野生太行猕猴肠道寄生虫感染的初步调查

为了解野生太行猕猴(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)肠道寄生虫感染情况,采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法、改良抗酸染色法和卢戈碘液染色法对194份粪便样品进行检查,结果共检查出阿米巴原虫(Amoebasp.)、等孢球虫(Isospora sp.)、鞭虫(Trichuris sp.)、圆线虫(Strongylid sp.)、泡翼线虫(Physaloptera sp.)、蛲虫(Enterobius叩.)、蛔虫(Ascarid sp.)7种寄生虫.寄生虫总感染率为97.4%,线虫感染率为93.8%.其中,鞭虫感染率最高,为91.2%;阿米巴原虫和圆线虫次之,分别为67.5%和60.8%.寄生虫混合感染率为87.1%;鞭虫、泡翼线虫、圆线虫3种线虫混合感染率为71%,同时感染其中2种的占42%,同时感染3种的占29%.对鞭虫卵、圆线虫卵和泡翼线虫卵进行感染强度测定,92%以上阳性样品线虫卵的EPG值在2 000以下.等孢球虫为非人灵长类国内新发现种;所检出寄生虫中,阿米巴原虫、鞭虫、泡翼线虫、蛲虫、蛔虫均可感染人,因此具有重要的公共卫生意义.     

成都市动物园野生动物寄生虫调查报告

为了弄清成都市动物园野生动物感染寄生虫情况,以便今后制订合理的防治措施,我们于1982年2月至5月对成都市动物园内的72种265只野生动物(其中包括肉食类14种28只;灵长类11种79只;杂食类13种42只;草食类28种101只和禽类6种15只)进行了寄生虫调查,现将调查方法和结果报告于后。调查方法一、用沉淀法、漂浮法和部分采用贝尔曼法或法依德法检查各种动物粪便内蠕虫的虫卵和幼虫,原虫的卵囊或包囊。规定沉淀法每份标本检查三张沉淀宽涂片;漂浮法每份标本检查全部沾取液膜的盖玻片(或用铜丝圈沾取两滴液膜的涂片);贝尔曼法和法依德法则检查全部去掉…     

杜氏利什曼原虫继代移种长爪沙鼠的实验观察

长爪沙鼠是近年来在实验室中应用颇广的一种啮齿动物,鉴于它可作为包括某些原虫在内的多种一寄生虫的实验宿主,我们自1 984年开始对算进行杜氏利什曼原虫的实验感染和继代移种,现已传至第13代。     

宁夏固原市流浪犬寄生虫感染情况的调查

为了解城市流浪犬寄生虫感染情况,2011年7～9月对宁夏固原市随机选择3个小区的56只流浪犬进行了体表寄生虫和肠道寄生虫感染调查.结果显示,流浪犬体表寄生虫总感染率100％,其中54只犬检到犬栉首蚤,56只犬检到犬啮毛虱,26只犬检到犬疥螨,10只犬检到犬蠕形螨;33份粪样中检出虫卵,肠道寄生虫总感染率58.93％,其中20份检出犬弓首蛔虫卵,4份检出犬钩虫卵,9份检出泡状带绦虫卵.可见固原市城市流浪犬寄生虫感染相当普遍和严重,加强宠物饲养管理和流浪犬管理的工作刻不容缓.     

常见眼部寄生虫感染概况和研究进展

人体寄生虫有原虫、蠕虫和节肢动物三大种类,其感染可见于全身大部分组织器官,亦可与眼部组织相互作用。寄生虫可寄生在眼球、眼眶软组织及睫毛根部等部位,致盲率较高。眼睛可与外界直接接触感染病原体,且随着获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者增多和角膜接触镜(隐形眼镜)佩戴人数增加,眼部寄生虫感染病例数量呈上升趋势,引起人们的广泛关注。本文选取原虫、蠕虫和节肢动物中能寄生于人眼,并导致眼部病变的几种典型寄生虫(棘阿米巴、刚地弓形虫、猪囊尾蚴、曼氏裂头蚴、结膜吸吮线虫、蠕形螨、蝇蛆、阴虱)进行介绍,并针对其最新病例及研究进展进行综述。     

江苏省盐城滩涂野生动物资源调查研究

盐城滩涂野生动物资源丰富.据调查和现有资料统计,共有脊椎动物743 种,其中兽类31种,鸟类394 种,爬行类26 种,两栖类8 种,鱼类284 种,区系成分以古北界种占明显优势.有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物17 种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物79 种,而且是保护丹顶鹤Grus japonensis、麋鹿Elaphurus davidianus等珍稀物种的关键地区.对盐城滩涂野生动物资源的特点进行了分析.     

