一种刺激肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器发育的方法

以3种肉苁蓉属（Cistanche）植物种子为材料,研究了氟啶酮对肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器发育的影响。结果表明：氟啶酮处理10天后种子开始萌发,然后,胚根顶端膨大,发育出吸器。管花肉苁蓉种子萌发率最高,达到82％;盐生肉苁蓉吸器诱导率最高,达到52％;对照处理的种子不萌发。这说明氟啶酮是有效刺激肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器发育的信号物质。     

外源信号物质对肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成的影响

研究氟草敏（norflurazon）、氟啶酮（fluridone）、GR24、赤霉素（GA3）4种外源信号物质对肉苁蓉种子萌发的影响,以及2,6-二甲氧基-对-苯醌（2,6-DMBQ）、5,8-二羟基萘醌（5,8-DHNQ）、阿魏酸（ferulic acid）3种外源信号物质对萌发的肉苁蓉种子吸器形成的影响,结果表明：氟草敏、氟啶酮、GR24对肉苁蓉种子的萌发均具有明显的促进作用,其中氟草敏作用最为显著,处理168h后肉苁蓉种子开始萌发,萌发率最高达65%;2,6-DMBQ对肉苁蓉种子吸器形成具有显著的促进作用,处理48h后肉苁蓉种子开始形成吸器,吸器形成率最高达50%。     

寄主植物根浸提液对肉苁蓉种子萌发及吸器形成的影响

利用滤纸培养皿法研究藜科植物梭梭和甜菜根水浸提和乙醇浸提两种浸提液对肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器形成的影响。结果表明: 水和乙醇浸提的根浸提液对肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器形成无明显作用;两种根醇浸提液添加10 mg·kg^-1赤霉素(GA₃)处理的肉苁蓉种子萌发率均提高了10倍以上,但与只加赤霉素处理组(GA₃对照)无显著差异。在根浸提液中添加1 mg·kg^-1氟啶酮(FL)处理的肉苁蓉种子萌发率与FL对照组无显著差异,其中甜菜根水浸提液处理组肉苁蓉种子萌发率最高,达39.4%。与根浸提液中添加赤霉素处理仅能使萌发率提高不同,寄主根浸提液中添加FL后,萌发肉苁蓉种子芽管上均有吸器形成,梭梭根醇浸提处理的吸器形成率最高,达16.2%。梭梭根醇浸提液中同时添加GA₃和FL,肉苁蓉种子萌发率可提高到52.3%,但吸器形成率与浸提液中添加FL处理无差异;FL对照仅有6.7%的萌发肉苁蓉种子形成吸器,显著低于梭梭根醇浸提液添加FL处理组。不同处理的肉苁蓉种子吸器形成位置和形态有差异,添加寄主根浸提液处理的吸器大多出现在芽管顶端,多个乳头状凸起成爪状;未添加寄主根浸提液的FL对照组吸器出现位置大多在芽管底部或顶端出现分叉。研究证明,乙醇浸提和水浸提两种方式都能从寄主根中提取出促进肉苁蓉种子吸器形成的物质但对促进种子萌发作用不明显;GA₃和FL可显著提高肉苁蓉种子的萌发率,但萌发肉苁蓉种子吸器的形成受寄主根浸提液中某些物质的影响。     

外源信号物质对肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成内源激素水平变化的影响

利用外源信号物质氟草敏（norflurazon）和2,6-二甲氧基对苯醌（2,6-DMBQ）分别诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成,研究它们在此过程中对内源激素脱落酸（ABA）、赤霉素（GA3）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）水平变化的影响。结果表明：在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发时,经norflurazon处理0～168h后,种子中ABA水平呈现显著降低的变化趋势,GA3、IAA、ZR水平呈现显著升高的变化趋势。在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发体吸器形成时,经2,6-DMBQ处理0～72h后,肉苁蓉种子萌发体ABA水平变化不显著,GA3、IAA、ZR水平均呈现显著升高的变化趋势。表明在肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成中外源信号物质nor-flurazon和2,6-DMBQ能影响内源激素水平的变化。     

