Meta-analysis*of*the Response*of*Plant Ecophysiological Variables to Doubled Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations

Eighty-four published papers were synthesized using meta-analysis (a statistical method to summarize the different individual studies under the same subject), with results of the environmental factors (soil water deficit, low soil nitrogen, high temperature and high concentration O3) affecting significantly the response of plant to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Under unstressed condition, the overall effect sizes of twelve ecophysiological variables of C3 plants were negative, other twelve positive. For negative effect group, the first five variables ranked as: stomatal conductance ( g s)> leaf dark respiration rate （Rd）>leaf nitrogen content on a mass basis ( N m)>leaf protein content on a mass basis ( Prm)>leaf nitrogen content on a structural mass basis ( Ns); for positive one, root biomass ( Bt)>shoot biomass ( Bs)>leaf starch content on a mass basis ( St )>light saturated net photosynthetic rate ( A )>total biomass ( Bt). The Bt and A of C3 plants increased 30.01% and 40.36% respectively under unstressed condition, while g s decreased 30.39%.     

Book Reviews*

Book reviewed in this article: Time Before Morning: Art and Myth of the Australian Aboriginals. By Louis B. Allen. Rigby Thai Peasant Social Structure. By Jack M. Potter Leadership in Fiji. By R. R. Nayacakalou. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1975. Pp. ix + 170. Foreword by Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara; Introductory Note by R. G. Crooombe Blood is Their Argument. By Mervyn Meggitt The Past and Future People. By Romola McSwain Transactions in Kinship. Adoption and Fosterage in Oceania. Edited by Ivan Brady The Friar Estates of the Philippines. By D. M. Roth     

Book Reviews*

Book reviewed in this article: Sunda and Sahul: Prehistoric Studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. Edited by J. Allen, J. Golson and R. Jones Kinship in Bali. By Hildred and Clifford Geertz The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972. By James A. Boon The Realm of the Extra-Human: Ideas and Actions. Edited by Agehananda Bharati The Realm of the—Extra-Human. Agents and Audiences. Edited by Agehananda Bharati The Demystification of Yap. Dialectics of Culture on a Micronesian Island. By David Labby South Indian Factory Workers: Their Life and Their World. By Mark Holström Mass Society and Political Conflict: Towards a Reconstruction of Theory. By Sandor Halebsky Kapingamarangi Lexicon. By Michael D. Lieber and Kalio H. Dikepa The Biology of Human Action. By Vernon Reynolds. W. H. Freeman The Origin of the Australians. Edited by R. L. Kirk and A. G. Thorne Paleopathological Diagnosis and Interpretation. Bone Diseases in Ancient Populations. By R. Ted Steinbock. Charles C. Thomas Urbanization in the Middle East. By V. F. Costello Archaeology and Anthropology: Areas of Mutual Interest. Edited by M. Spriggs Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology. Edited by R. A. Gould A Guide to Chinese Cuisine and Restaurants of Taiwan. By Holly Richardson Donovan     

Book Reviews*

Book reviewed in this article: Karavar: Masks and Power in a Melanesian Ritual. By Frederick Karl Errington. Tribes and Boundaries in Australia. Edited by Nicholas Peterson. Bengali Women. By Manisha Roy. World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand Against a Historical Background. By S. J. Tambiah. Monks and Magic: An Analysis of Religious Ceremonies in Central Thailand. By B. J. Terwiel. Woman Cross Culturally: Change and Challenge. Edited by Ruby Rohrlich-Leavitt. War. Its Causes and Correlates. Edited by M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship. Discussions on War and Human Aggression. Edited by R. D. Givens and M. A. Nettleship. Transaction and Meaning. Directions in the Anthropology of Exchange and Symbolic Behaviour. Edited by Bruce Kapferer. Population, Ecology and Social Evolution. Edited by Steven Polgar. Yüan Porcelain and Stoneware. By Margaret Medley. The Art of Easter Island. By Thor Heyerdahl. The Lapita Pottery Style in Fiji and its Associations, By S. M. Mead, Lawrence Birks, Helen Birks and Elizabeth Shaw. People of the Eland. By Patricia Vinnicombe. The Cache River Archaeological Project: An Experiment in Contract Archaeology. Assembled by M. B. Schiffer and John H. House. Human Origins. Louis Leakey and the East African Evidence. Edited by G. LI. Isaac and E. R. McCown. Earliest Man and Environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. Stratigraphy, Palaeoecology, and Evolution. Edited by Y. Coppens, F. C. Howell, G. LI. Isaac and R. E. F. Leakey. After the Australopithecines. Stratigraphy, Ecology and Culture in the Middle Pleistocene. Edited by K. W. Butzer and G. LI. Isaac. Archaeological Atlas of the World. By David and Ruth Whitehouse. Çatal Hüyük in Perspective. By Ian A. Todd. Black Viewpoints, The Aboriginal Experience. Edited by Colin Tatz.     