四川省人体寄生虫感染的调查研究：Ⅱ.虫种的人群分布

以加权感染率83．01％估计,四川全省约有寄生虫感染者8556万,其中一些主要寄生虫的感染人数为：蛔虫约有7058万、钩虫4217万、鞭虫3135万、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫171万、人芽囊原虫826万、溶组织内阿米巴86万,12岁以下儿童蛲虫感染者约300万。在感染者中,混合感染极为普遍,感染1种的为37．53％、2种的为36．44％、3种以上的为26．03％;个体最多感染虫种数为8种。对四川寄生虫感染的人群分布做了分析。     

福建省淡水蟹类寄生虫的调查

1975—1988年,在福建省34个县市采集到11种淡水蟹,着重对其中8种蟹的10种寄生虫的感染情况进行了调查.       

九华山猴群肠道蠕虫检查初步报告

目的了解九华山野生猴群肠道寄生虫感染情况,为野生猴疾病的防治及人兽共患寄生虫病原的控制提供参考依据。方法采用沉淀法和饱和盐水浮聚法对64份猴群粪便样品进行检查,对检出的虫卵分类计数,分析感染强度和混合感染率。结果共检出蠕虫卵34份(53%);其中鞭虫卵13份(20%),食道口线虫卵12份(19%),肠毛细线虫卵各8份(12%),蛔虫卵1份(2%);寄生虫混合感染率为19%,同时感染其中2种的占10%,同时感染3种的占9%。感染强度为鞭虫"++",肠毛细线虫"+",食道口线虫"+",蛔虫"+"。另外还有两例幼虫有待鉴定。结论此次所检出的肠道寄生虫均可感染人,因此具有重要的公共卫生意义。     

抗寄生虫分子疫苗的展望

<正>人们可以预料,预防性疫苗是免疫寄生虫学研究中有实践意义的主要成果。目前正在探索的疫苗是分子疫苗,分子疫苗是由一个或多个有足够长度、结构完整的寄生虫天然分子所组成。分子疫苗主要是预防蠕虫、原虫和节肢动物寄生虫的初次感染或继续感染,亦可预防寄生虫感染引起的严重疾病,其次是降低寄生虫种群在敏感宿主中间的传播率。     

Hematological values and parasite fauna in free-rangingMacaca hecki and theM. hecki/M. tonkeana hybrid group of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

Hematological values and parasitological fauna of free-rangingMacaca hecki and the hybrid group betweenM. hecki/M. tonkeana of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, were investigated. The hematological values, especially the red cell number (RBC), were lower than those of other macaque species, indicating that Sulawesi macaques are slightly anemic. Several parasites including Plasmodium sp., trombiculid mites, andTrichuris trichiura were identified. Although infection by Plasmodium was observed with considerable frequency, no clear relationship between its infection and the occurrence of anemia was found. Trombiculid mites and eggs ofAnatrichosoma sp. were detected in foci of the ears of most monkeys. The infection with a trombiculid mite is the first recorded occurrence in free-ranging wild Sulawesi macaques. Gastrointestinal parasites were identified from their eggs in fecal samples, where five species of nematoda and one trematoda species were found.     

Patterns of gastrointestinal parasitism among five sympatric prairie carnivores: are males reservoirs?

Male vertebrates are believed to be disproportionately vulnerable to parasites, but empirical support for this contention is mixed. We tested the hypothesis of higher levels of parasitism in males with the use of counts of gastrointestinal helminths in 5 sympatric mammalian carnivores (American badgers, coyotes, red foxes, raccoons, striped skunks) from central Saskatchewan. Parasite burdens for females and males of each host species were compared with the use of prevalence (percentage of hosts infected), intensity (parasites per infected host), and overdispersion (proportion of heavily infected hosts that were male). Of 30 comparisons (13 each for prevalence and intensity, 4 for overdispersion), male bias was detected 8 times (27%), whereas female bias was detected only once (3%), adding some support to the notion that male mammals are more susceptible to parasitism. However, most of the statistical comparisons we undertook revealed no sexual bias (n=21, 70%), suggesting that differential patterns of infection are not ubiquitous in mammals. Moreover, when detected, the magnitude and direction of bias varied among host species, helminth species, and metrics of infection. We conclude that sympatric and ecologically similar mammal species will not always share the tendency for males to be more susceptible to parasitism, and that studies incorporating multiple parasites and metrics of infection are more likely to detect sex bias.     

