高粱糯质资源创新及其利用研究

利用高粱资源研究中新发掘和引进的糯质材料,通过有性杂交选育,农艺性状、抗病性鉴定和品质分析,选育出育种和生产急需的、综合农艺性状优良的糯质新种质L401A、L402A、1053A、1057A、1058A等5个不育系和R92、031069R、031038R等3个恢复系。利用新创资源组配了一批高产、综合农艺性状好的糯质高粱杂交组合。     

红花种质资源色价及主要产量性状的聚类分析

以筛选出来的69份无刺红花资源为材料,利用相关性分析及聚类分析对其花瓣色价、单株果球数、单株果球种子数、果球直径、百粒重、单株种子产量、单株花瓣产量7个性状进行评估。结果表明:69份材料间存在较大的差异,对红花种子产量贡献最大的农艺性状是单株果球数;对红花花瓣色价进行分析,将69份红花资源分为3类,色价在6.3~14.1之间,其中色价极高型材料有14份,平均值达到12.38。对7个性状指标进行综合聚类分析,可以将69份红花资源分为5大类群,各类群性状变化丰富,其中组Ⅳ综合表现最好,是选育高色价、高产红花的优良材料。69份红花资源在色价和产量指标等方面表现出多样性,遗传较丰富,但色价高的资源材料相对较少。红花种质资源色价及主要产量性状的综合分析,可为红花资源的有效利用及选育高色价、高产红花新品种奠定基础。     

杂草稻种质资源的综合评价

从韩国引入34份杂草稻种质资源,在云南生态条件下进行田间农艺性状、抗病性及品质的综合鉴定,从中筛选出6份综合性状优良或具有某种优异性状的种质,可供育种利用。     

杂草稻种质资源的综合评价

从韩国引入３４份杂草稻种质资源,在云南生态条件下进行田间农艺性状、抗病性及品质的综合鉴定,从中筛选出６份综合性状优良或具有某种优异性状的种质,可供育种利用。     

国外紫花苜蓿种质资源表型性状与品质多样性分析

本研究旨在利用形态指标、农艺性状指标和品质性状指标探讨引进紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)种质资源的遗传多样性,为紫花苜蓿品种改良和亲本选择提供科学依据。研究了不同地理来源的75份紫花苜蓿种质资源的21项指标,并利用主成分分析和聚类分析方法分析其多样性。结果表明,不同紫花苜蓿种质的各个特征存在广泛变异,农艺性状变异最大,其次是形态性状和品质性状;主成分分析结果显示前8个主成分累计贡献率达到82.7748%,其中茎秆干重、单株干重、单株鲜重、叶干重4个性状是构成紫花苜蓿种质表型差异的主要因素;以21个性状为基础的聚类分析将所研究的75份种质材料分为5类,其中第Ⅱ类群的3号材料和第Ⅰ类群的25、31号材料农艺性状表现较好,可以作为苜蓿新品种选育和改良的优异亲本材料。     

番茄种质资源生物学性状的初步观察与评价

番茄种质资源的收集与利用是番茄新品种选育的重要途径,本文通过对收集的315份番茄的生物学性状、品质、抗逆性和抗病性进行鉴定评价,其中鉴定出23份综合性状优良、品质佳的种质,16份可溶性固形物含量高的番茄材料,13份综合抗病性和抗逆性比较高的材料,为选育优质、抗病、耐热的番茄新品种奠定了良好的基础.     

番茄种质资源生物学性状的初步观察与评价

番茄种质资源的收集与利用是番茄新品种选育的重要途径,本文通过对收集的315份番茄的生物学性状、品质、抗逆性和抗病性进行鉴定评价,其中鉴定出23份综合性状优良、品质佳的种质,16份可溶性固形物含量高的番茄材料,13份综合抗病性和抗逆性比较高的材料,为选育优质、抗病、耐热的番茄新品种奠定了良好的基础。     

陆地棉优良种质综合评价

1997-1999年在江苏南京、河南安阳两个生态点对"八五"初选的55份棉花优良种质进行综合评价,鉴定生育期、铃重、衣分、产量、纤维品质、抗病性等农艺、经济性状.结果表明,各性状品种间差异显著;评价出某一性状优异或综合性状优良、遗传稳定的种质16份提供利用.     

