印水型杂交水稻开创杂交水稻超高产制种新时代

在2005年国家主推的19个籼型超级杂交稻中有9个印水型杂交水稻,这种水稻连续创造了世界水稻最高产量纪录, 1／15hm2产达到了1 231．17 kg。印水型杂交水稻由中国水稻研究所主持完成,其育成和推广,从制种产量、杂种产量和米质等方面把我国杂交水稻的生产水平总体提高到一个新台阶,开创了杂交水稻超高产制种新时代,米质主要指标达到国际3-2级;制种产量创造并保持了我国和世界制种最高产量纪录,达到每1／15hm2440 kg;制种成本降低50％以上。从1998年至2004年,全国累计推广印水型杂交水稻24万hm2以上,增产稻谷64亿kg,创造经济效益 95亿元。该所“印水型水稻不育胞质的发掘及应用”项目荣获了2005年度国家科技进步一等奖和浙江省科技进步一等奖。     

第二届国际杂交水稻讨论会及日本的工作

菲律宾国际水稻研究所(IRRI)1991年4月2～5日在菲律宾召开第二届国际杂交水稻讨论会.与会的有70名国际研究者以及开发杂交稻民间企业的研究者. 会上讨论杂交水稻研究开发现状的评价、国际共同研究的重新估计,讨论设立推进共同研究的研究调整机构等.(90年12月3日号,13页). 日本开展生物技术水稻的评价试验继续进行利用原生质体培养导入矮化变异的水稻的系统评价试验.植物工程研究所由越     

40余国家引种我国杂交水稻

哥斯达黎加国家农牧研究所宣布,我国赠送的杂交水稻品种NP833在哥首度试种成功。中国援马达加斯加杂交水稻示范中心表示,该岛国气候非常适宜杂交水稻的生长,第一阶段试种成功。这是中国杂交水稻继在亚洲成功推广后,在中美洲和非洲掀起的又一次杂交水稻热潮。     

杂交水稻及其三系对日照长度的反应

杂交水稻的培育成功,是农业生产上的一项突破,使粮食大幅度增产。水稻是喜温的短日照植物,光照阶段的发育特性是确定水稻适应地区、安排播种季节、制订田间管理技术措施的依据之一。要使杂交水稻充分发挥其优势,在栽培上必须要按照杂交水稻的生长发育规律进行。我们于1977至1979年的三年中,对目前推广的及准备推广的杂交水稻和它们的不育系及恢复系对日照长度的反应进行了试验研究。     

中缅水稻科技合作

正以稻带路从20世纪90年代开始,我们的研究团队已经与缅甸等东南亚国家开展了有关水稻研究、保护、利用、推广等的国际合作研究。在此期间,我们发现缅甸水稻的单产仅为中国的一半左右。20世纪90年代初,缅甸政府制定了"提高水稻单产计划",其北部地区先后从中国引种杂交     

对INGER水稻种质的遗传评价和利用

中国自1981年起参加了国际水稻遗传评价(INGER)的合作研究.20年来已引入INGER提供的1.8万余份各国水稻种质,经全国14点的多年综合评价,从中直接命名推广了35个品种,作恢复系(源)组配了28个杂交水稻新组合,筛选出一大批高产、优质、多抗、耐逆、广亲和等材料,并作为亲本利用于全国各育种项目.据不完全统计,INGER种质在中国的种植面积累计约1450万hm2,增产稻谷544万t,取得了巨大的经济效益和社会效益.遗传背景多样化的INGER水稻种质不仅提高了我国的水稻育种水平,而且丰富了我国的稻种资源宝库.     

野败型杂交水稻生育期杂种优势的初步分析

由普通野生稻(Oryza sativa f.spontanea)的花粉败育株杂交选育而成的野败型杂交水稻,自1973年“三系”配套成功后,很快应用于生产。近年来全国推广面积已达七千万亩以上,收到了较好的增产效果。但现有推广组合在长江流域作双季早稻或长江以北地区作后季     

从水稻同源三倍体中鉴定出无融合生殖种质TAR

水稻杂种优势的成功应用使水稻单产提高了20%,这主要得益于70年代初细胞质雄性不育系的发现和利用。但传统的三系法杂交水稻必须做到不育系、保持系、恢复系“三系”配套,选育程序和杂交种子生产环节较复杂,以致培育目标组合的周期长、效率低、推广环节多,同时种子成本高、价格贵[1]。80年代光敏核不育水稻以其“一系两用、配组自由”等优越性大有取代三系杂交水稻的趋势。但是,光敏核不育特性同时又受温度的调控,加之育性波动等缺陷使两系杂交水稻的研究和利用受到严重制约[2]。80年代后期,科技工作者开始探索利用无融合生殖固定水稻杂种优…     

高秆隐性e杂交水稻研究进展

本文综述利用eui基因来提高杂交水稻制种产量的设想与实践,以及通过直接辐射诱变方法育成高秆隐性恢复系和长穗颈不育系,继而育成e杂交水稻组合等方面的研究进展,提出了今后e杂交水稻的研究方向.     