Pervasiveness of parasites in pollinators

Many pollinator populations are declining, with large economic and ecological implications. Parasites are known to be an important factor in the some of the population declines of honey bees and bumblebees, but little is known about the parasites afflicting most other pollinators, or the extent of interspecific transmission or vectoring of parasites. Here we carry out a preliminary screening of pollinators (honey bees, five species of bumblebee, three species of wasp, four species of hoverfly and three genera of other bees) in the UK for parasites. We used molecular methods to screen for six honey bee viruses, Ascosphaera fungi, Microsporidia, and Wolbachia intracellular bacteria. We aimed simply to detect the presence of the parasites, encompassing vectoring as well as actual infections. Many pollinators of all types were positive for Ascosphaera fungi, while Microsporidia were rarer, being most frequently found in bumblebees. We also detected that most pollinators were positive for Wolbachia, most probably indicating infection with this intracellular symbiont, and raising the possibility that it may be an important factor in influencing host sex ratios or fitness in a diversity of pollinators. Importantly, we found that about a third of bumblebees (Bombus pascuorum and Bombus terrestris) and a third of wasps (Vespula vulgaris), as well as all honey bees, were positive for deformed wing virus, but that this virus was not present in other pollinators. Deformed wing virus therefore does not appear to be a general parasite of pollinators, but does interact significantly with at least three species of bumblebee and wasp. Further work is needed to establish the identity of some of the parasites, their spatiotemporal variation, and whether they are infecting the various pollinator species or being vectored. However, these results provide a first insight into the diversity, and potential exchange, of parasites in pollinator communities.     

Molecular data suggest that microsporidian parasites in freshwater snails are diverse

Microsporidian parasites infect almost all invertebrate and vertebrate hosts and have significant effects on individual and population fitness. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the phylum is highly divergent and that some lineages show strong associations with host taxa. We here examine the diversity and distribution of parasites in gastropod molluscs to test for host-parasite co-association. 16 populations representing 10 species of freshwater snails were screened using microsporidian specific small subunit rDNA primers. Four novel microsporidian parasite sequences were detected within populations of three host species from the genera Bulinus, Biomphalaria and Planorbis. Prevalence ranged from 5 to 84%. Phylogenetic analysis of these novel sequences reveals that they group together as a paraphyletic assemblage in the microsporidian tree basal to the two lineages containing the genera Encephalitozoon and Nosema. Preliminary observation of one microsporidian infection, show parasites distributed in all tissue systems of Bulinus globosus. However, infection is most prevalent in the digestive gland while also in the egg sacs, suggesting that the microsporidium is using a mixed strategy of horizontal and vertical transmission in this population.     

Apparent absence of blood parasites in Winter Wrens in British Columbia

ABSTRACT.   To investigate the possible effect of elevation on the prevalence of hematozoa infection, we collected blood smears from a population of Winter Wrens ( Troglogytes troglodytes ) in the Coast Mountains of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. We sampled 119 Winter Wrens, including 88 at low elevation (0–500 m) and 31 at high elevation (900–1100 m) sites. In addition, five other species, including Swainson's Thrush ( Catharus ustulatus ; N = 12), Dark-eyed Junco ( Junco hyemalis ; N = 11), Hermit Thrush ( Catharus guttatus ; N = 8), Varied Thrush ( Ixoreus naevius ; N = 4), and American Robin ( Turdus migratorius ; N = 4), were sampled. No Winter Wrens were infected by blood parasites. Among the other species, Haemoproteus infection was detected in one Varied Thrush (25%) and five Swainson's Thrushes (42%). Thus, despite the occurrence of infection in sympatrically breeding species, blood parasites are apparently absent or occur at extremely low prevalence in Winter Wrens in our study area. The presence of hematozoa in European populations of Winter Wrens, combined with an abundance of vector species in our study area, suggest population-level resistance to infection. Further study is needed to determine the specific mechanisms involved in the apparent lack of infection in our study population.     

