中国野生稻原生境保护方法研究

在充分调查我国野生稻种质资源现状的基础上,分析了野生稻的濒危状况及其致濒因素,制定了野生稻原生境保护的选点原则,结合江西东乡、广东高州、云南元江和广西武宣等4个野生稻原生境保护示范点建设及各个保护点的社会、经济和环境条件,提出了围墙、围栏、植物篱笆和农民参与性等不同的保护方法,并就原生境保护点的开发性保护管理模式进行了探讨。     

广西野生稻原生境保护点建设的进展、问题和对策

广西是我国野生稻资源最丰富的省份之一,虽然广西野生稻资源异位保存工作成绩卓著,但自然居群逐年减少,分布面积急剧下降,导致广西野生稻濒危状况严重。为了遏止广西野生稻濒危加剧的趋势,广西自2002年开始进行野生稻原生境保护点建设工作。本文详细介绍了广西野生稻原生境保护点建设的技术、方法和成效,并根据国际国内原生境保护的发展动态,提出了从合理制定保护点建设规划、建立监测预警体系、加强资源鉴定与利用等几个方面促进广西野生稻原生境保护工作的策略。     

海南普通野生稻原生境土壤养分状况研究

为探明海南普通野生稻原生境土壤养分状况,采集了海南省不同地区普通野生稻和栽培稻土壤并进行养分测定。结果表明:海南普通野生稻原生境土壤pH、碱解氮总体适宜,全氮为极缺乏水平,有机质及其它养分含量以中等偏低水平居多。不同地区野生稻土壤除pH和全氮外,其它养分含量差异较大。在大多数地区,栽培稻土壤氮磷钾养分含量低于普通野生稻原生境。     

海南野生稻资源调查收集与保护

为了加强海南野生稻资源的保护和研究利用,2002—2013年对海南省18市(县)野生稻资源进行野外调查、资源收集和原、异位保护。初步查明,目前在全省15个市(县)发现154个野生稻自然居群,其中普通野生稻136个、疣粒野生稻11个、药用野生稻7个。收集到野生稻居群87个,其中普通野生稻80个、疣粒野生稻4个、药用野生稻3个,总共2900余份野生稻种茎,经繁殖和编目后妥善保存于海南省农业科学院试验基地的热带野生稻异位保存圃中,并参照农业行业标准-农业野生植物原生境保护点建设技术规范,分别在文昌、琼海、儋州、万宁、陵水和保亭等县(市)建立了6个野生稻原生境保护点,其中普通野生稻4个,疣粒野生稻1个,药用野生稻1个。根据调查结果,对海南野生稻濒危状况及其根源进行了分析,提出了海南野生稻保护相关建议。     

试论野生稻资源遗传多样性原生境保存

我国野生稻资源丰富,分布地域广阔,由于经济建设用地需要,近年来野生稻原生地遭到严重破坏,野生稻原生境保存已是十分紧迫的事情。本文论述了原生境保存的意义,原生境保存地的选择原则及设想,旨在提高全民生态保护意识,加强野生稻资源保护。     

试论野生稻资源遗传多样性原生境保存

我国野生稻资源丰富,分布地域广阔,由于经济建设用地需要,近年来野生稻原生地遭到严重破坏,野生稻原生境保存已是十分紧迫的事情。本文论述了原生境保存的意义,原生境保存地的选择原则及设想,旨在提高全民生态保护意识,加强野生稻资源保护。     

云南省野生稻资源保存保护现状

1998年和1999年对云南省野生稻原生境进行考察,并结合云南野生稻的历史,阐述了云南野生稻的保护保存现状,云南野生稻原生境正在遭到严重的破坏,野生稻群体锐减,云南野生稻保护保存现状令人担忧。最后提出了保护保存云南野生稻资源的四点建议。     

广西野生稻种质资源保护利用现状与展望

系统阐述了广西野生稻种质资源原生境保护、异位保存以及利用现状,并针对广西野生稻保护和利用中存在的问题,提出了广西野生稻资源研究的建议:(1)加强长期安全保存体系建设,完善原生境保护体系和异位保存体系;(2)全面开展深入的鉴定评价研究,了解现存野生稻种质资源的潜在利用价值;(3)强化种质创新,发掘具有自主知识产权的优异基因;(4)健全共享体系,加强育种利用研究,变资源优势为经济优势;(5)加强野生稻研究的科技合作和学术交流.     

