内蒙古地区山杨外生菌根形态解剖学特征研究

对内蒙古地区山杨的10种外生菌根的外部形态、颜色、分枝情况、菌索及外延菌丝的有无、菌套表面质地、是否透明、有无囊状体等结构进行了描述,结合菌套菌丝排列图式、菌套表面结构及菌丝和菌索内部结构等特征对其进行了归纳总结,并参阅有关文献进行了分类.结果表明:(1)10种菌根类型的划分基础主要是依据真菌组织学特征来加以区别,同时这10种菌根类型与其它地区对杨树外生菌根分类结果相符,符合真菌区系学分布特征.(2)树种与外生菌根共生专一性是一种双向选择模式.就山杨来说,决定其形成不同共生菌根类型的主要因子是不同环境因子影响下的真菌区系组成和树木根系发育状况.     

净月潭国家森林公园针叶林根系共生真菌初步调查

采用菌根形态学及分子生物学手段对采自净月潭国家森林公园的红松Pinus koraiensis、落叶松Larix gmelinii和云杉Picea asperata根系共生真菌进行了初步调查。结果表明:外生菌根形态依据不同树种表现不同,红松外生菌根主要表现为淡黄色到褐色,不分支、偶有珊瑚状分支,外延菌丝丰富或浓密;云杉菌根颜色基本为淡黄色到黄色,末端膨大或等粗,表现为弯曲状或蜿蜒状,不分支或不规则分支、偶有羽状分支,外延菌丝少;落叶松菌根淡黄色到黄色,偶有红褐色,不分支、羽状分支或不规则分支,外延菌丝浓密,也有表现外延菌丝少量。共鉴定获得共生真菌9科9属,其中红松根系外生菌根真菌2种:美洲乳牛肝菌Suillus americanus和外生菌根真菌未定种1,内生真菌3种:Phialocephala fortinii,Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum和Phialocephala helvetica;云杉根系外生菌根真菌5种:臭红菇Russula foetens、外生菌根真菌未定种2和外生菌根真菌未定种3,Tomentella sp.1和Tomentella sp.2;落叶松根系外生菌根真菌4种:平凹盘菌Peziza depressa、拟篦边红菇Russula pectinatoides、外生菌根真菌未定种4和外生菌根真菌未定种5。该研究结果丰富了针叶树根系共生真菌的多样性,可为进一步开展菌根形态解剖学以及菌根生态学等研究提供依据。     

云南松幼苗棉革菌属菌根真菌的物种多样性

以滇中1～2年生云南松幼苗为研究对象,观察鉴定与其共生的棉革菌属真菌外生菌根真菌.通过形态观察发现了6种形态型菌根.文中对这6种形态型菌根的外观和显微特征进行了详细描述.对rDNAITS片段比对分析结果表明,6种形态型对应6种棉革菌属真菌,它们分别是与Tomentella badia、T.coerelea、T.viri...     

秦岭辛家山林区云杉外生菌根真菌多样性

摘要:【目的】为了研究秦岭辛家山林区云杉外生菌根真菌多样性状况。【方法】通过野外调查结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定方法。【结果】与秦岭辛家山林区云杉共生的外生菌根真菌有37 种不同的类型,包括1种子囊菌、34种担子菌和2 种未知种,分属于10科14属,其中丝伞盖属(Inocybe sp.)是优势类群,厌味红菇(Russula nauseosa)是优势种,蜡伞属(Hygrophorus sp.)、丝伞盖属1 (Inocybe sp.1)、柔膜菌属(Helotiaceae sp.)、Tomentella coerulea、Lactarius deterrimus是常见种,其他31种是少见种。【结论】云杉外生菌根真菌群落优势种的数量较多,而种类相对却较少;少见种的数量较少,而种类相对却较多;对于西部生态系统极度退化干旱区,鉴定出一些少见种进一步的开发和利用具有非常重要的现实意义。     