陆地棉优良种质综合评价

1997--1999年在江苏南京、河南安阳两个生态点对“八五”初选的55份棉花优良种质进行综合评价,鉴定生育期、铃重、衣分、产量、纤维品质、抗病性等农艺、经济性状。结果表明,各性状品种间差异显;评价出某一性状优异或综合性状优良、遗传稳定的种质16份提供利用。     

小豆种质资源农艺性状综合鉴定与评价

通过田间观测和室内分析,对来自全国各生态区的262份小豆优异种质资源连续2年进行了农艺性状鉴定及综合评价。结果表明:262份小豆微核心种质资源在考察的16个形态学性状中均具有丰富的遗传变异类型;不同年份间生态环境尤其是光照条件对小豆农艺性状影响较大;主成分分析确定了3类影响因子,表明小豆资源的选育要集中在生长势良好(生育日数较短、株高较矮),单株荚数和单荚粒数多的地方品种;聚类分析结果显示在相似系数为0.40时可将参试材料分为5大类群,各类群间性状差异明显;群体性状表现与地理来源之间没有直接的关系。     

Diversity characterization and association analysis of agronomic traits in a Chinese peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.） mini-core collection

Association mapping is a powerful approach for exploring the molecular basis of phenotypic variations in plants. A peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.） mini-core collection in China comprising 298 accessions was genotyped using lo9 simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers, which identified 554 SSR alleles and phenotyped for 15 agronomic traits in three different environments, exhibiting abundant genetic and phenotypic diversity within the panel. A model-based structure analysis assigned all accessions to three groups. Most of the accessions had the relative kinship of less than o.05, indicating that there were no or weak relationships between accessions of the mini- core collection. For 15 agronomic traits in the peanut panel, generally the Q ＋ K model exhibited the best performance to eliminate the false associated positives compared to the Q model and the general linear model-simple model. In total, 89 SSR alleles were identified to be associated with 15 agronomic traits of three environments by the Q＋K model-based association analysis. Of these, eight alleles were repeatedly detected in two or three environments, and 15 alleles were commonly detected to be associated with multiple agronomic traits. Simple sequence repeat allelic effects confirmed significant differences between different genotypes of these repeatedly detected markers. Our results demonstrate the great potential of integrating the association analysis and marker-assisted breeding by utilizing the peanut mini-core collection.     

Diversity characterization and association analysis of agronomic traits in a Chinese peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) mini-core collection

Association mapping is a powerful approach for exploring the molecular basis of phenotypic variations in plants.A peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)mini-core collection in China comprising 298 accessions was genotyped using 109 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which identified 554 SSR alleles and phenotyped for 15 agronomic traits in three different environments,exhibiting abundant genetic and phenotypic diversity within the panel.A model-based structure analysis assigned all accessions to three groups.Most of the accessions had the relative kinship of less than 0.05,indicating that there were no or weak relationships between accessions of the mini-core collection.For 15 agronomic traits in the peanut panel,generally the Q t K model exhibited the best performance to eliminate the false associated positives compared to the Q model and the general linear model-simple model.In total,89SSR alleles were identified to be associated with 15 agronomic traits of three environments by the Q t K model-based association analysis.Of these,eight alleles were repeatedly detected in two or three environments,and 15 alleles were commonly detected to be associated with multiple agronomic traits.Simple sequence repeat allelic effects confirmed significant differences between different genotypes of these repeatedly detected markers.Our results demonstrate the great potential of integrating the association analysis and marker-assisted breeding by utilizing the peanut mini-core collection.     