杂交水稻中的螟虫初步研究

70年代中期以来,籼型杂交水稻在全国范围内先后大面积推广,对粮食的增产,已经发挥了巨大的经济效益。 作为杂交水稻主要害虫之一的螟虫,各地普遍开展了稻螟的生物学特性、种群结构等的研究,现就我们的调查研究及部分省、自治区的有关资料,综合报道如下。     

Development of the “Third-Generation” Hybrid Rice in China

Rice is a major cereal crop for China. The development of the ‘‘three-line" hybrid rice system based on cytoplasmic male sterility in the 1970 s(first-generation) and the ‘‘two-line" hybrid rice system based on photoperiod-and thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile lines(second-generation)in the 1980 s has contributed significantly to rice yield increase and food security in China. Here we describe the development and implementation of the ‘‘third-generation" hybrid rice breeding system that is based on a transgenic approach to propagate and utilize stable recessive nuclear male sterile lines, and as such, the male sterile line and hybrid rice produced using such a system is nontransgenic. Such a system should overcome the intrinsic problems of the ‘‘first-generation" and‘‘second-generation" hybrid rice systems and hold great promise to further boost production of hybrid rice and other crops.     

转 Bt 基因水稻对三化螟自然种群的影响

为了了解水稻重要害虫三化螟 Scirpophaga incertulas（Walker）对转 Bt 基因水稻产生抗性的潜在风险,本文利用自然种群生命表,研究了第 3 代三化螟在转Bt基因杂交稻汕优 63 及非转 Bt 基因杂交稻汕优 63 上的种群参数。结果表明：在 Bt 稻上1～2 龄幼虫的存活率为 4.03%,极显著低于非转基因 SY63（55.76%）;Bt 稻上幼虫为害率为1.75%,极显著低 于非转基因 SY63（5.98%）;Bt 稻上存活的幼虫发育历期明显长于非转 Bt SY63。     

Strategy and utilization of a herbicide resistance gene in two-line hybrid rice

Hybrid rice plays an important role in China's aim to improve rice production as it accounts for some 50% of rice planting area but produces about 60% of the total rice grain. However, the existing three-line system used in hybrid rice production has its limitations. The two-line system, which makes use of photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile (PGMS) and thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile (TGMS) lines to generate the male-sterile parental line, was developed to overcome some of these limitations. The sterility of the male-sterile line of two-line hybrid rice, however, fluctuates when the temperature-sensitive phase of fertility encounters abnormal low temperatures during hybrid seed production, which induces selfing and decreases the purity of hybrid. We describe here the strategy of utilizing a herbicide resistance gene in two-line hybrid rice to eliminate this fluctuation in the sterility of the P/TGMS lines during hybrid seed production and reports the development of the herbicide resistance restorer line Bar68-1 and its herbicide-resistant early season hybrid rice Xiang125s/Bar68-1. When the restorer line and its derived hybrid are herbicide resistant, the selfed seeds can be removed easily from the hybrid by herbicide spraying. A herbicide resistance gene bar was transferred into a restorer line by particle bombardment. The resulting transgenic restorer line Bar68-1 and its hybrid Xiang125 s/Bar68-1 inherited stable herbicide resistance. The purity of Xiang125s/Bar68-1 was increased by spraying the seed bed with herbicide, which resulted in a significant increase in yield, grain quality, and disease resistance in comparison to the controls in a regional trial.     

Progress in research and development on hybrid rice: a super-domesticate in China

BACKGROUND: China has been successful in breeding hybrid rice strains, but is now facing challenges to develop new hybrids with high-yielding potential, better grain quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper reviews the most significant advances in hybrid rice breeding in China, and presents a recent study on fine-mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield traits. SCOPE: By exploiting new types of male sterility, hybrid rice production in China has become more diversified. The use of inter-subspecies crosses has made an additional contribution to broadening the genetic diversity of hybrid rice and played an important role in the breeding of super rice hybrids in China. With the development and application of indica-inclined and japonica-inclined parental lines, new rice hybrids with super high-yielding potential have been developed and are being grown on a large scale. DNA markers for subspecies differentiation have been identified and applied, and marker-assisted selection performed for the development of restorer lines carrying disease resistance genes. The genetic basis of heterosis in highly heterotic hybrids has been studied, but data from these studies are insufficient to draw sound conclusions. In a QTL study using stepwise residual heterozygous lines, two linked intervals harbouring QTLs for yield traits were resolved, one of which was delimited to a 125-kb region. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in rice genomic research have shed new light on the genetic study and germplasm utilization in rice. Molecular marker-assisted selection is a powerful tool to increase breeding efficiency, but much work remains to be done before this technique can be extended from major genes to QTLs.     

Proteomic identification of OsCYP2, a rice cyclophilin that confers salt tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings when overexpressed

Background  

High Salinity is a major environmental stress influencing growth and development of rice. Comparative proteomic analysis of hybrid rice shoot proteins from Shanyou 10 seedlings, a salt-tolerant hybrid variety, and Liangyoupeijiu seedlings, a salt-sensitive hybrid variety, was performed to identify new components involved in salt-stress signaling.     