秦岭辛家山林区落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性

【目的】以秦岭辛家山林区落叶松为研究对象,观察鉴定与其共生的外生菌根真菌。【方法】通过野外调查结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定方法。【结果】鉴定出31种外生菌根真菌,分属2门4目11科11属,分别有毛革菌属(Tomentella)、丝盖伞属(Inocybe)、红菇属(Russula)、Amphinema、蜡蘑属(Laccaria)、蜡壳耳属(Sebacina)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、牛肝菌属(Boletus)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、乳菇属(Lactarius)和硬皮马勃属(Scleroderma),丝盖伞属是优势类群。阳坡外生菌根真菌多样性高于阴坡。对菌根根际土与非根际土化学性质分析表明,pH值显著低于非根际,速效磷、速效钾含量显著高于非根际。对根际土化学性质与外生菌根侵染率相关性分析表明,落叶松外生菌根侵染率与土壤pH值呈显著正相关;与速效钾呈极显著正相关;与全氮、速效磷呈显著负相关。【结论】落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性丰富,且受坡向影响。外生菌根真菌可降低根际pH,提高根际有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钙和水溶性镁的含量。外生菌根侵染率受土壤pH值、全氮、速效磷、速效钾的影响。     

连续三年夜间增温和施氮对云杉外生菌根及菌根真菌多样性的影响

以西南亚高山针叶林建群种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为研究对象,采用红外加热模拟增温结合外施氮肥(NH₄NO₃ 25 g N m^-2 a^-1)的方法,研究连续3a夜间增温和施肥对云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率、土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性的影响。结果表明:夜间增温对云杉外生菌根侵染率的影响具有季节性及根级差异。夜间增温对春季(2011年5月)云杉1级根,夏季(2011年7月)和秋季(2010年10月)云杉2级根侵染率影响显著。除2011年7月1级根外,施氮对云杉1、2级根侵染率无显著影响。夜间增温对土壤中外生菌根真菌的生物量和群落多样性无显著影响,施氮及增温与施氮联合处理使土壤中外生菌根真菌生物量显著降低,但却提高了外生菌根真菌群落的多样性。这说明云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率对温度较敏感,土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性对施氮较敏感。这为进一步研究该区域亚高山针叶林地下过程对全球气候变化的响应机制提供了科学依据。     

内蒙古不同气候带白桦外生菌根真菌群落结构及影响因素

白桦是天然次生林生态系统演替过程中的先锋树种,是典型的外生菌根树种。基于Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术及生物信息学方法,分析了白桦外生菌根真菌多样性和群落结构及其驱动因素。结果表明,白桦根围土壤中共获得261个外生菌根真菌OTUs,隶属于2门、4纲、11目、29科、50属。在门水平上,担子菌门(Basidiomycota)真菌相对丰度占93.5%;其余为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌,相对丰度占6.5%。在属水平上,相对丰度≥1%的优势属共有16个,其中红菇属(Russula,32.1%)、蜡壳耳属(Sebacina,19.9%)和丝膜菌属(Cortinarius,11.8%)的相对丰度最高,分布广泛,在所有样点均有出现。采用RDA和SPSS分析了外生菌根真菌群落组成差异的驱动因素,pH值、总氮、土壤含水量和速效钾对外生菌根真菌的分布均有极显著影响,其中,pH值对外生菌根真菌多样性及群落结构变化的解释度最高,为34.3%,其次为总氮、土壤含水量和速效钾,解释度分别为25.1%、16.8%和5.4%。研究结果阐明了跨气候带白桦外生菌根真菌的群落结构和影响因素,可为深入理...     

秦岭辛家山林区红桦外生菌根真菌多样性

以秦岭辛家山林区红桦为研究对象,通过野外调查结合形态学和分子生物学方法,观察鉴定与其共生的外生菌根真菌。结果鉴定出33种外生菌根真菌,均为担子菌,分属8科9属,其中毛革菌属Tomentella是优势类群,Piloderma lanatum、Russula 1、Russula 5、Sebacina cystidiata、Tomentella 1是常见种,其余28种为稀有种。样地1和样地2的丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数、侵染率均有一定差异,Jaccard相似性指数和Sorenson相似性指数分别为0.27和0.43。说明秦岭辛家山红桦外生菌根真菌资源相对丰富,并且红桦林型在种群建立(幼龄)时外生菌根真菌多样性指数及侵染率均高于种群稳定(中龄)时期。     