中国花生核心种质的建立

以中国花生种质资源数据库中记录的6390份花生资源为材料,以其基本数据、特征数据和评价数据为信息,采用分层、层内分组聚类以及随机取样与必选资源相结合的方法,构建了由576份资源组成的花生核心种质,占基础收集品的9.01%。对核心种质的植物学类型组成和遗传多样性指数的分析,以及对各性状特征值、符合率和包含的主要抗病资源抗性等级及重要农艺性状资源的检测结果表明,本研究建立的核心种质是有效的。基础收集品中各种性状的遗传变异在核心种质中均存在,所用15个性状的各种特征值符合率均在90%以上,其中绝大部分性状的符合率达96%以上。     

中国花生核心种质的建立

以中国花生种质资源数据库中记录的6390份花生资源为材料,以其基本数据、特征数据和评价数据为信息,采用分层、层内分组聚类以及随机取样与必选资源相结合的方法,构建了由576份资源组成的花生核心种质,占基础收集品的9.01%。对核心种质的植物学类型组成和遗传多样性指数的分析,以及对各性状特征值、符合率和包含的主要抗病资源抗性等级及重要农艺性状资源的检测结果表明,本研究建立的核心种质是有效的。基础收集品中各种性状的遗传变异在核心种质中均存在,所用15个性状的各种特征值符合率均在90%以上,其中绝大部分性状的符合率达96%以上。     

河南省花生农家品种资源农艺和品质性状分析

综合分析河南省花生农家品种资源的农艺和品质性状,为花生的遗传育种提供理论依据。以128个不同地域来源的河南省农家品种为材料,田间调查株型、分枝型和开花习性等植物学性状,收获考种测定主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数、结果枝数、单株产量、百果重和百仁重农艺性状,并测定蛋白质、脂肪、油酸和亚油酸含量。结果表明,农家品种以密枝型为主,农艺性状中百仁重的变异系数最大,为31.1%,其次为单株产量和总分枝数,分别为27.5%和22.2%,变异系数最小的为侧枝长,为12.5%;品质性状方面,河南农家品种资源的脂肪含量较高,脂肪含量55%以上的有10个花生品种。蛋白质含量偏低,最高仅25.3%,油酸含量中等,平均45.4%,最高的52.4%。本研究表明河南省农家品种的农艺性状表现丰富的遗传多样性,品质方面脂肪含量相对较高,合理利用河南省农家品种资源,可为花生品质改良提供优质性状的亲本。     

云南苦荞种质资源主要性状的遗传多样性分析

为了从云南苦荞种质资源中挖掘优异种质资源,拓宽苦荞遗传基础,以48份苦荞种质资源为材料研究了6个主要农艺性状和5个品质性状的遗传多样性。结果表明,云南的苦荞资源存在着丰富的遗传多样性,6个农艺性状中株粒重的变异系数为34.4%最大,品质性状中总黄酮含量的变异系数为51.72%最大。聚类结果表明,将48份材料聚为3大类,可区分为低产型、矮秆高产型和中秆高产型。6个主要农艺性状和5个品质性状的主成分分析结果表明,前3个累计贡献率分别达84.105%和80.332%,各主成分性状载荷值反映了主要数量性状的育种选择潜力。综合分析种质资源的主要农艺性状,可为云南苦荞种质资源的利用提供有效的科学依据。     

苦荞种质主要农艺性状的变异及其对单株粒重的贡献研究

对180份苦荞种质资源的8个主要农艺性状进行了评价,并对单株粒重与其他7个农艺性状之间进行了相关性分析和通径分析。结果显示,主要农艺性状的变异系数为8.10%~39.40%;简单相关分析表明,单株粒重与单株粒数、主茎分支数呈极显著正相关;偏相关分析表明,单株粒重与单株粒数、千粒重呈极显著正相关;多元回归和通径分析均表明,单株粒数、千粒重是影响单株粒重的主要因素,其中单株粒数影响最大。系统聚类分析表明,180份苦荞种质资源可划分为5类,其中第Ⅲ类(包括47份供试材料)的综合农艺性状较好,主要表现为主茎分枝能力强、单株粒数多、单株粒重和单株米粒重高,可作为优异基因资源进一步开发利用,也为以增加单株米粒重与出米率为选育目标的苦荞薄壳育种提供依据。     