肉苁蓉寄生生长形态发育

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)是一种沙生根寄生濒危药用植物。利用光镜和电镜手段, 采用人工培养和诱导等方法详细观察并研究了肉苁蓉寄生生长过程中种子萌发、吸器产生以及植物体形态发育的过程。结果表明: (1)人工可以诱导肉苁蓉的种子萌发。肉苁蓉种胚具有明显的极性, 珠孔端细胞小于合点端, 珠孔端细胞分化、生长并产生白色的类胚根状结构。(2)有些化学物质可以诱导初生吸器的产生。用2, 6二甲氧基-对苯醌培养肉苁蓉24-26小时后, 其先端膨大并产生突起, 形成类似根毛状的结构, 即初生吸器。(3) 肉苁蓉属于主动寄生植物, 其在初生吸器与寄主幼根黏连后产生次生吸器。肉苁蓉与寄主梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)共培养, 其初生吸器主动与寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)黏连, 穿过寄主根表皮和皮层后与维管束连通形成次生吸器, 肉苁蓉植物体分化、发育的基本组织形成。被寄生后的寄主根横向发育加快, 同时肉苁蓉植物体开始分化和发育。(4)肉苁蓉可以寄生在寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)的任意部位。     

肉苁蓉寄生生长形态发育

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)是一种沙牛根寄生濒危药用植物.利用光镜和电镜手段,采用人工培养和诱导等方法详细观察并研究了肉苁蓉寄牛牛长过程中种子萌发、吸器产生以及植物体形态发育的过程.结果表明:(1)人工可以诱导肉苁蓉的种子萌发.肉苁蓉种胚具有明显的极性,珠孔端细胞小于合点端,珠孔端细胞分化、生长并产生白色的类胚根状结构.(2)有些化学物质可以诱导初生吸器的产生.用2,6二甲氧基-对苯醌培养肉苁蓉24-26小时后,其先端膨大并产生突起,形成类似根毛状的结构,即初生吸器.(3)肉从蓉属于主动寄生植物,其在初生吸器与寄主幼根黏连后产生次生吸器.肉苁蓉与寄主梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)共培养,其初生吸器主动与寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)黏连,穿过寄主根表皮和皮层后与维管束连通形成次生吸器,肉苁蓉植物体分化、发育的基本组织形成.被寄生后的寄主根横向发育加快,同时肉从蓉植物体开始分化和发育.(4)肉苁蓉可以寄生在寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)的任意部位.     

低温层积与外源GA3对肉苁蓉种子萌发及其内源GA和ABA含量的影响

研究低温层积对肉苁蓉种子胚率、内源赤霉素（GA）和脱落酸（ABA）含量以及外源赤霉素（GA3）对低温层积不同时间种子萌发率影响的结果表明：低温层积可以提高种子的胚率及其GA的含量,降低其ABA含量;层积120～150d的肉苁蓉种子经外源GA3处理后,其萌发率可以达到70%以上;层积120d是外源GA3促进种子萌发的临界点。     

莎草科4种植物种子休眠与萌发特性的研究

以嵩草、黑穗苔草、藨草和苔草4种莎草科植物种子为材料,研究了硫酸、植物生长调节剂及低温层积处理对其休眠与萌发特性的影响,以揭示其休眠机制及其破除方法,为指导生产提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)4种参试植物种子均存在不同程度的生理休眠,其中嵩草为浅度生理休眠,黑穗苔草为中度生理休眠,藨草和苔草为深度生理休眠。(2)浓硫酸浸种可显著提高嵩草、黑穗苔草种子的萌发,随浸种时间增加,种子萌发率先增加后降低,最大值分别达86%、77%,但浓硫酸处理对藨草和苔草的种子萌发无显著促进作用。(3)赤霉素(GA3)、氟啶酮(FL,脱落酸抑制剂)和KNO3单独处理可显著提高嵩草种子萌发,但对其他3种植物种子无显著作用;而硫酸处理后再用赤霉素或氟啶酮处理,则显著促进黑穗苔草种子的萌发率。(4)低温层积对种子萌发的影响因种与层积时间而异,层积2个月可显著提高嵩草种子萌发,层积4个月可显著提高嵩草和藨草种子萌发;层积6个月可显著提高嵩草、黑穗苔草、藨草和苔草4种植物种子萌发,其最终萌发率分别为90%、73%、17%、7%。     

荒漠肉苁蓉生活史研究

描述荒漠肉苁蓉的生活史及各时期的形态发育,种子在寄主产生刺激物质及适宜的环境中．开始萌发产生吸器,从寄主获取水和养分后形成幼体,开始地下生长,1年后伸出地面并开花,授粉45d后产生活性种子,但未完成后熟。种子掉落后,植株自然死亡。为肉苁蓉的系统研究、肉苁蓉管理利用提供理论参考。     