太行山片麻岩区栓皮栎外生菌根真菌多样性

以太行山片麻岩区栓皮栎Quercus variabilis为研究对象,利用形态学、常规测序与Illumina MiSeq高通量测序相结合的方法,调查并鉴定了与其共生的外生菌根真菌。最终共划分出18种栓皮栎外生菌根形态类型。高通量测序得到394个外生菌根真菌OTUs（operational taxonomic units）,隶属于11目23科30属。其中栓皮栎外生菌根核心菌群（core microbiome）共9属17个OTUs,总相对多度达65.16%。样地1与样地2中样本的多样性指数无明显差异,但非度量多维尺度分析（NMDS）表明核心菌群在2个样地中的分布不同,其中红菇属Russula、牛肝菌属Boletus、粉孢牛肝菌属Tylopilus、硬皮地星属Astraeus主要分布于位于阳坡的样地1,而空团菌属Cenococcum、小球孢盘菌属Sphaerosporella、锁瑚菌属Clavulina、丝盖伞属Inocybe主要分布于位于阴坡的样地2,毛革菌属Tomentella在两个样地的分布相似。     

《菌物学报》“菌根真菌专刊”征稿通知

<正>真菌与植物关系密切、共同发展、协同进化,在自然界长期演化过程中,真菌与植物逐渐建立了共生关系。业已证实,菌根真菌与植物根系建立的共生体是生物圈内典型的互惠共生关系。菌根真菌几乎涉及真菌界所有门类。其中,丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)属于专性活体营养的共生真菌,已分离鉴定近300种,隶属球囊菌门1纲4目11科25属;外生菌根真菌隶属担子菌门、子囊菌门、接合菌门和无性态真菌,全球约5 000~6 000种,     

Effects of isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi and endophytic Mycelium radicis atrovirens that were dominant in soil from disturbed sites on growth of Betula platyphylla var. japonica seedlings

Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi and endophytic Mycelium radicis atrovirens Melin (MRA) on growth of Betula platyphylla var. japonica seedlings were investigated under aseptic culture conditions. Three isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi and two isolates of MRA were used. One MRA isolate was Phialocephala fortinii. Previous field work revealed that these isolates were dominant on the roots of B. platyphylla var. japonica seedlings grown in a mineral subsoil that had been exposed by the removal of surface soil. After a 100-day incubation, the growth of the seedlings was significantly enhanced by the colonization of these ectomycorrhizal fungal isolates as compared with uninoculated seedlings. In contrast, the growth of seedlings was retarded by the colonization of the MRA isolates. The growth of seedlings that were co-inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and MRA was similar to that of uninoculated seedlings in most cases. These results suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungi have a beneficial effect on the growth of B. platyphylla var. japonica seedlings and that they suppress the deleterious effect of MRA. Thus, these ectomycorrhizal fungi probably have an important role in establishing B. platyphylla var. japonica seedlings during the initial stage of re-vegetation following site disturbance by the removal of surface soil.     

Quantities and types of ectomycorrhizal and endophytic fungi associated with Betula platyphylla var. japonica seedlings during the initial stage of establishment of vegetation after disturbance

Ectomycorrhizal and endophytic fungi of Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica Hara seedlings were investigated by bioassay using soils from sites where the surface layer had been removed by destructive disturbances. Soil samples were taken from sites A, B, C and D, where 1, 2–3, 4–5, and 7–8 years, respectively had passed since disturbance. Naturally regenerated B. platyphylla var. japonica seedlings grew at sites C and D, but not at sites A or B. The percentages of ectomycorrhizal formation in seedlings were significantly lower in the soils from site A (4%) and site B (13%), compared to those in the soils from site C (53%) and site D (37%). The numbers of ectomycorrhizal morphologic types in sites A, B, C, and D were eight, five, one, and seven, respectively. The same dominant type of ectomycorrhiza was found in sites C and D, and this type was different from those in sites A and B. The frequencies of colonization of seedling roots by endophytic fungi, especially Mycelium radicis atrovirens Melin (MRA) in soils from sites A and B were 31 and 33%, respectively; these frequencies were significantly higher than those for site C (0%) and site D (2%). During the initial stage of establishment of vegetation following disturbance, the quantities and types of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field that have the potential to associate with B. platyphylla var. japonica might rapidly change after invasion of the host plant. Ectomycorrhizal fungi seemed to compete with endophytic MRA fungi for colonization of the roots of B. platyphylla var. japonica seedlings.     