西双版纳黄瓜农家品种及其传统知识

西双版纳黄瓜(Cucumis sativus var. xishuangbannanesis)是黄瓜的一个变种。云南省西双版纳及周边地区的少数民族长期以来栽培、管理和利用这种黄瓜, 使它成为当地重要的作物农家品种, 对其开展民族植物学研究, 了解其传统知识十分必要。我们于2017-2018年在西双版纳傣族自治州调查了西双版纳黄瓜农家品种及其相关的传统知识。结果表明, 与现代品种相比, 西双版纳黄瓜农家品种具有香味浓郁、耐贮藏等特异性; 西双版纳的傣族、基诺族、彝族、瑶族等少数民族拥有丰富的关于西双版纳黄瓜农家品种的传统知识。西双版纳黄瓜种质资源在大部分村寨已经消失或濒临消失, 与之相关的传统知识也随之消亡, 目前仅在海拔较高、交通欠发达的边远山区还栽培和保留了少量的农家品种。建议开展西双版纳黄瓜农家品种的原生境保护, 既保护其种质资源, 也保护相关的传统知识。     

云南省野生稻资源保存保护现状

1998年和1999年对云南省野生稻原生境进行考察,并结合云南野生稻的历史,阐述了云南野生稻的保护保存现状,云南野生稻原生境正在遭到严重的破坏,野生稻群体锐减,云南野生稻保护保存现状令人担忧.最后提出了保护保存云南野生稻资源的四点建议.     

中国野生稻遗传资源的保护及其在育种中的利用

我国有三种野生稻,即普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)、药用野生稻(O.officinalis)和瘤粒野生稻(O.meyeriana)。这三种野生稻均被列为国家二级保护植物(渐危种)。调查结果表明,野生稻由于其自然群落大量丧失而濒危,濒危程度为普通野生稻>药用野生稻>瘤粒野生稻。造成濒危的主要原因是人为的破坏活动。人类的经济活动导致了野生稻生境丧失、生境质量不断恶化、栖息地越来越少;人类的活动也导致了外来种的入侵。目前,对野生稻的保护措施主要有就地保护(原地保护或原位保护)和迁地保护(易地保护或异位保护)。易地保护包括以种子保存的种质厍、以种茎保存的种质圃和以器官培养物作为材料的超低温保存。野生稻具有许多优良特性,如特强的耐寒性、高的抗病虫性、优质蛋白质含量高、功能叶片耐衰老的特异性、特强的再生性、良好的繁茂性及生长优势等等,这些优良特性已被广泛用于水稻常规育种和杂交育种中,并取得了巨大的社会效益和经济效益。有关野生稻生物技术方面的研究,如花药培养、原生质培养、体细胞杂交和基因工程等方面已取得了较大的进展。野生稻将在水稻育种中发挥越来越重要的作用。     

Indigenous ecological knowledge and natural resource management in the cultural landscape of China’s Hani Terraces

Indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK) can contribute to the management of local ecosystems and landscapes. Cultural landscapes are produced by and reflect the long-term interactions between humans and nature in indigenous societies. Yunnan Province, located in southwestern China, is the homeland of many ethnic groups, and is also a refuge for numerous species of wild plants and animals. Indigenous people in Yunnan, who have rich ecological knowledge, play an important role in the conservation of local biodiversity and the region’s unique terraced agricultural landscapes. We used the Hani people and their outstanding cultural landscape of rice terraces in Yuanyang County of Yunnan Province as a case study to describe their worldview and discuss their formation of IEK; their roles in the preservation of rice landraces and in pest regulation; their management of water, forest, and soil resources; and the vertical landscape pattern and resource-circulation system that has evolved in the areas managed by the Hani. We also discuss the challenges and threats facing the Hani, their IEK, and their cultural landscape, as well as discuss the potential for integration of the Hani’s IEK with modern conservation efforts.     

Conservation of rice genetic resources: the role of the International Rice Genebank at IRRI

Rice genetic resources, comprising landrace varieties, modern and obsolete varieties, genetic stocks, breeding lines, and the wild rices, are the basis of world food security. The International Rice Genebank at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines conserves the largest and most diverse collection of rice germplasm. The facilities of the genebank ensure the long-term preservation of this important diversity. In field research, factors that affect long-term viability of rice seeds have been identified, leading to the introduction of modified practices for germplasm multiplication and regeneration. The value of conserved germplasm can be assessed in terms of useful traits for rice breeding and the economic impact that germplasm utilization has on rice production and productivity. The application of molecular markers is changing perspectives on germplasm management. International policies affecting access to and use of rice germplasm are discussed.     

