中国哎猎蝽属厘订（半翅目：猎蝽科：盗猎蝽亚科）

本文作者对中国的哎猎蝽属EctomocorisMayr进行了订正。 此属国内以前记述共4种。通过研究发现黑哎猎蝽E.atrox(Stal)实际上包括另一个种——小黑哎猎蝽E.maldonadoi,新种;我们观察的黑哎猪蝽的所有中国标本均比爪哇产的选模标本体大色深,二者雌虫生殖节的构造亦有一定差异,但其色斑型相似;前者是否应作为一亚种或新种尚需研究东南亚一带的大宗标本。二星哎猎蝽E.biguttulusStal与产菲律宾的模式标本在色斑的大小及形状上稍有差异,其地理变异及种群分化有待进一步研究。黑缘哎猎蝽E.erebus Distant,1904是马达加斯加产E.erebus(Distant),1903的同名,故而给前者以新名E.distanti Cai et Lu。“黄斑哎猎蝽”E.flavomaculatusStal为E.yayeyamae(Mats.)的错误鉴定,真正的E.flavomaculatusStal目前还没有在我国发现;由于其中文名称系据E.flavomaculaus的种名而来,所以作者建议E.yayeyamae(Mats.)的中名为“亚哎猎蝽”,这样中文名称不仅是根据其种名的第一个音节的发音,而且还意味着其在亚洲的分布。 根据亚哎猎蝽E.yayeyamae(Mats.)阳茎的特殊结构,建立了双臂哎猎蝽亚属Biarmocoris Cai et Lu,亚属名以其内阳茎体有两个臂状骨化结构而得。 文中为4种哎猎蝽E.atrox(Stal),E.biguttulus Stal,E.erebus(Distant)     

中国菱猎蝽属厘订(半翅目：猎蝽科：真猎蝽亚科)

文中对国产的7种菱猎蝽作了比较详细的再描述与图示;短刺菱猎蝽Isyndus bre vispinus Breddin、毛翅菱猎蝽I .Lativentris Distant、毛足菱猎蝽I.Pilosipes Reuter被视为 有效种或独立种;I.Sinicus Hsiao et Ren 和I.Yunnananus Ren分别被认为是毛足菱猎蝽 I.Pilosipes Reuter和毛翅菱猎蝽I.Lativentris Distant的同物异名;短刺菱猎蝽为中国新纪录;所有种的阳茎构造均为首次报道;此外,还编制了该属中国已知种类分种检索表。     

中国二节蚊猎蝽属一新纪录

在整理内蒙古猎蝽科昆虫标本时,发现蚊猎蝽亚料Emesinae Amyot et Serville,1843二节蚊猎蝽属1雌虫,经鉴定为中国新记录种;现报道如下。白痣蚊猎蝽Empicoris vagabundus(Linne,1758)(图1～4) Cimex vagabundus Linne,1758,Systema naturae.1:450.     

瓦氏阿猎蝽--中国和越南的新记录属与种(半翅目:猎蝽科)

瓦氏阿猎蝽Agyrius watanabeorum为日本半翅目学者石川忠2002年根据采自泰国北部的标本所命名,其描记较为详细,配有正模的整体黑白照片和部分特征图,但对该种的阳茎结构没有提及。在研究中国和越南的猎蝽时,我们发现了该种。本文中我们重新描述了瓦氏阿猎蝽,绘制了较详细的整体图和局部特征图。阿猎蝽属Agyrius Stal,1863为中国和越南的新记录属,瓦氏阿猎蝽Agyrius watanabeorum Ishikawa,2002为中国和越南的新记录种;其在中国和越南的分布也是该属种最北的分布记录。     

伊朗猎蝽科四新记录种(半翅目:猎蝽科)

记述伊朗猎蝽科Reduviidae真猎蝽亚科Harpactorinae昆虫4新记录种:争土猎蝽Coronus contrarius Reuter,1881、环瑞猎蝽Rhynocons annulatus(Linnaeus,1758)、红胸瑞猎蛴Rhynocoris rubrogularis (Horvfith,1880)及沙地枯猎蝽Vachiria deserta(Becker,1867).     

刺猎蝽属种间转录组比较分析

【目的】建立刺猎蝽属Sclomina 3种的转录组数据库,分析近缘种间转录组表达差异,探讨在转录组水平的种间趋异情况。【方法】采用Illumina HiSeq^TM4000高通量测序平台进行刺猎蝽属齿缘刺猎蝽S.erinacea、兴仁刺猎蝽S.xingrensis和广西刺猎蝽S.guangxiensis 3种转录组测序;利用Nr, Swiss-Prot, COG/KOG和KEGG数据库进行基因功能注释;对种间差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)进行GO功能注释和KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】齿缘刺猎蝽、兴仁刺猎蝽和广西刺猎蝽转录组测序组装获得42 215个unigenes。21 117个基因在上述4个数据库中得到注释(各数据库注释基因数为：Nr, 20 522; Swiss-Prot, 15 550; COG/KOG, 13 969; KEGG,10 850)。兴仁刺猎蝽vs齿缘刺猎蝽转录组有3 390个DEGs (803个上调,2 587个下调),兴仁刺猎蝽vs广西刺猎蝽转录组有12 543个DEGs (6 63...     