内蒙古地区白桦根围土壤外生菌根真菌群落结构

为了解白桦外生菌根真菌的群落结构,本研究选取了内蒙古赤峰市黑里河、赛罕乌拉以及阿拉善盟贺兰山3个国家自然保护区,采集白桦林下根围土壤,利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对扩增子真菌ITS1区进行高通量测序。测序共获得外生菌根真菌序列 1 041条,划分为404个OTU,隶属于2个门、6个纲、11个目、25个科、38个属,主要分布于担子菌门Basidiomycota。3个采样地共有优势外生菌根真菌OTU 21个,归属于红菇属Russula、乳菇属Lactarius、锁瑚菌属Clavulina、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、蜡壳耳属Sebacina、丝盖伞属Inocybe、Amphinema属、蜡伞属Hygrophorus,其中Russula占绝对优势。在黑里河与赛罕乌拉,Russula和Clavulina为绝对优势属;在贺兰山,Cortinarius和Sebacina为绝对优势属。土壤环境因子对群落中优势外生菌根真菌的影响程度依次为pH>Na>Ca>Mg>TN>K>TP>TC,其中pH、Ca与Mg对3个采样地的优势外生菌根真菌的分布差异造成显著影响。黑里河与赛罕乌拉的白桦外生菌根群落结构在属水平和优势属水平上相似性高于这两个采样地与贺兰山的白桦外生菌根群落结构。     

Suitability of mycorrhiza-defective mutant/wildtype plant pairs (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Micro-Tom) to address questions in mycorrhizal soil ecology

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi associated with Pinus thunbergii seedlings grown on sand dune were identified by molecular method, and the diversity of bacteria associated with ECM and Extraradical mycelium were examined by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA. The mycorrhizal formation rate of 1-year old P. thunbergii seedlings was more than 95%. Cenococcum geophilum was the most dominant ECM fungus, followed by T01, RFLP-8, Russula spp., and Suillus sp. Bacterial community was most diverse with C. geophilum- and RFLP-8-mycorrhiza. Sequencing analysis showed that Burkholderia spp. and Bradyrhizobium spp. were on the surface of ECM short root of seven ECM. The fungi detected as extraradical mycelium using DGGE of 18S rDNA were Suillus bovinus and RFLP-8-mycorrhiza. Bacterial community on the extraradical mycelium was more diverse than those on ECM root tip. Burkholderia spp. and Bradyrhizobium spp. were found also on extraradical mycelium.     

Intraspecific variation in use of different organic nitrogen sources by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum is an appropriate model to study the intraspecific functional diversity of ECM fungi in forest ecosystems. Numerous metabolic genes, specifically genes related to nitrogen assimilation, have been characterised for this species and the spatial and temporal structures of its natural populations have been extensively worked out. In this paper, we reveal the extent to which intraspecific variation exists within this fungus for the ability to use organic nitrogen, an important functional characteristic of ECM fungi. In addition to ammonium and nitrate, H. cylindrosporum can use at least 13 different amino acids out of 21 tested as sole nitrogen source, as well as urea and proteins. By screening 22 genetically different wild type haploid strains we identified obvious differences in use of six nitrogen sources: alanine, glycine, phenylalanine, serine, bovine serum albumin and gelatine. Of the 22 haploid strains, 11 could not use at least one of these six nitrogen sources. The inability of some haploid strains to use a nitrogen source was found to be a recessive character. Nevertheless, obvious differences in use of the four amino acids tested were also measured between wild type dikaryons colonising a common Pinus pinaster root system. This study constitutes the basis for future experiments that will address the consequences of the functional diversity of an ECM fungus on the functioning of the ECM symbiosis under natural conditions.     

Mycorrhizal status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> plantations in south China and implications for management

The aim of this study is to assess the mycorrhizal status of Eucalyptus plantations in south China and to determine the need for inoculation. In four provinces in south China, 155 plantations were sampled for sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and mycorrhizas over 2 years. This study revealed a low above-ground diversity of ECM fungi consisting of 15 taxa fruiting beneath Eucalyptus plantations. The most common ECM genera were Scleroderma and Pisolithus, but they were infrequent. A total of 21 AM fungi, mostly Glomus species, were recognized from spores collected from eucalypt plantations. Four Glomus species were frequently present in soils, but spore density and relative abundance of AM fungi were generally low. Eucalypt roots from all plantation sites were poorly colonized by either ECM fungi or AM fungi. A bioassay with E. urophylla as a bait host, using soils collected from 11 eucalypt plantations, confirmed low levels of inoculum of both ECM and AM fungi in field soil. This is the first integrated study on the mycorrhizal status of eucalypt plantations in China. Findings from this research can be used to encourage adoption of mycorrhizal technology by eucalypt nurseries in the region. The potential of using spores of compatible ECM fungi or collections for forest nurseries is discussed.     

