类肠膜魏斯氏菌通过调节蜕皮激素和胰岛素通路促进黑腹果蝇生长发育（英文）

【目的】本研究旨在揭示果蝇乳酸菌类肠膜魏斯氏菌Weisellas paramesenteroides对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster生长发育的影响。【方法】利用选择性培养基分离黑腹果蝇成虫肠道乳酸菌,通过16S rRNA基因序列比对鉴定菌株。通过统计从卵至蛹化和羽化的时间检测果蝇发育历期,并以幼虫体表面积为指标检测果蝇生长速率。利用qPCR检测产卵后不同时间生长激素信号通路基因(dib,E74B和PTTH)及胰岛素信号通路基因(DILP2,DILP3和InR)的表达。通过葡萄糖氧化酶法检测3龄幼虫血淋巴中的葡萄糖水平。【结果】从黑腹果蝇成虫肠道内分离到类肠膜魏斯氏菌,并可以在果蝇肠道内有效定殖。类肠膜魏斯氏菌通过提高果蝇生长速率缩短果蝇卵至蛹化和羽化的时间。qPCR结果显示,类肠膜魏斯氏菌增加了dib,E74B和PTTH的表达量,同时增加了DILP2和DILP3的表达量,降低了InR表达量和幼虫血淋巴中的葡萄糖水平。【结论】类肠膜魏斯氏菌是黑腹果蝇的一种共生菌,通过激活蜕皮激素和胰岛素信号通路,促进生长发育。     

不同成熟度杨梅果实上果蝇的动态变化

【目的】果蝇类害虫是杨梅果实的主要害虫,本文旨在探讨果蝇对不同成熟度果实的选择倾向以及杨梅园果蝇动态变化规律。【方法】通过饲养获得黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster种群,探讨果蝇在不同成熟度杨梅果实上的繁殖量,通过果园调查统计杨梅成熟过程中落果数量、落果和树上挂果中果蝇数量。【结果】杨梅成熟过程中,果色经历绿色、粉红色、红色和紫红色变化过程;果蝇分别在各种成熟度果实上繁殖时,绿色果实上果蝇后代数量最少,但接近成熟的粉红色、红色和紫红色果实上果蝇后代数量无显著差异;同时提供各种成熟度的果实时,随着果实成熟度增加,黑腹果蝇的后代繁殖数量增多。在果实成熟前后对果园果蝇数量的调查表明,在果实成熟前,落果中果蝇数量显著高于树上挂果,落果是果园果蝇的主要繁殖地;但当果园果实大量成熟时,挂果中果蝇数量显著多于落果,挂果成为果蝇主要繁殖场所。【结论】在杨梅园,果蝇存在从地面落果转移至树上挂果的动态变化,果蝇对不同成熟度果实的选择性差异可能是这种动态变化的主要原因。     

斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇侵害的葡萄微生物多样性的动态变化

[目的]为了解斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii和黑腹果蝇Drosophila melangaster侵害葡萄微生物的动态变化,寻找与两种果蝇密切相关的微生物种类。[方法]本研究利用自然腐烂和两种果蝇分别危害的方法处理葡萄,经过2、4、6、8、10 d的腐烂时间后,对葡萄进行微生物分离纯化,并对分离得到的细菌及真菌分别采用16S rDNA和ITS基因分析的方法进行鉴定。[结果]总共分离鉴定出25种细菌和7种真菌。随着处理时间的延长,两种果蝇对微生物的动态也产生了影响。果蝇侵害后的葡萄中滋生的细菌和真菌种类明显多于自然条件下的葡萄,其中黑腹果蝇侵害第4天时微生物种类最为丰富,而斑翅果蝇侵害8d后微生物种类最多。另外,果蝇的侵害导致葡萄中产生了大量白地霉Geotrichum candidum,而只有黑腹果蝇侵害后的葡萄中培养出了3种醋酸菌Acetofbacter spp.。[结论]果蝇加速了葡萄的腐烂和微生物的滋生,与两种果蝇均密切相关的微生物是白地霉,而相比斑翅果蝇而言,黑腹果蝇与醋酸菌的关系更为密切。本研究可为探索微生物、葡萄、果蝇三者之间的协同进化关系提供理论基础。     

斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇成虫飞行能力的研究

【目的】为明确斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii Matsumura和黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster飞行能力的差异。【方法】利用昆虫飞行磨系统对斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇雌、雄虫各7个日龄分别进行22-24 h连续吊飞试验,并对相关飞行参数进行显著性检验。【结果】两种果蝇在1日龄时的飞行时间、飞行速度和飞行距离均最小,随着日龄的增加,飞行能力出现两个高峰。斑翅果蝇的第一个高峰出现在2日龄,黑腹果蝇的第一个高峰出现在3日龄;两种果蝇飞行能力的第二个高峰均出现在15日龄,此时雌、雄虫的累计飞行距离均最大。斑翅果蝇雌、雄虫15日龄的总飞行距离最远,而黑腹果蝇雌虫15日龄、雄虫3日龄飞行距离最远、飞行时间最长。【结论】斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇的飞行能力与日龄和性别均有关系,且两种果蝇雌虫的飞行能力均强于雄虫。     

虫草素对微波辐射黑腹果蝇的保护作用

为了研究虫草素对微波辐射黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的保护作用,以梯度浓度的虫草素培养基饲养微波辐射的黑腹果蝇,观察统计其生殖力及子代生长发育特征。研究发现,微波辐射后的黑腹果蝇生殖力极显著下降(P0.01),虫草素能提高其生殖力,其中0.4%质量分数的虫草素培养基极显著提高成蛹数和成蝇数(P0.01);微波辐射后黑腹果蝇子代的性比降低、体长减少、飞翔率极显著降低(P0.01)、畸变率极显著升高(P0.01),4个梯度浓度的虫草素均能提高子代的性比,使其接近于1,而且均能降低畸变率,差异具有高度统计学意义(P0.01)。由此可见,虫草素能够修复黑腹果蝇的辐射损伤,对机体起到抗辐射的保护作用。     

果蝇属拱背果蝇亚属七新种：（双翅目：果蝇科）

本文记述果蝇属Drosophila拱背果蝇亚属Lordiphosa在中国的分布,包括七新种:等枝拱背果蝇Drosophila (Lordiphosa) ramipata sp.nov.,不对称拱背果蝇Drosophila (Lordiphosa) acongruens sp.nov.,突弓拱背果蝇Drosophila (Lordiphosa) protrusa sp.nov.,多枝拱背果蝇Drosopkila (Lordiphota) ramosisslma sp.nov.,双突拱背果蝇Drosophila (Lordiphosa) biconvexa sp.nov.,黑拱背果蝇Drosophila (Lordiphosa) picea sp.nov.,和黄拱背果蝇Drosophila (Lordiphosa) flava sp.nov.     

葡萄园果蝇的发生及综合防治研究进展

果蝇因种类多、分布广、寄主广、繁殖力强,世代历期短,近年已成为葡萄的重要害虫之一。葡萄果蝇幼虫不仅蛀食果实,导致果实逐渐软化以致变褐色,还能导致微生物的二次侵染,诱发酸腐病,严重影响葡萄的品质和产量。现已发现危害葡萄的果蝇有7种,其中以黑腹果蝇为优势种,其次为斑翅果蝇和叔白颜果蝇。在山东地区,7月初是斑翅果蝇和叔白颜果蝇的发生高峰期,而黑腹果蝇发生高峰期为8-9月上旬。就不同葡萄品种来说,黑腹果蝇成虫对4个葡萄品种巨峰、马奶、无核白和红提的嗜好程度无显著差异,幼虫对红提的嗜好程度显著高于巨峰、马奶和无核白;斑翅果蝇和叔白颜果蝇对于金手指等早熟品种以及果皮较薄的葡萄品种具有更强的趋性。本文依据葡萄园主要果蝇的种类、生物特征、生活习性、发生规律和危害习性,并从农业防治、物理防治、化学防治和生物防治等方面总结分析了其综合防治措施,以期为葡萄园果蝇的可持续控制提供理论和技术支持。     

大蒜素调控黑腹果蝇产卵偏嗜性和适合度

[目的]研究果蝇对大蒜素的产卵选择,并解析果蝇产卵避性的机制和生物学意义.[方法]应用产卵双向选择装置,检测黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster雌成虫对0.01％,0.015％和0.02％大蒜素的产卵选择性;利用产卵装置,检测黑腹果蝇对大蒜素的位置效应;通过毛细管摄食法检测黑腹果蝇摄食行为;利用黑暗(...     