中国盗猎蝽属一新记录种——红缘盗猎蝽(半翅目:猎蝽科:盗猎蝽亚科)

狭义的盗猎蝽属是猎蝽科盗猎蝽亚科中1个较大的属,已知约40个有效种,主要分布于古北区、东洋区和非洲区,中国已知6种.我们在对新疆半翅目多样性的研究过程中,发现了广布于古北区的红缘盗猎蝽Peirates hybridus(Scopoli,1763).本文重新描述了这一中国新记录种;该种体中型,体表大部分区域黑色,革片、侧...     

中国狄猎蝽族一新属──杨猎蝽属（半翅目：猎蝽科）

中国狄猎蝽族一新属──杨猎蝽属（半翅目：猎蝽科）彩万志（北京农业大学昆虫学系,北京市海淀区１０００９４）狄猎蝽族是真猎蝽亚科的１个小族;连同本文中的新属,目前该族共知１０属,均分布于东洋区;Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ（１９５４）曾对此族进行过比较详细的厘订。这里所...     

猎蝽的伪装现象

从具有伪装现象的猎蝽类群、伪装所用的材料、类型、载物能力、伪装行为、去伪装对猎蝽的影响及伪装的生物学意义 7方面综述了猎蝽的伪装现象及其研究动态 ;特别对猎蝽的载物能力进行了讨论 ,提出了绝对载物能力和平均载物能力的概念与计算方法     

红缘真猎蝽的生物学研究

红缘真猎蝽HarpactorrubromarginatusJakovlev属半翅目猎蝽科,是国内重要的捕食性天敌昆虫。成虫和若虫均能捕食膜翅目叶蜂类幼虫、鳞翅目夜蛾、毒蛾等科的幼虫,亦可捕食同翅目的蚜虫。成虫尚能吸食益母草Leonurusartemisia（Lour）S．Y．Hu、蒲公英Taraxa-cummongolicumHand.-Mazz.、车前草Pla－ntagoasiaticaLinnaeus等植物的花蜜。其生物学特性等,国内迄今未见报道,笔者1985～1988年进行了系统饲养和调查,现将研究结果整理如下。1形态特征（图1）1．1成虫：你长135～14．5mm,腹宽3.8～4．5mm。体黑色,全身生有淡色短绒毛,单…     

A Novel Strain of Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Possesses Superior Virulence to Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Subterranean termites are major global pests of wood structures and wood products. Among the most economically important subterranean termite species in the US are Heterotermes aureus, Reticulitermes flavipes, and Coptotermes formosanus. In prior studies, the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema riobrave strain 355, exhibited a high level of virulence to H. aureus compared with other nematode species. However, S. riobrave 355 was reported to be poorly or only moderately virulent to R. flavipes and C. formosanus, respectively. We hypothesized that other strains of S. riobrave may possess a high level of virulence to all three termite species. Under laboratory conditions we compared three novel strains of S. riobrave (3-8b, 7-12, and TP) with the 355 strain for virulence to H. aureus, R. flavipes, and C. formosanus workers. H. aureus was very susceptible to all the S. riobrave strains, and termites in all nematode treatments were dead after 4 d. The TP strain of S. riobrave caused greater mortality in R. flavipes and C. formosanus compared to the other nematode strains. Specifically, the TP strain caused 75% and 91% mortality in R. flavipes and C. formosanus, respectively, which was more than 300% and 70% higher than the mortality caused by other strains. Additional studies are warranted to determine the ability of S. riobrave (TP) to control the targeted termite species under field conditions.     

Evidence of the establishment of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of cereal stemborers,and its host range expansion in Ethiopia

Three lepidopteran cereal stemborers, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae), Busseola fusca Fuller, and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) were collected from maize and sorghum in Ethiopia. The noctuid stemborers are indigenous to Africa while C. partellus is an introduced species from Asia. In 1999, the Asian stemborer parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Braconidae) was found to be widespread in Ethiopia, even though it had never been released in the country. In addition to attacking Chilo partellus, Cotesia flavipes was reared from B. fusca and S. calamistis. The origin of C. flavipes in Ethiopia may have been Somalia where it was released in 1997 near the border with eastern Ethiopia. Percent parasitism of borers by C. flavipes was higher in eastern Ethiopia than other surveyed regions, and parasitism was higher in 2000 than 1999. Parasitism was higher when cereals were intercropped with other plants and when wild grass hosts of stemborers were present.     