Book Reviews*

Book reviewed in this article: Contention and Dispute: Aspects of Law and Social Control in Melanesia. Edited by A. L. Epstein The Pacific in Transition. Geographical perspectives in adaptation and change. Edited by Harold Brookfield Micronesia at the Crossroads: A Reappraisal of the Micronesian Dilemma. By Carl Heine. The Marquesan Journal of Edward Robarts 1797–1824. Edited by Greg Dening. Thunder from the Sea. By Willowdean Chatterson Handy Maori Death Customs. By R. S. Oppenheim, A. H. and A. W. Reed, Wellington Aborigines in the Northern Territory Cattle Industry. By Frank Stevens Realities of Race. An Analysis of the Concepts of Race and Racism and their Relevance to Australian Society. By Keith R. McConnochie The Industrialists and the Aborigines. A Study of Aboriginal Employment in the Australian Mining Industry. By Peter H. Rogers. Down Among the Wild Men. A Narrative Journey of fifteen years pursuing the Old Stone Age Aborigines of Australia. By John Greenway Tales of a Revolution. By Abu Hanifah Rice Farming in Taiwan: Three Village Studies. By Sung-hsing Wang and Raymond Apthorpe Piman Shamanism and Staying Sickness (Ká:cim Mûmkidag). By Donald M. Bahr, Juan Gregorio, David I. Lopez, Albert Alvarez Research Design in Anthropology. By John A. Brim and David H. Spain. Holt, Rinehart and Winston An Introduction to Sociology. By J. E. Goldthorpe. Leo Frobenius-An Anthology. Edited by Eike Haberland Field Archaeology in Britain. By John Coles Die Tasmanier; Versuch einer ethnographischhistorischen Rekonstruktion. By Gisela Völger. Archaeological Excavations of Fortified Sites on Taveuni, Fiji. By Everett Lloyd Frost Evolution of the Genus Homo. By W. Howells Fossil Man, an Evolutionary Journey. By F. E. Poirier. Perspectives on Human Evolution 2. Edited by S. L. Washburn and P. Dolhinow. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Human Evolution, Readings in Physical Anthropology. Edited by N. Korn. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Man in Evolutionary Perspective. Edited by C. L. Brace and J. Metress. John Wiley and Sons. Elements of Human and Social Geography. By Eric Sunderland. The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland. By R. M. W. Dixon     

Book Reviews*

The Ieland of Menatruating Men: Religion in Wogeo, New Guinea. By Ian Hogbin Anthropology in Oceania: Essays presented to Ian Hogbin. Edited by L. R. Hiatt and C. Jaywardena Habu: The Innovation of Meaning in Daribi Religion. By Roy Wagner The Chimbu: A Study of Change in the New Guinea Highlands. By Paula Brown Physical Anthropology of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. By R. A. Littlewood Change and Development in Rural Melanesia. Edited by Marion Ward A Study in Structural Semantics: The Siriono Kinship System. By Harold W. Scheffler and Floyd G. Lounsbury Three Styles in the Study of Kinship. By J. A. Barnes Socialization: The Approach from Social Anthropology. Edited by Philip Mayer Primitive Law, Past and Present. By A. S. Diamond The Translation of Culture: Essays to E. E. Evans-Pritchard. Edited by T. O. Beidelman Essays on the Caste Syetem. By Celestin Bouglé Religious Experience: its nature and function in the human psyche. By Walter Houston Clark Man for Humanity. On Concordance vs Discord in Human Behavior. Edited by H Masserman and J. J. Schwab. Charles C. Thomas The Emergence of Man. By John E. Pfeiffer Papers in Economic Prehistory: Studies by Members and Associates of the British Academy Major Research Project in the Early History of Agriculture. Edited by E. S. Higgs Yirawala, Artist and Man. By Sandra le Brun Holmes Science and Archaeology. Edited by Robert H. Brill Tongues of Men and Angela. By William J. Samarin. Macmillan Biology: A Search for Order in Complexity. By J. N. Moore and H. S. Slusher Moko: or Maori Tattooing. By H. G. Robley. Chapman and Hall Frozen Tombs: the Pazyryk Burials of Iron-Age Horsemen. By Sergei I. Rudenko Anthropology for our Times. By Lois Brauer Cover     