Post-fire, seasonal and annual dynamics of the ectomycorrhizal community in a Quercus ilex L. forest over a 3-year period

Two study plots, burned and control, were established in autumn 1998 in a Quercus ilex forest located in northern Spain, part of which had been affected by a low intensity fire in 1994. Soil samples for ectomycorrhizae (ECM) were taken over a 3-year period in each study plot in spring, summer, autumn and winter. ECM morphotypes were identified and the relative abundance of each morphotype in each soil sample calculated, along with species richness, Shannon diversity index and percentage of mycorrhization in each soil sample. The relative abundance of certain ECM morphotypes differed between burned and control plots, and the percentage of mycorrhizal tips was significantly lower in the burned than in the control plot. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in the diversity, species richness or species composition of the ECM community in the burned and control plots. The dominant ECM morphotypes in both stands were Cenococcum geophilum and several thelephoroid fungi. Sphaerosporella brunnea and Pisolithus tinctorius thrived especially in the burned plot, whereas three ectomycorrhizal morphotypes assigned to the genus Hebeloma were especially abundant in the control plot. There was no significant variation in the relative abundance of the ECM morphotypes between seasons, but ECM community species richness was highest in autumn and lowest in summer. The percentage of mycorrhizal tips reached a maximum in winter, with its minimum in autumn. Collection of samples over the 3-year period also enabled us to detect a significant increase in percentage of ECM colonisation in the burned stand over time.     

Mycorrhizal associations in woody plant species at the Mt. Usu volcano,Japan

We investigated the association between ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and pioneer woody plant species in areas devastated by the eruption of Mt. Usu, Japan, in 2000. We observed eight woody plant species at the research site, most of which were associated with ECM and/or AM fungi. In particular, dominant woody plant species Populus maximowiczii, Salix hultenii var. angustifolia and Salix sachalinensis were consistently associated with ECM fungi and erratically associated with AM fungi. We found one to six morphotypes in the roots of each ECM host and, on average, two in the roots of each seedling, indicating low ECM fungal diversity. ECM colonization ranged from 17 to 42% of root tips. Using morphotyping and molecular analyses, 15 ECM fungi were identified. ECM fungi differed greatly between hosts. However, Laccaria amethystea, Hebeloma mesophaeum, Thelephora terrestris and other Thelephoraceae had high relative colonization, constituting the majority of the ECM colonization in the roots of each plant species. These ECM fungi may be important for the establishment of pioneer woody plant species and further revegetation at Mt. Usu volcano.     

长白山白桦山杨次生林细根形态特征和解剖结构对氮沉降的响应

根系作为植物与土壤物质交换和养分循环的桥梁,长期以来一直是生态学研究的热点。于2017年7月植物生长季,对长白山模拟11年氮(N)沉降控制试验样地的白桦(Betula platyphylla)山杨(Populus davidiana)天然次生林进行了根系采样,并利用根序法研究了根系形态特征和解剖结构对不同梯度N添加处理的响应,旨在探求两物种根系之间潜在生态联系。本试验共设置了三个N添加梯度,分别为对照(CK,0 g N m~(-2 )a~(-1))、低N处理(T_L,2.5 g N m~(-2 )a~(-1))和高N处理(T_H,5.0 g N m~(-2 )a~(-1))。研究结果如下:1)T_L显著抑制白桦和山杨前三级细根皮层厚度的生长。白桦通过增加皮层细胞直径(一级根增加了72.77%,二级根增加了53.22%,三级根增加了39.96%)但减少皮层层数来降低皮层厚度,而山杨主要通过皮层细胞直径的减少(一级根下降了40.80%,二级根下降了28.17%)来降低其皮层厚度。2)T_H显著抑制山杨前三级细根生长。主要通过增加皮层厚度(一级根增加了68.78%,二级根增加了50.81%,三级根增加了88.53%)以及降低导管横截面积来抑制吸收养分,从而达到影响生长的目的。3)白桦T_H相比于T_L细根直径呈抑制生长状态。其主要通过抑制中柱直径(一级根下降了17.61%,二级根下降了16.89%,三级根下降了20.62%)的生长来实现。以上结果表明,在同一立地条件下,白桦和山杨的细根对不同浓度N沉降的响应方式不同。