云南野生稻不同染色体组型和外植体材料的离体培养研究

云南野生稻不同外植体愈伤组织诱导能力差别较大。花粉培养中愈伤组织诱导率差异在0％～11．8％之间,用成熟胚诱导愈伤组织,其诱导率在18．0％～35．2％之间,茎叶培养则在12．0％～25．0％之间。云南野生稻不同外植体诱导的愈伤组织再分化为绿苗的分化率在8．3％～100．0％之间。疣粒稻组培特性最好,东乡普通野生稻和景洪普通野生稻次之,药用稻最难组培。本文建立了疣粒、东乡、景洪普野3种野生稻的离体无性系,为长期保存云南野生稻资源奠定了基础。     

森林遗传资源保护研究进展

森林遗传资源的保护事关现代及后代的利益,已引起全球的极大关注,自70年代以来,就地保护与迁地保护作为主要的战略在森林遗传资源保护实践中使用。一般来说森林遗传资源的就地保护可以通过建立自然保护区来实现。迁地保护主要包括种子库、田间基因库、种子园及细胞或组织培养等技术。就地保护和迁地保护应当相互补充,两者结合使用是保存森林遗传多样性的有效方法。对森林遗传资源保护战略的选择以及因贸易而濒危的热带材用树及其保护问题也作了简要评述。     

Diversity in the Content of Some Nutritional Components in Husked Seeds of Three Wild Rice Species and Rice Varieties in Yunnan Province of China

In addition to rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, there are three wild rice species, namely O.rufipogon Griff, O. officinalis Wall and O. granulata Baill, in Yunnan Province, China. Each species has different subtypes and ecological distributions. Yunnan wild rice species are excellent genetic resources for developing new rice cultivars. The nutritional components of the husked seeds of wild rice have not been investigated thus far. Herein, we report on the contents of total protein, starch, amylose, 17 amino acids, and five macro and five trace mineral elements in husked seeds from three wild rice species and six O. sativa cultivars. The mean (± SD) protein content in the husked rice of O. rufipogon, O. officinalis, and O. granulata was (14.5 ± 0.6)%, (16.3 ± 1. 1)%, and (15.3 ± 0.5)%, respectively. O. officinalis Ⅲ originating from Gengma had the highest protein content (19.3%). In contrast, the average protein content of six O. sativa cultivars was only 9.15%. The total content of 17 amino acids of three wild rice species was 30%-50% higher than that of the six cultivars. Tyrosine, lysine, and valine content in the three wild rice species was 34%-209% higher than that of the cultivars. However, the difference in total starch content among different O. sativa varieties or types of wild rice species was very small. The average amylose content of O. rufipogon, O. officinalis,and O. granulata was 12.0%, 9.7%, and 11.3%, respectively, much lower than that of the indica and japonica varieties (14.37%-17.17%) but much higher than that of the glutinous rice cultivars (3.89%). The sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and ferrite content in the three wild rice species was 30%-158% higher than that of the six cultivars. The considerable difference in some nutritional components among wild rice species and O. sativa cultivars represents a wide biodiversity of Yunnan Oryza species. Based on the results of the present study, it is predicted that some good genetic traits, especially high protein and ideal amylose content, of Yunnan wild rice species may be useful in improving the nutritional value of rice. This is the first report regarding the amino acid, mineral element, protein and amylose content of husked seeds of some Yunnan wild rice species that have important genetic characteristics for rice quality and nutritional value.     

我国作物种质资源保存研究与展望

我国于１９８４年１９８６年在北京建成两座国家种质库,９０年代初又在青海建立一座复份库,形成了国家库中,长期配套和异地结合的种质资源保存体系。截止１９９３年底,国家库保存种质资源达２７万余份,到１９９５年保存总数将达到３０余万份。与种子入库时,在国家库的管理,种子质量检测,种子干燥以及低温保存技术研究等方面取得一定进展,今后将继续扩大种质贮存、加强贮存种子生活力跟踪监测,无破坏性检测技术,贮存生理和