吸胀期低温处理对水青树种子萌发特性的影响

通过模拟野外环境条件的变化,研究吸胀期低温处理对水青树种子萌发的影响,以探讨限制水青树种群更新的影响因素。研究发现:(1)水青树种子的吸胀过程可以分为4个阶段,其吸水量将随土壤湿度的增加而增加,并在30%土壤湿度条件下基本达到充分吸胀状态;(2)随着野外埋藏时间的延长,水青树种子萌发率、发芽势及含水量均呈上升趋势,活力指数呈现先上升后逐渐下降的趋势;(3)经不同低温处理的水青树种子,在20%或30%土壤湿度吸胀条件下,其萌发特性达到最高;(4)在20%土壤湿度条件下,低温处理2~4 d或21~28 d时,0℃最适于水青树种子的萌发;在30%土壤湿度条件下,低温处理14~28 d时,-7℃最适于水青树种子的萌发;(5)在相同冷冻时间的条件下,随温度的降低,落叶中水青树种子的萌发率无显著变化;在相同低温条件下(0℃低温除外),种子的萌发率会在冷冻28 d后有所提高。结果表明:一定范围内的吸胀期低温处理对水青树种子的萌发并无抑制作用,并不是限制水青树种群更新的主要因素。     

Effects of Fluridone and Norflurazon on Conditioning and Germination of Striga asiatica Seeds

Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis are known to prevent abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and to affect germination and dormancy of seeds in many plants. In this study, the effects of three carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, fluridone, norflurazon and diflufenican, on the conditioning and germination of Striga asiatica seeds were examined. Fluridone and norflurazon shortened the conditioning period required before S. asiatica seeds would germinate after exposure to the germination stimulant strigol, and prevented the inhibitory effects of both light and supraoptimal temperature (40 °C) on seed germination. In addition, treatment with fluridone or norflurazon after conditioning in water induced seed germination in a manner similar to the effect of natural germination stimulants. Moreover, the seedlings developing after conditioned with fluridone formed haustorium-like structures without the involvement of haustorium inducing factors. In contrast, diflufenican had no effect on the conditioning and germination of S. asiatica seeds. These results indicate that fluridone and norflurazon have various effects on the germination of S. asiatica seeds and might be available for control of root parasites.     

中国石松科的分类(三)

茎下垂,长30—50厘米,6—12回二叉分枝,基部直径连叶3毫米,叶软,绿色至灰绿色,指向上方,长3—4毫米,宽1毫米,紧接,覆瓦伏,线状披针形,叶尖内弯,覆盖枝上。孢子叶不明显地变小,孢子囊黄棕色,大过孢子叶。     

Germination variability and the effect of various pre-treatment on germination in the perennial spurge Euphorbia nicaeensis All.

Patterns of seed germination of the perennial spurge Euphorbia nicaeensis were studied in three populations in south-western Spain. We investigated the variation in seed viability and germination among individuals, and among populations over 2 consecutive years. We also studied if diverse factors such as temperature, acid scarification, darkness or caruncle loss affect the germination of the seeds.

Interindividual and interpopulation variability in seed viability was found. E. nicaeensis seeds are nondormant, so differences in interpopulation viability translate into differences in final germination rates. The germination percentage of the seeds from each population was similar in the 2 years studied. The effects of diverse factors were homogeneous in the two populations studied. Darkness has no effect on seed germination, and ecarunculate seeds germinated in the same proportions as carunculate seeds; this could allow the seeds to germinate in the chambers of deserted anthills. Acid scarification significantly reduced the germination percentage in only one of the populations, but over 50% of the seeds germinated, which could allow herbivores to act as occasional dispersing agents. The seeds that were preheated at 100 °C for 1 and 5 min germinated in the same proportions as the control group. The seeds that were preheated at 120 °C for 5 min displayed a significant decrease in germination, but the percentage was over 40% for both populations, indicating that the seeds could still germinate after the passage of a fire.     