Phylogenetic relationships of nearctic Reticulitermes species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) with particular reference to Reticulitermes arenincola Goellner

DNA sequence comparisons of the mitochondrial COII, 16S, and 12S rRNA genes were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among the six known US Reticulitermes species (Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes arenincola, Reticulitermes tibialis, Reticulitermes hageni, Reticulitermes virginicus, and Reticulitermes hesperus) and the closely related European species Reticulitermes santonensis. The interspecific pairwise sequence divergence, based on uncorrected "p" distance, varied up to 10% across the COII, 4.9% across the 16S, and 3% across the 12S fragments. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum parsimony, likelihood, and distance methods. The combined results suggest several phylogenetic relationships including: (i) R. flavipes, R. arenincola, and European R. santonensis are possibly conspecific; (ii) R. virginicus and R. hageni are closely related species; and (iii) R. tibialis and R. hesperus are closely related species. Interestingly, while there is apparent synonymity between R. flavipes and R. arenincola by DNA sequence, there are clear morphological differences in the soldier caste. This finding suggests a combination of molecular and morphological approaches are necessary for accurate species identification. These data lend resolution to the complex problem of Reticulitermes systematics, and will assist future efforts directed toward characterizing species distribution and ecology.     

水稻大螟越冬幼虫寄生蜂种类调查与主要寄生蜂越冬动态分析

大螟Sesamia inferens（Walker）是水稻上一种重要的钻蛀性害虫,其寄主范围广,近年来为害加重。由于长期以来对大螟的防治采取兼治策略,大螟已经对多种农药产生了抗性。因此,掌握水稻大螟生物防治资源有重要的应用意义。本研究报道了江苏扬州地区水稻大螟越冬幼虫体内仅有两种寄生蜂,分别是中华茧蜂Amyosoma chinensis和螟黄足盘绒茧蜂Cotesia flavipes,其中螟黄足盘绒茧蜂是优势种群。通过近三年的系统调查发现：在自然界中螟黄足盘绒茧蜂在大螟越冬幼虫体内的寄生率呈现动态变化,最高寄生率达33.33%,并且不同年份之间有差异。螟黄足盘绒茧蜂最短出茧时间仅为5.0 d,最长不超过14.0 d。除了12月份至次年1月份采集的螟黄足盘绒茧蜂外,其它时间点采集到的螟黄足盘绒茧蜂的羽化率高达75%以上。该研究结果为利用螟黄足盘绒茧蜂防治大螟提供了研究基础。     

Intraspecific and Interspecific Competition Between Cotesia flavipes and Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Gregarious Larval Endoparasitoids of Lepidopteran Stemborers

Super and multiple parasitism of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Sesamia calamistis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Cotesia flavipes Cameron and Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were investigated in the laboratory. Progeny production of Co. flavipes increased as a result of increasing the number of ovipositions, from one to three per one Ch. partellus host larva, then decreased as a result of four and five ovipositions per larva. Cocoon weight, sex ratio and emergence of the parasitoid progeny were not affected by superparasitism. Low progeny production of Co. sesamiae and poor survival of Ch. partellus host larvae were found as a result of superparasitism. When S. calamistis was the host, the duration of immature stages of Co. flavipes , parasitoid emergence, progeny production and sex ratio were not affected by superparasitism, but cocoon weight, adult longevity and the potential fecundity of adult females decreased. Superparasitism of S. calamistis by Co. sesamiae did not affect emergence, longevity or sex ratio of adult progeny of the parasitoid, but prolonged immature development, lowered cocoon weight and decreased potential fecundity of adult female progeny. Co. flavipes out-competed Co. sesamiae when Ch. partellus was parasitized by both species. The potential for local displacement of Co. sesamiae by Co. flavipes in areas dominated by Ch. partellus in East Africa is discussed.     

螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群支序系统学研究（膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科）

对螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群Cotesia flavipes complex (膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科)分布全世界的5个种和外群侧沟茧蜂Microplitis 及荻茧蜂Diolcogaster 的25个性状,以及复合群5个种和外群螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus、粘虫盘绒茧蜂Cotesia kariyai、粉蝶盘绒茧蜂Cotesia glomerata 的24个性状,分别进行比较研究,并运用支序分析的方法探讨该复合群内5个种种间的系统发育关系。支序分析表明螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群是一单系群,二化螟盘绒茧蜂C. chilonis 和大螟盘绒茧蜂C. sesamiae 近缘,芦螟盘绒茧蜂C. chiloluteelli 和汉寿盘绒茧蜂C. hanshouensis 近缘,螟黄足盘绒茧蜂C. flavipes相对独立。 以上研究表明无论是以近缘属作外群还是以同属其它种作外群,所得结果基本上都能反映螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群各种之间的分类地位。     

