和菊科植物是其主要食物,占食物总量的42%;草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)(22.35%)是主要食物种,蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)等20种植物是其常见食物种;藏雪鸡所食植物种类比例季节变化明显,如草地早熟禾比例5—7月稳定在20%左右,但8月上升到30.20%,而蒲公英比例5—8月持续增加;藏雪鸡所食植物种类数稳定在35~36种,仅7月稍多(41种);不同月份的食物成分相似性较高(>73%),食物的Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数相似,但8月食物生态位宽度指数明显低于其他月份。综上,藏雪鸡是广食性鸟类,且食性有明显的季节变化。本研究结果可为藏雪鸡救护和迁地保护时人工饲料配方的设计提供依据。     

西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜草青期食性比较

西藏马鹿为我国特有种,曾一度被认定为野外灭绝。在其生境中有多种食性相近的野生有蹄类及家畜同域分布,探究青藏高原特殊环境下西藏马鹿与这些有蹄类的食物资源种间竞争与共存关系十分必要。2013年和2014年8—9月,采用粪便显微分析法确定了桑日县西藏马鹿自然保护区西藏马鹿、白唇鹿、藏原羚、牦牛、山羊草青期食物组成,并比较分析了西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜之间的食物重叠和分化状况。结果表明: 西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类具有相似的可食植物种类组成,但所占食谱比例不同。西藏马鹿主要可食植物多为其他有蹄类次要可食植物,其中弱小火绒草为西藏马鹿(在动物食谱中的百分比为11.2%)与牦牛(10.2%)共同的主要食物,西藏柳为西藏马鹿(9.6%)和白唇鹿(11.4%)共同的主要食物。从科级水平来看,豆科植物为西藏马鹿(21.4%)与藏原羚(42.5%)的共同主要可食植物,莎草科植物为白唇鹿(49.2%)、牦牛(33.4%)、山羊(50.3%)的共同主要可食植物。菊科植物作为西藏马鹿(29.6%)的主要可食植物,也是白唇鹿(7.6%)、藏原羚(11.6%)、牦牛(17.3%)和山羊(14.1%)的次要可食植物。禾本科植物作为西藏马鹿(7.1%)次要可食植物,较其他4种有蹄类(白唇鹿13.6%、藏原羚12.3%、牦牛11.5%、山羊16.0%)所占比例低。西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类食物重叠度均高于0.5,与牦牛的重叠度最高(0.65)。西藏马鹿食物多样性指数(1.32)、均匀度指数(0.37)和生态位宽度指数(15.79)均较高。与2007—2008年相比,西藏马鹿食物组成变化较大,豆科植物比例增大,莎草科植物比例降低,食物质量总体有所提高。西藏马鹿与家畜之间存在较高的食物资源竞争,这将进一步影响西藏马鹿的分布范围和生存空间。     

Numerical Characteristics of Pollen Assemblages of Surface Samples from the West Kunlun Mountains