温带半干旱地区一年生植物种子的萌发特性

在实验室条件下研究了中国温带半干旱地区科尔沁沙地的23种1年生植物的种子萌发特性（新采集种子、冷藏和干藏种子）.大籽蒿、虎尾草、冠芒草、沙蓬和地锦的新种子萌发率达90%左右,11种植物新种子萌发率均低于70%,说明这些植物的新种子具有或多或少的休眠属性.经过150d的冷干藏后,大籽蒿、虎尾草萌发率保持在90%以上,说明这两种植物完全没有休眠机制;冠芒草、沙蓬和地锦的种子萌发率下降较多,可能是储藏的环境条件导致的2次休眠现象;冷藏和干藏处理均能使绿珠藜、毛马唐、细叶益母草、雾冰藜、金狗尾草、苋菜、马齿苋、碱地肤和水稗草的种子在生长季开始时完成生理后熟,萌发率达到80%以上;干藏有利于促进毛马唐、细叶益母草、马齿苋和鹤虱的种子成熟,冷藏有利于促进绿珠藜和金狗尾草的种子成熟;黄蒿、灰绿藜、画眉草和烛台虫实在不同处理下的萌发率都比较低,说明种子内在生理休眠作用较强,具有减少种子一次性萌发数量的风险分摊策略.大多数1年生植物均能在较短时间内达到最终萌发率的90%,表现出迅速萌发的特性;黄蒿、灰绿藜、碱地肤和沙蓬种子则在不同处理中表现出延长萌发时间的策略来适应半干旱地区不确定的环境条件.最后,探讨了几种主要1年生植物的种子萌发对策与其对环境适应机制之间的关系.     

Involvement of ABA in induction of secondary dormancy in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds

At harvest, barley seeds are dormant because their germination is difficult above 20 degrees C. Incubation of primary dormant seeds at 30 degrees C, a temperature at which they do not germinate, results in a loss of their ability to germinate at 20 degrees C. This phenomenon which corresponds to an induction of a secondary dormancy is already observed after a pre-treatment at 30 degrees C as short as 4-6 h, and is optimal after 24-48 h. It is associated with maintenance of a high level of embryo ABA content during seed incubation at 30 degrees C, and after seed transfer at 20 degrees C, while ABA content decreases rapidly in embryos of primary dormant seeds placed directly at 20 degrees C. Induction of secondary dormancy also results in an increase in embryo responsiveness to ABA at 20 degrees C. Application of ABA during seed treatment at 30 degrees C has no significant additive effect on the further germination at 20 degrees C. In contrast, incubation of primary dormant seeds at 20 degrees C for 48 and 72 h in the presence of ABA inhibits further germination on water similarly to 24-48 h incubation at 30 degrees C. However fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA synthesis, applied during incubation of the grains at 30 degrees C has only a slight effect on ABA content and secondary dormancy. Expression of genes involved in ABA metabolism (HvABA8'OH-1, HvNCED1 and HvNCED2) was studied in relation to the expression of primary and secondary dormancies. The results presented suggest a specific role for HvNCED1 and HvNCED2 in regulation of ABA synthesis in secondary seed dormancy.     

Nitrate,abscisic acid and gibberellin interactions on the thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination

Germination of lettuce seeds has obvious thermoinhibition, but the mechanism for thermoinhibition of seed germination is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the interactions of nitrate, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin on seed germination at high temperatures to understand further the mechanism for thermoinhibition of seed germination. Our results showed that lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Jianye Xianfeng No. 1’) seeds exhibited notable thermoinhibiton of germination at ≥17°C in darkness, and at ≥23°C in light, but the thermoinhibited seeds did not exhibit secondary dormancy. Thermoinhibition of seed germination at 23 or 25°C in light was notably decreased by 5 and 10 mM nitrate, and the stimulatory effects were markedly prevented by nitric oxide (NO) scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. The sensitivity of seed germination to exogenous ABA increased with increasing temperature. Thermoinhibition of seed germination was markedly decreased by fluridone (an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis) and GA₃, and was increased by diniconazole (an inhibitor of the ABA-catabolizing enzyme ABA 8′-hydroxylase) and paclobutrazol (an inhibitor of GA biosynthetic pathway). The effect of fluridone in decreasing thermoinhibition of seed germination was obviously antagonized by paclobutrazol, and that of GA₃ was notably added to by fluridone, and that of nitrate was antagonized by paclobutrazol, diniconazole and ABA and was added to by GA₃ and fluridone. Our data show that thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination is decreased by nitrate in a NO-dependent manner, which is antagonized by ABA, diniconazole and paclobutrazol and added by fluridone.