Ecological paradoxes*

Two controversial areas of ecology are examined critically to ascertain the limits of some current theories. In the field of population ecology it is argued that no general theory can explain the regulation of animal numbers. Existing theories are considered inadequate because either (1) evidence points to multiple causes rather than a single cause, (2) propositions lose scientific appeal by accumulating qualifiers, or (3) conflicting theories are irrefutable in scientific inquiry. Different research strategies are required to discover generalities in population regulation. In the field of community organization it is pointed out that too much emphasis on the competitive exclusion principle has blinded ecologists from the clustering of resources and of species populations. Conditions of co-existence as well as segregation are considered important in the organization of communities, which allow elements of chance in small scale distribution. The ecological world is likened to the physical world in which small scale disorder leads to order on a large scale. For the development of a global ecology the acceleration of studies in the tropics and the southern hemisphere is urged.     

Book Reviews*

Book reviewed in this article: Sociology and Psychology: Essays by Marcel Mauss. Translated by Ben Brewster Seasonal Variations of the Eskimo: A Study in Social Morphology. Marcel Mauss, in Collaboration with Henri Beauchat. Translated, with a Foreword by James J. Fox Role Theory. Bruce J. Biddle Social Anthropology and Law. Edited by Ian Hammett ASA Monograph 14 Order and Dispute. An Introduction to Legal Anthropology. Simon Roberts Islam and Politics in a Malay State. Kelantan. 1838–1969. Clive S. Kessler Himalayan Anthropology. The Indo-Tibetan Interface. Edited by James F. Fisher Applied Anthropology In America. Edited by Elizabeth M. Eddy and William L. Partridge Growing Up in Polynesia. By Jane and James Ritchie Human Adaptation. A Functional Interpretation. A. Roberto Frisancho The Anthropology of Health. Eleanor Bauwens Perspectives on Ethnicity. Edited by R. E. Holloman and S. A. Arutiunov Europe as a Cultural Area. Edited by Jean Cuisenier Modern Greek Humour: A Collection of Jokes and Ribald Tales. Ethelyn G. Orso Portraits of ‘The Whiteman’: Linguistic Play and Cultural Symbols Mission to the Islands. The Missionary Voyages in in Bass Strait of Canon Marcus Brownrigg, 1872–1885. Edited, with an introduction by Stephen Murray-Smith Among Cannibals: Account of Four Years Travels in Australia, and of Camp Life with the Aborigines of Queensland. Carl Lumholtz. John Murray, London, 1889. Reprinted by Caliban Books But Now We Want the Land Back. A History of the Australian Aboriginal People Hannah Middleton A Matter of Justice. C. D. Rowley A Black Reality, Aboriginal Camps and Housing in Remote Australia. Edited by Australian Aboriginal Art: The Art of the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory. Robert Edwards The Rainbow Serpent. A Chromatic Piece. Edited by Ira R. Buchler and Kenneth Maddock A Grammar of Yidin. R. M. W. Dixon Discourse and Inference in Cognitive Anthropology. An Approach to Psychic Unity and Enculturation. Edited by Marvin D. Loflin and James Silverberg Explorations in Language and Meaning: Towards a Semantic Anthropology. Malcolm Crick Approaches to Language. Anthropological Issues. Edited by William C. McCormack and Stephen A. Wurm Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. Volume 1. Edited by Michael B. Schiffer Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Ian Hodder and Clive Orton Stone Axe Studies. Archaeological, Petrological, Experimental, and Ethnographic. Edited by T. H. McK. Clough and W. A. Cummins. C.B.A. Megaliths, myths and men. An Introduction to Astro-Archaeology. Peter Lancaster Brown The Prehistory of Polynesia. Edited by Jesse D. Jennings New Zealand Journal of Archaeology , Volume 1. The New Zealand Archaeological Association Archaeological Research in the Cook Islands. Peter S. Bellwood Man's Conquest of the Pacific. The Prehistory of Southeast Asia and Oceania     