异色瓢虫捕食胁迫对黑腹果蝇繁殖与后代发育的影响水

以模式昆虫黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)及捕食性天敌异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)为研究系统,通过把异色瓢虫接入到有黑腹果蝇的指形管中,研究了黑腹果蝇雌、雄成虫单独或共同被异色瓢虫捕食胁迫后,其自身寿命、子代的生长发育、繁殖和适合度的变化。结果表明:当雄性黑腹果蝇受到异色瓢虫成虫胁迫时,其寿命明显延长,但胁迫与否对雌性黑腹果蝇的寿命无明显影响;当黑腹果蝇的雌雄成虫同时受到胁迫时,其子代幼虫的发育历期延长,雄性后代寿命也增加,而雌性或雄性黑腹果蝇单独受到胁迫,其子代幼虫发育进度没有明显改变;当初孵黑腹果蝇幼虫受到异色瓢虫成虫直接或间接捕食胁迫后,其后续幼虫的发育历期都会受到影响,其中1龄期受到的间接捕食胁迫作用的影响大于直接捕食胁迫作用,直接捕食胁迫1龄幼虫比间接捕食胁迫更能延长其将来雌性成虫的寿命。     

邮票上的实验昆虫

世界各地发行了许多有实验昆虫的邮票,其种类超过20种,如黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster、吸血蝽Rhodnius prolixus、家蚕Bombyx mori和蜜蜂Apis mellifera,等等。文章对这些邮票上的昆虫作了介绍。     

A Dalpha6 knockout strain of Drosophila melanogaster confers a high level of resistance to spinosad

A null mutation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit Dalpha6, in Drosophila melanogaster, confers 1181-fold resistance to a new and increasingly important biopesticide, spinosad. This study's molecular characterisation of a spinosad resistance mechanism identifies Dalpha6 as a major spinosad target in D. melanogaster. Although D. melanogaster is not a major field pest, target site resistances found in this species are often conserved in pest species. This, combined with the high degree of evolutionary conservation of nAChR subunits, suggests that mutations in Dalpha6 orthologues may underpin the spinosad resistance identified in several economically important field pests.     

Effects of octopamine on reproduction, juvenile hormone metabolism, dopamine, and 20-hydroxyecdysone contents in Drosophila

The effect of an experimentally increased octopamine content (feeding flies with OA) on the levels of juvenile hormone (JH) degradation, dopamine (DA), and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) contents, oogenesis, and fecundity of wild type Drosophila flies has been studied. OA feeding of the flies was found to (1) cause a considerable decrease in JH degradation in females, but not males, of D. melanogaster and D. virilis; (2) have no effect on DA content in D. melanogaster and D. virilis; (3) increase 20E contents in D. virilis females; (4) decrease to a large extent the number of vitellogenic (stages 8-10) and mature (stage 14) oocytes in D. virilis; and (5) decrease the fecundity of D. melanogaster and D. virilis. A possible mechanism of action of OA as a neurohormone on the reproductive function of Drosophila is discussed.     

Drosophila melanogaster as an emerging model host for entomopathogenic fungi

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) infect insects and are of interest for understanding host-pathogen interactions and biological control of insect pests. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster offers an excellent model system for exploring the biology of EPF and their interactions with insects. In this review, we describe the advantages of using D. melanogaster as a model system to study EPF and highlight EPF of relevance to agriculture. We also propose possible directions for future research in this area. We predict that in the future, D. melanogaster will continue to be a productive system for understanding the biology of the fungi attacking insects and will no doubt contribute to the future of biological control, conservation and other areas.     

Hsp70 duplication in the Drosophila melanogaster species group: how and when did two become five?

To determine how the modern copy number (5) of hsp70 genes in Drosophila melanogaster evolved, we localized the duplication events that created the genes in the phylogeny of the melanogaster group, examined D. melanogaster genomic sequence to investigate the mechanisms of duplication, and analyzed the hsp70 gene sequences of Drosophila orena and Drosophila mauritiana. The initial two-to-four hsp70 duplication occurred 10--15 MYA, according to fixed in situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes, before the origin and divergence of the melanogaster and five other species subgroups of the melanogaster group. Analysis of more than 30 kb of flanking sequence surrounding the hsp70 gene clusters suggested that this duplication was likely a retrotransposition. For the melanogaster subgroup, Southern hybridization and an hsp70 restriction map confirmed the conserved number (4) and arrangement of hsp70 genes in the seven species other than D. melanogaster. Drosophila melanogaster is unique; tandem duplication and gene conversion at the derived cluster yielded a fifth hsp70 gene. The four D. orena hsp70 genes are highly similar and concertedly evolving. In contrast, the D. mauritiana hsp70 genes are divergent, and many alleles are nonfunctional. The proliferation, concerted evolution, and maintenance of functionality in the D. melanogaster hsp70 genes is consistent with the action of natural selection in this species.     