A total of 31 suface sediment samples were collected from West Kunlun Mountain in south Xinjiang Autonomous Region in northwest China. These samples are from seven types of vegetation: Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey. forest, Sabina Spach. woodland, sub-alpine steppe, alpine meadow, desert vegetion, cushion-vegetation and vegetation adjancent to glaciers. Pollen percentages and pollen concentrations were calculated in all samples. The dominant pollen types in the region are Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, Picea, Ephedra, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Compositae etc. In order to reveal the relationship between pollen composition and the vegetation type from which the soil sample was collected, principal component analysis and group average cluster analysis were employed on the pollen data. The results revealed that the major vegetation types in this region could be distinguished by pollen composition: a. Samples from desert vegetation were dominated by pollen of Chenopodiaceae (about 60195%). The percentages of all other pollen types were low. b. Picea forest samples were rich in Picea pollen (about 20%) Sabina forest had more Sabina pollen grains than other vegetation types (about 5%, others <1%). Pollen percentages of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Ephedra were comparatively higher (each about 20%) in these samples from the two types of vegetations. C. Pollen percentages of Artemisia, Cyperaceae, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae were high in both sub-alpine steppe and alpine meadow. But steppe containal more Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae (steppe 33.75% and 32.30%, meadow 15.57% and 19.48% in average), less Cyperaceae and Gramineae (steppe 2.58% and 7.60%, meadow 22.35% and 12.93% in average) than meadow. d. Samples from cushion-vegetation and vegetation adjacent to glaciers were mainly composed of pollen grains transported from other sites. It was not easy to distinguish them from other vegetation types. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis distinguish samples from Picea forest, Sabina woodland, sub-alpine steppe, alpine meadow and desert vegetation. Therefore we think it will be possible to apply the module to reconstruct past vegetation in this region and other similar regions. Regression analysis was also applied to reveal the relationships between pollen and plant percentages of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Cyperaceae and Gramineae. The results indicated that a linear relationship existed between pollen and plant percentages for Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Cyperaeeae.     

浙北地区不同土地利用下乡村草本层植物多样性研究

该文以浙江省安吉县两个典型乡村—繅舍村和赋石村为例,选取公园、农耕区、河道、人工林地四种不同土地利用类型,用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Sorensen指数为标识多样性的指标,分析不同生境下草本植物多样性差异。结果表明：乡村生境中共记录物种162种,分属47科123属,其中禾本科与菊科物种数占总数的31.48％;农耕区生境的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数最高,分别为2.76和0.91,农耕区与河道的Sorensen指数最高为0.57。从农耕区、河道、公园到林地生境,草本物种多样性整体呈减小趋势。另外,发现人工绿化措施会导致草本物种减少,如从种植水稻单一作物到复合作物,草本层植物随之改变。单一稻田与复合种植区比较,草本植物主要的科属组成无明显变化,莎草科、菊科、禾本科植物仍占主体;但草本植物群落主要物种组成发生变化,稻田转变成农耕区后,牛筋草、黑麦草,碎米荠、小飞蓬、喜旱莲子草成为草本层群落主要构成植物,水竹叶覆盖度减少,小飞蓬和喜旱莲子草的覆盖度增加。此外,还发现4种生境中共有喜旱莲子草、加拿大一枝黄花、土荆芥三种入侵物种,但未能对本土物种构成显著影响。这表明不同土地利用方式会严重影响草本群落物种组成及物种多样性;土地利用方式的变化,会引起草本植物主要群落构成发生改变;土地利用类型的多样化有利于本土草本物种多样性生存。该研究结果有助于为城镇化进程中保护乡村植物多样性、加速推进美丽中国建设提供技术支撑。     

Pollen in aeolian dust with relation to allergy and asthma in Kuwait

The studying of spatial and temporal distribution of pollen is essential, but rarely tackled in the region including Kuwait. Pollen grains and aeolian dust in the state of Kuwait were seasonally monitored from August 2009 to August 2011 to identify and correlate spatially and temporally pollen data with human health asthma and allergy data. The year 2010–2011 yielded a high in deposited dust and pollen compared to 2009–2010 by 33.2 and 9.9%, respectively. The spring (April–May) and the autumn (October–November) seasons marked the most top pollen distribution for Chenopodiaceae, Gramineae (Poaceae), Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, and Plantaginaceae. The pollen graphs for summer (July–August) and winter (January–February) seasons showed low pollen distribution due to the severe drought, dust storms, winter wind and rainfall. There are no correlations found between pollen deposition and the number of asthma patients. The annual dust deposited rate in Kuwait during 2010/2011 was 373 t km^?2 which represented a 33.2% increase compared with 2009/2010. The study has concluded that pollen of Malvaceae, Compositae and Chenopodiaceae is the most common triggers of allergy in Kuwait. Additionally, a positive correlation between the number of allergy patients and deposited dust was observed during March 2010 and 2011.