Objective evaluation of treatment effects on port-wine stains using L*a*b* color coordinates

Wide variations in port-wine stains and their responses to various therapies pose a need for the development of an objective method to evaluate the effects of treatment. Several techniques such as laser Doppler, reflectance spectrometry, and tristimulus colorimetry have been used to evaluate the color of port-wine stains, but these techniques are limited by cost, small test size area, and other factors. Therefore, we developed a simple and cost-effective method of evaluating treatment results on port-wine stains using the L*a*b* color coordinate system in combination with a personal computer. For 22 patients with port-wine stains, the slide photographs were digitized using a slide scanner. L*a*b* color differences of the normal control and port-wine stain sites were obtained before and after treatment, and treatment effect (percent) was calculated. By calculating each color difference between the lesion and normal skin both before and after treatment, problems arising from different illuminating conditions during photography were minimized. The results were compared with the visual evaluation conducted by three experienced plastic surgeons. The treatment effects analyzed by L*a*b* color coordinate ranged from 4 to 95 percent, with a mean of 48.1 percent, whereas treatment effects evaluated by the plastic surgeons ranged from 15 to 92 percent, with a mean of 51.1 percent. The subjective clinical grades correlated well with the treatment effects obtained by the proposed color analysis system (correlation coefficient, 0.89). The maximum difference in the effect of treatment for a patient evaluated by the three clinicians was up to 60 percent, which means that visual judgment is very subjective and variable. The color analysis system proposed as a result of this study is very easy, objective, quantitative, cost-effective, and can be useful for the evaluation of treatment effects on colored skin lesions such as port-wine stains.     

Book Reviews*

The Dialectics of Social Life. By Robert F. Murphy Stone Age Economics. By Marshall Sahlins Disconcerting Issue: Meaning and struggle in a resettled Pacific community. By Martin G. Silverman. Social Consequences of Resettlement: The impact of the Kariba resettlement upon the Gwembe Tonga. By Elizabeth Colson Immigration and Social Change: Agricultural settlement of new immigrants in Israel. By Dov Winteraub The Rope of MOka: Big-Men and Ceremonial Exchange in Mount Hagen, New Guinea. By Andrew Strathern We, the Navigators. By David Lewis A Residence of Eleven Years in New Holland and the Caroline Islands. By James F. O'Connell Sir William MacGregor. By R. B. Joyce Australia in New Guinea. By Lucv P. Mair Bridge and Barrier: The Natural and Cultural History of Torres Strait. Edited by D. Walker O1 Tumbuna. Archaeological excavations in the Eastern Central Highlands, Papua New Guinea. By J. Peter White Woman's Role in Aboriginal Society. Edited by Fay Gale Daisy Bates. By Elizabeth Salter Rice and Man: agricultural ecology in Southeast Asia. By Lucien M. Hanks Mythology. Edited by Pierre Maranda Environment and Archeology. By Karl W. Butzer In the Shadow of Man. By Jane Van Lawick Goodall Man and His Ancestors. By Alan Houghton Brodrick The Dawn of Man. By Vincent Megaw and Rhys Jones Anthropology Today.     