Gastrointestinal parasites of the guenons of western Uganda

From January 1998 to December 2002, we collected 293 fecal samples from free-ranging individuals of the 4 guenon species of western Uganda, i.e., redtail guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius), blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), l'hoesti monkeys (Cercopithecus lhoesti), and vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), to quantify the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. Helminth eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts were isolated by sodium nitrate flotation and fecal sedimentation. Helminth parasites were identified, and infection prevalence was determined for all 4 guenon species. Coprocultures facilitated identification of strongylate nematodes. For the most common species, the redtail guenon, we documented prevalence of protozoan parasites and examined the effect of season and host sex on infection prevalence. Six nematodes (Strongyloidesfulleborni, Oesophagostomum sp., unidentified strongyle, Trichuris sp., Streptopharagus sp., and Enterobius sp.), 1 cestode (Bertiella sp.), 1 trematode (Dicrocoeliidae), and 5 protozoans (Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, lodameoba butschlii, Giardia lamblia, and Chilomastix mesnili) were detected. Seasonal patterns of infection were not readily apparent for any parasite species infecting redtail guenons. Although prevalence never differed between male and female guenons, only adult females were infected with Oesophagostomum sp. and S. fulleborni.     

Leishmania (L.) amazonensis: fusion between parasitophorous vacuoles in infected bone-marrow derived mouse macrophages

[Leishmania(L.)] amazonensis amastigotes reside in macrophages within spacious parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) which may contain numerous parasites. After sporadic fusion events were detected by time-lapse cinemicrography, PV fusion was examined in two different models. In single infections, it was inferred from the reduction in PV numbers per cell. In a reinfection model, macrophages infected with unlabeled amastigotes were reinfected with GFP-transfected- or carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled parasites, and fusion was detected by the colocalization of labeled and unlabeled amastigotes in the same PVs. The main findings were: (1) as expected, fusion frequency increased with the multiplicity of infection; (2) most fusion events took place in the first 24h of infection or reinfection, prior to the multiplication of incoming parasites; (3) resident and incoming parasites multiplied at similar rates in fused PVs. The model should be useful in studies of parasite and host cell factors and mechanisms involved in PV fusogenicity.     

Helminths in an Askaniia-Nova herd of eland and experiences in eradicating Strongylata infestation

Parasitological complex studies of the available eland stock (60 individuals) were first carried out. As a result 100 % infection rate of the herd and the age dynamics of strongylatoses were revealed. The autopsy of animals have shown that five species of six species of nematodes and one species of cestodes are common parasites of ruminants of the Ukraine steppe zone and two species are specific parasites of eland. For sanitation of the herd an anthelminthic preparation produced in Hungary was used. The preparation decreased the initial infection rate to 7.3%.     

Regional differences in the infection of wild Japanese macaques by gastrointestinal helminth parasites

A coprological survey of gastrointestinal parasites in wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), from 14 natural habitats was done. Ova of five nematode species (Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides fuelleborni, Streptopharagus pigmentatus, Oesophagostomum aculeatum, andGongylonema species) and a worm of the cestode species,Bertiella studieri, were detected. Some differences found in rates of infection by sex were observed in the 14 areas. Differences based on age were found in only troops in which the infection rates ofStrongyloides fuelleborni, Streptopharagus pigmentatus, andTrichuris trichiura were higher in the juvenile monkeys. The number of parasite species was related to the geographical and climatic conditions of the habitat of the troop: troops living in areas cold in winter were infected by fewer parasite species than those in southern warmer areas.     

Hematozoa in endemic subspecies of common kestrel in the Cape Verde Islands

We examined 130 Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) representing two endemic subspecies and nine resident island populations on the Cape Verde archipelago between 1996 and 1999 to study diversity, prevalence, and intensity of hematozoa. Hematozoan diversity was very low; we detected only Plasmodium fallax, a species that is rarely found in Falconoformes, and, possibly, Haemoproteus brachiatus. Moreover, prevalence of Plasmodium fallax was low (1.5%) with a mean intensity of infection of 0.05 protozoa/10(-3) erythrocytes. Only one bird (0.8%) was infected with a gametocyte that was most likely Haemoproteus brachiatus; the intensity in this infected bird was 1.5 protozoa/10(-3) erythrocytes. A single parasite or two parasites were observed in blood smears in four additional birds, but identification to genus was not possible. This is the first record of blood parasites in birds on the Cape Verde Archipelago. The low prevalence of these parasites might be because of arid and less-favorable conditions for the pathogen's vectors. The sedentary nature and high level of isolation of the island kestrel populations are also factors that could decrease the probability of infection.