中国普通菜豆形态性状分析及分类

对129份中国普通菜豆地方品种的形态性状进行分析,结果表明,8个性状共检测到35个变异类型,平均变异类型为4.375个,平均多态信息含量为0.5638。中国普通菜豆包括安第斯和中美两个基因库种质,中美洲基因库资源在参试资源中比重较大,但安第斯基因库资源遗传多样性水平高于中美基因库材料。由中美基因库向安第斯基因库渗透的天然杂交种质可为普通菜豆高产、优质、抗逆育种提供有价值的桥梁品种。     

Mapping QTLs for improving grain yield using the USDA rice mini-core collection

Yield is the most important and complex trait for genetic improvement in crops, and marker-assisted selection enhances the improvement efficiency. The USDA rice mini-core collection derived from over 18,000 accessions of global origins is an ideal panel for association mapping. We phenotyped 203 O. sativa accessions for 14 agronomic traits and identified 5 that were highly and significantly correlated with grain yield per plant: plant height, plant weight, tillers, panicle length, and kernels/branch. Genotyping with 155 genome-wide molecular markers demonstrated 5 main cluster groups. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) decayed at least 20 cM and marker pairs with significant LD ranged from 4.64 to 6.06% in four main groups. Model comparisons revealed that different dimensions of principal component analysis affected yield and its correlated traits for mapping accuracy, and kinship did not improve the mapping in this collection. Thirty marker–trait associations were highly significant, 4 for yield, 3 for plant height, 6 for plant weight, 9 for tillers, 5 for panicle length and 3 for kernels/branch. Twenty-one markers contributed to the 30 associations, because 8 markers were co-associated with 2 or more traits. Allelic analysis of OSR13, RM471 and RM7003 for their co-associations with yield traits demonstrated that allele 126 bp of RM471 and 108 bp of RM7003 should receive greater attention, because they had the greatest positive effect on yield traits. Tagging the QTLs responsible for multiple yield traits may simultaneously help dissect the complex yield traits and elevate the efficiency to improve grain yield using marker-assisted selection in rice.     

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of genetic differentiation and diversity in the USDA rice mini-core collection

A rice mini-core collection consisting of 217 accessions has been developed to represent the USDA core and whole collections that include 1,794 and 18,709 accessions, respectively. To improve the efficiency of mining valuable genes and broadening the genetic diversity in breeding, genetic structure and diversity were analyzed using both genotypic (128 molecular markers) and phenotypic (14 numerical traits) data. This mini-core had 13.5 alleles per locus, which is the most among the reported germplasm collections of rice. Similarly, polymorphic information content (PIC) value was 0.71 in the mini-core which is the highest with one exception. The high genetic diversity in the mini-core suggests there is a good possibility of mining genes of interest and selecting parents which will improve food production and quality. A model-based clustering analysis resulted in lowland rice including three groups, aus (39 accessions), indica (71) and their admixtures (5), upland rice including temperate japonica (32), tropical japonica (40), aromatic (6) and their admixtures (12) and wild rice (12) including glaberrima and four other species of Oryza. Group differentiation was analyzed using both genotypic distance Fst from 128 molecular markers and phenotypic (Mahalanobis) distance D(2) from 14 traits. Both dendrograms built by Fst and D(2) reached similar-differentiative relationship among these genetic groups, and the correlation coefficient showed high value 0.85 between Fst matrix and D(2) matrix. The information of genetic and phenotypic differentiation could be helpful for the association mapping of genes of interest. Analysis of genotypic and phenotypic diversity based on genetic structure would facilitate parent selection for broadening genetic base of modern rice cultivars via breeding effort.