Book Reviews*

Book Reviewed in this article Outline of a Theory of Practice. Pierre Bourdieu. Richard Nice Evolution and Ecology: Essays on Social Transformation. Edited by Julian H. Steward, Jane C. Steward and Robert F. Murphy Urban Anthropology: The Cross-Cultural Study of Complex Societies. Richard Basham The Economic Status of Australian Aborigines. Jon C. Altman and John Nieuwenhuysen ‘Whitefella Business’: Aborigines in Australian Politics. Edited by Michael C. Howard Aborigines and Change: Australia in the Seventies. Edited by R. M. Berndt Kulinma: Listening to Aboriginal Australians. H. C. Coombs Taim Bilong Mani: The Evolution of Agriculture in a Solomon Island Society. John Connell Agricultural Project Design and Evaluation in an Island Community. Alan Bollard. Zum Beispiel Samoa. Götz Mackensen Peasants and Politics: Grass Roots Reaction to Change in Asia. Edited by D. B. Miller. Edward Arnold Sherpas Through Their Ritual. Sherry B Code and Custom in a Thai Provincial Court. David M. Engel Thailand: A Rice-Growing Society. Edited by Yoneo Ishii Migrants of the Mountains: The Cultural Ecology of the Blue Miao (Hmong Njua) of Thailand. William Robert Geddes Farmers in the Forest: Economic Development and Marginal Agriculture in Northern Thailand. Edited by Peter Kunstadter, E. C. Chapman and Sanga Sabhasri Early Palaeolithic in South and East Asia. Edited by Fumiko Ikawa-Smith Advances In Andean Archaeology. Edited by David L. Browman Simulation Studies in Archaeology. Edited by Ian Hodder Evolutionary Models and Studies in Human Diversity. Edited by Robert J. Meier Aboriginal Sign Languages of the Americas and Australia Principles of Visual Anthropology. Edited by Paul Hockings Tiv Song. Charles Keil Coyoteway. A Navajo Holyway Healing Ceremonial. Karl W. Luckert Spider Woman Stories: Legends of the Hopi Indians. Selected and Interpreted by G. M. Mullett Folklore in the Modern World. Edited by Richard Dorson     

通路克隆入门载体pEN-L4~*-PrbcS-~*T-gfp-L3~*的构建及其应用

为了利用通路克隆(Gateway)技术构建一个含有两个目的基因表达盒的植物表达载体,并把目的基因编码的蛋白质定位到转基因植物的叶绿体中,通过定点突变技术,在含有attL4和attL3重组位点的Gateway入门载体pEN-L4-2-L3中产生HindⅢ和XhoⅠ的酶切位点,然后在这两个酶切位点之间插入一个含有1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶小亚基的光诱导型启动子(PrbcS)及其叶绿体基质定位序列(*T)和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)报告基因(gfp)的DNA片段,获得pEN-L4*-PrbcS-*T-gfp-L3*入门载体.用该载体和另一个含有attL1和attL2重组位点的入门载体(pENTR*-PrbcS-*T-gus)与Gateway的目的载体pK7 m34GW2-8 m21GW3进行LR重组反应可以构建一个能串联gfp和gus两个报告基因表达盒的植物表达载体pKm-35S-PrbcS-*T-gfp-PROLD-PrbcS-*T-gus,所构建的植物表达载体转化烟草后,gfp和gus基因能插入到转基因烟草的基因组中并正常表达,所表达的GFP蛋白可正确定位到转基因植物的叶绿体中,而GUS蛋白也可以在叶片中表达.利用此表达载体通过一次转化事件不仅可以完成两个目的基因的转化操作,而且还可以利用叶绿体基质定位序列(*T)把PrbcS控制表达的目的蛋白直接定位到转基因植物的叶绿体中.因此pEN-L4*-PrbcS-*T-gfp-L3*入门载体的应用进一步扩大了Gateway技术及植物表达载体的应用范围,为叶绿体基因工程操作提供了一个更方便的技术平台.     

Book Review*

Women of Value, Men of Renown: New Perspectives in Trobriand Exchange . By Annette B. Weiner. ‘Elota's Story: The Life and Times of a Solomon Islands Big Man . Edited by Roger M. Keesing. Birds of My Kalam Country: Mnmon Yad Kalam Yakt . By Ian Saem Majnep and Ralph Bulmer. Australian Aboriginal Concepts . Edited by L. R. Hiatt. Killing Me Softly: The Destruction of a Heritage . Phyl and Noel Wallace. Thomas Nelson (Australia). Mediterranean Family Structures . Edited by J. G. Peristiany. Class, Power and Ideology in Ghana: the Railway-men of Secondi . By Richard Jeffries. Language and Thought. Anthropological Issues . Edited by W. C. McCormack and S. A. Wurm. The Anthropology of the Body . Edited by John Blacking. Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction . Edited by Esther N. Goody. Ethics in Social and Behavioural Research . By Edward Diener and Rick Crandall. Urbanization in the Americas from its Beginnings to the Present . Edited by R. P. Schaedel, J. E. Hardoy and N. S. Kinzer. Prehistory of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea . By Virginia Drew Watson and J. David Cole. Fire and Hearth: A Study of Aboriginal Usage and European Usurpation in South-western Australia . By Sylvia J. Hallam. Art in Society . Edited by Michael Greenhalgh and Vincent Megaw. Form in Indigenous Art: Schematization in the Art of Aboriginal Australia and Prehistoric Europe . Edited by Peter J. Ucko. Stone Tools as Cultural Markers: Change, Evolution and Complexity . Edited by R. V. S. Wright. Early Hydraulic Civilisation in Egypt. A Study in Cultural Ecology . By Karl W. Butzer.     