高温及水稻类型对灰飞虱种群的影响

近年来,灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fall n)在江浙等地呈明显上升态势。采用不同温度及水稻类型处理灰飞虱若虫,获得灰飞虱种群在不同处理组合下的存活率、发育进度及抗寒力。结果表明,35℃的高温下,灰飞虱各龄若虫无论在杂交籼稻还是粳稻上,其发育进度均比25~30℃推迟2~7d。35℃高温下若虫死亡率较高,并且不能正常羽化。粳稻上饲养的灰飞虱若虫的存活率明显高于杂交籼稻,但水稻类型和温度对灰飞虱存活率的影响不存在明显的互作作用。在适宜温度下(27~30℃)用杂交籼稻饲养的灰飞虱,其过冷却点及结冰点均要比在高温(35℃)或低温(25℃)下饲养的低。在26~30.5℃变温条件下,杂交籼稻上饲养的灰飞虱的过冷却点和结冰点显著低于粳稻上饲养的,而且不同温度和水稻类型上的灰飞虱的过冷却点均低于零下10℃。可见江浙稻区冬季低温对灰飞虱的越冬已不存在制约作用。温度和水稻类型的变化是近年灰飞虱暴发成灾的重要原因。     

不同利用方式下稻田效益的综合评价

一、引言评价是多目标系统优化和决策的基础。和任何其他农业生态系统一样,稻田生态系统具有多目标、多功能的特点,单项指标难以反映系统的优劣。目前,川东南地区稻田开发利用方式多种多样,但效益评价主要是采用简单的比较分析或粗放的定性描述,尚未形成系统的     

Effect of Chilling on Photosynthesis in Flag Leaves at Primary Heading Stage of F1 Hybrid Rice Cultivars and Their Parental Lines (Three Lines)

With the purpose of selecting and breeding cold stress tolerance of hybrid rice cultivars, the effect of chilling on five hybrid rice combinations was investigated. The results indicated that the cold tolerance of different hybrid rice varieties were different. The order of the cold tolerance as the degrees of inhibition of maximum photosynthetic rate and of apparent quantum yield of flag leaves at primary heading stage by chilling was as follows: The cold tolerance of Japanica type Xiuyou-57 was the highest then lndica type Qing-Youzao followed by Shangyou-63, Shangyou-64 and Weiyou-64. The cold tolerance of Fx hybrid rice was similar to that of the maternal lines and not similar to the paternal lines. The cold tolerance of maintainer lines was similar to that of the male sterile lines. The tests on the survival rate of hybrid rice seedlings after chilling treatment also showed a similar re gular patterns. These indicated that the responses by the chilling temperature in these five hybrid combinations were exactly the same in the Seedling stage as well as in the late growing stage. The results of these experiments on the impact of selecting and breeding cold tolerance in hybrid rice were discussed.     

Marker-assisted breeding of Chinese elite rice cultivar 9311 for disease resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight and tolerance to submergence

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food crop for more than half of the world’s population. The development of hybrid rice is a practical approach to increase rice production. However, rice production was frequently affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Rice blast and bacterial blight are two major diseases in rice growing regions. Rice plantation is also frequently affected by short-term submergence or seasonal floods in wet seasons and drought in dry seasons. The utilization of natural disease resistance (R) genes and stress tolerance genes in rice breeding is the most economic and efficient way to combat or adapt to these biotic and abiotic stresses. Rice cultivar 9311 is widely planted rice variety, either as inbred rice or the paternal line of two-line hybrid rice. Here, we report the pyramiding of rice blast R gene Pi9, bacterial blight R genes Xa21 and Xa27, and submergence tolerance gene Sub1A in 9311 genetic background through backcrossing and marker-assisted selection. The improved rice line, designated as 49311, theoretically possesses 99.2% genetic background of 9311. 49311 and its hybrid rice, GZ63S/49311, conferred disease resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight and showed tolerance to submergence for over 18 days without significant loss of viability. 49311 and its hybrids had similar agronomic traits and grain quality to 9311 and the control hybrid rice, respectively. The development of 49311 provides an improved paternal line for two-line hybrid rice production with disease resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight and tolerance to submergence.     

低温对杂交水稻及其亲本三系始穗期旗叶光合作用的影响

研究了低温对5套杂交水稻组合的影响。始穗期旗叶光合作用的最大速率和表观量子效率受低温抑制的程度表明:其耐冷顺序为粳稻型的“秀优57”>“釉稻型的青优早”>“汕优63”、“汕优64”与“威优64”。杂交水稻 F_1的耐冷水平与母本近似,与父本关系不大,保持系的耐冷性相似于不育系。杂交水稻幼苗经低温处理后的存活率亦表现出同样的规律。证明所试5套杂交水稻的生育后期与苗期对低温的反应是一致的。本文对该结果在杂交水稻抗冷性选育种中的意义进行了讨论。