Ecological and Genetic Interactions in Drosophila–parasitoids Communities: A Case Study with D. Melanogaster, D. Simulans and their Common Leptopilina Parasitoids in Southe-astern France

Drosophila species are attacked by a number of parasitoid wasps, which constitute an important factor of population regulation. Since Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans share common parasitoid species, their ecology and evolution can hardly be understood without considering parasitoids. After a short review of data available on Drosophila-parasitoid interactions involving D. melanogaster and D. simulans as hosts, we report field and laboratory experiments investigating the ecological role of Leptopilina parasitoids in Drosophila communities of southern France. Seasonal survey of species abundance shows that strong interspecific interactions occur at both tropic levels. D. simulans progressively replaces D. melanogaster in southern areas suggesting competitive displacement. Parasitoids are responsible for very high Drosophila mortality (up to 90% in some fruits). Field data emphasize the importance of selective pressure that parasitoids exert on Drosophila communities. The two Leptopilina parasites (L. heterotoma and L boulardi) have different local abundances, which vary in time, and they also compete for hosts. We show that parasitoids can mediate the coexistence of D. melanogaster and D. simulans in the laboratory, and thus may contribute to their puzzling coexistence in the field. Conversely, hosts exert selective pressures on parasitoids, and development on either D. melanogaster or D. simulans strongly affects fitness of adult wasps in a temperature-dependent fashion. Local variation in host species abundance and diversity could thus account for the genetic differentiation we observed in one parasitoid species. Despite laboratory studies cannot fully explain complex field situations, it is clear that the ecology and evolution of Drosophila populations and communities, especially D. melanogaster and D. simulans, are strongly constrained by parasitoids, which should receive more attention.     

Isolation, characterization, and localization of beta-tubulin genomic clones of three Drosophila montium subgroup species.

Genomic libraries were constructed from three Drosophila species, namely Drosophila auraria, Drosophila serrata, and Drosophila kikkawai, belonging to the Drosophila montium subgroup of the Drosophila melanogaster species group. Clones containing beta-tubulin specific sequences were isolated, characterized by restriction endonuclease digestions and Southern hybridizations, and mapped by in situ hybridization on the polytene chromosomes of the species studied. The distribution of the beta-tubulin loci was found to be similar in D. montium species and D. melanogaster.     

Molecular Evolution between Drosophila Melanogaster and D. Simulans: Reduced Codon Bias, Faster Rates of Amino Acid Substitution, and Larger Proteins in D. Melanogaster

Both natural selection and mutational biases contribute to variation in codon usage bias within Drosophila species. This study addresses the cause of codon bias differences between the sibling species, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Under a model of mutation-selection-drift, variation in mutational processes between species predicts greater base composition differences in neutrally evolving regions than in highly biased genes. Variation in selection intensity, however, predicts larger base composition differences in highly biased loci. Greater differences in the G+C content of 34 coding regions than 46 intron sequences between D. melanogaster and D. simulans suggest that D. melanogaster has undergone a reduction in selection intensity for codon bias. Computer simulations suggest at least a fivefold reduction in N(e)s at silent sites in this lineage. Other classes of molecular change show lineage effects between these species. Rates of amino acid substitution are higher in the D. melanogaster lineage than in D. simulans in 14 genes for which outgroup sequences are available. Surprisingly, protein sizes are larger in D. melanogaster than in D. simulans in the 34 genes compared between the two species. A substantial fraction of silent, replacement, and insertion/deletion mutations in coding regions may be weakly selected in Drosophila.     

Studies of sibling Drosophila species from Laguna Verde, Veracruz, Mexico: I. Species frequencies, viability, desiccation resistance, and vagility

The sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans were collected at Laguna Verde, Veracruz, Mexico. D. melanogaster was found in significantly greater frequency than was D. simulans. Ten isofemale lines of each species were tested for egg to adult viability, desiccation resistance, and vagility. D. melanogaster surpassed D. simulans in all three characteristics. The findings are discussed with reference to the climatic conditions at Laguna Verde and the expected effect of such an environment on the relative frequencies of these species. The dichotomous results in regard to desiccation resistance and vagility that were observed between recently collected D. melanogaster and the Oregon-R laboratory stock of that species are also discussed.