Reactions of PTIO and carboxy-PTIO with *NO, *NO2, and O2-*

Nitronyl nitroxides, such as derivatives of 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIOs), react with *NO to form the corresponding imino nitroxides (PTIs) and *NO2. PTIOs are considered as monitors of *NO, stoichiometric sources of *NO2, biochemical and physiological effectors, specific tools for the elimination of *NO, and potential therapeutic agents. However, a better understanding of the chemical properties of PTIOs, especially following their reaction with *NO, is necessary to resolve many of the reported discrepancies surrounding the effects of PTIOs and to better characterize their potential therapeutic activity. We have generated electrochemically the oxidized and reduced forms of PTIO and carboxy-PTIO (C-PTIO), characterized their absorption spectra, and determined the reduction potentials for the oxoammonium/nitroxide and nitroxide/hydroxylamine couples. The rate constants for the reaction of *NO2 with PTIO and C-PTIO to form the corresponding oxoammonium cations (PTIO+s) and nitrite were determined to be (1.5 - 2) x 10(7) m-1 s-1. We have also shown that the reactions of PTIO+s with *NO form PTIOs and NO2-. The rate constants for these reactions are approximately 30-fold higher than those for the reactions of PTIOs with *NO or O2-*. The present results show that (i) the reaction of PTIOs with *NO forms solely PTIs and NO2- where [NO2-]/[PTI] varies between 1 and 2 depending on the steady-state concentrations of *NO. Consequently, quantitation of *NO is valid only at sufficiently low fluxes of *NO; (ii) the reaction of PTIOs with *NO can be used as a valid source of *NO2 only when the latter is effectively scavenged by an appropriate reductant; and (iii) the formation of peroxynitrite cannot be efficiently inhibited by PTIOs even under relatively low fluxes of *NO and O2-* and millimolar levels of PTIOs.     

A newHLA-DRB1 * 13 allele (DRB1 * 1318) with a shortDRB1*08 sequence

The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL/GenBank nucleotide sequence database and have been assigned the accession number Z48631. The name listed for this sequence was officially assigned by the WHO Nomenclature Committee in November 1994. This follows the agreed policy that, subject to the conditions stated in the most recent Nomenclature Report (Bodmer et al. 1994), names will be assigned to new sequences as they are identified. Lists of such new names will be published in the following WHO Nomenclature Report     

Assembly and intracellular trafficking of HLA-B*3501 and HLA-B*3503

Residue 116 of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chains is an important determinant of assembly, that can influence rates of ER-Golgi trafficking, binding to the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), tapasin dependence of assembly, and the efficiency and specificity of peptide binding. Here, we investigated assembly and peptide-binding differences between HLA-B*3501(S116) and HLA-B*3503(F116), two alleles differing only at position 116 of the MHC class I heavy chain, that are associated respectively with normal or rapid AIDS progression. A reduced intracellular maturation rate was observed for HLA-B*3503 in HIV-infected and uninfected cells, which correlated with enhanced binding of HLA-B*3503 to TAP. No significant differences in the intrinsic efficiency of in vitro peptide binding by HLA-B*3501 and HLA-B*3503 were measurable with several common peptides or peptide libraries, and both allotypes were relatively tapasin-independent for their assembly. However, thermostability differences between the two allotypes were measurable in a CD4⁺ T cell line. These findings suggest that compared to HLA-B*3501, a reduced intracellular peptide repertoire for HLA-B*3503 could contribute to its slower intracellular trafficking and stronger association with rapid AIDS progression.