Resource allocation and bionomics of indigenous and exotic Cotesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species reared on Sesamia calamistis

The braconid larval parasitoids Cotesia chilonis (Matsumura), C. flavipes Cameron and a strain of Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) from coastal Kenya, reared at the International Centre of Insect Ecology and Physiology, were introduced at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in the Republic of Benin for suitability testing on West African stemborers prior to release. C. chilonis was originally collected in Japan while C. flavipes was imported into Kenya from Pakistan. The host species used was the noctuid Sesamia calamistis (Hampson), the most important noctuid maize pest in the region. All three Cotesia species attacked and successfully developed in 2nd to 6th larval instar of S. calamistis but parasitoid-induced mortality was highest on second instars. On most instars, C. sesamiae and C. flavipes produced larger broods than C. chilonis. Larvae parasitized by C. sesamiae developed to the 6th instar and attained an average larval weight of 353 mg, while larvae parasitized by C. chilonis only molted to the 4th instar and attained a maximum weight of 107 mg. The lower developmental threshold estimated from the non-linear regression of temperature on developmental rate was 15.9, 15.9 and 14.9 degrees C for C. chilonis, C. sesamiae and C. flavipes, respectively, while the maximum temperature was 34.2, 35.2 and 33.8 degrees C, respectively. A maximum of four ovipositions were observed per female during a life span ranging from 1.3 days for C. chilonis and C. flavipes to 1.6 days for C. sesamiae. The largest adult progeny, intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rates were recorded at 28 degrees C for all species. However, across temperatures, C. flavipes yielded the highest number of offspring, followed by C. sesamiae and C. chilonis. The sex ratios did not vary significantly with species and temperature. Thus, the reproductive potentials of C. sesamiae and C. flavipes were greater than that of C. chilonis.     

Multiple Parasitism by Cotesia sesamiae and Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Busseola fusca (Fuller) is one of the most important pest of cereals in sub-Saharan Africa. Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) is the predominant parasitoid attacking B. fusca larvae in many parts of Africa. An exotic parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron, was introduced into Kenya in 1993 for the control of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Laboratory studies indicated that although C. flavipes would search for, and attack B. fusca , it was not able to complete its development in this host. The aim of the present study was to investigate the outcome of multiple parasitism of B. fusca by the two Cotesia species. The study showed that when both parasitoid species stung a B. fusca larva at the same time, both parasitoids emerged from more than half of the host larvae, C. flavipes alone emerged from 17%, and C. sesamiae alone emerged from 9%. When the larvae were parasitized by C. sesamiae first, and then 2 h later by C. flavipes , and vice versa, most of the progeny were C. flavipes . However, when B. fusca larvae were stung by C. sesamiae three days before oviposition by C. flavipes , significantly more C. sesamiae emerged from the larvae. When C. flavipes oviposited first, no larvae produced C. flavipes only. The interaction of parasitoids and the host immune system, and the implications of these results for the biological control of stem borers in East Africa are discussed.     

Phylogenetics and genetic diversity of the Cotesia flavipes complex of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agents of lepidopteran stemborers

The Cotesia flavipes complex of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are economically important for the biological control of lepidopteran stemboring pests associated with gramineous crops. Some members of the complex successfully parasitize numerous stemborer pest species, however certain geographic populations have demonstrated variation in the range of hosts that they parasitize. In addition, the morphology of the complex is highly conserved and considerable confusion surrounds the identity of species and host-associated biotypes. We generated nucleotide sequence data for two mtDNA genes (COI, 16S) and three anonymous nuclear loci (CfBN, CfCN, CfEN) for the C. flavipes complex. To analyze genetic variation and relationships among populations we used (1) concatenated mtDNA and nDNA data, (2) a nDNA multilocus network approach, and (3) two species tree inference methods, i.e. Bayesian estimation of species trees (BEST) and Bayesian inference of species trees from multilocus data with (*)BEAST. All phylogenetic analyses provide strong support for monophyly of the complex and the presence of at least four species, C. chilonis (from China and Japan), C. sesamiae (from Africa), C. flavipes (originating from the Indo-Asia region but introduced into Africa and the New World), and C. nonagriae (from Australia and Papua New Guinea). Haplotype diversity of geographic populations relates to historical biogeographic barriers and biological control introductions, and reflects previous reports of ecological variation in these species. Strong discordance was found between the mitochondrial and nuclear markers in the Papua New Guinea haplotypes, which may be an outcome of hybridization and introgression of C. flavipes and C. nonagriae. The position of Cotesia flavipes from Japan was not well supported in any analysis and was the sister taxon to C. nonagriae (mtDNA, (*)BEAST), C. flavipes (nDNA) or C. flavipes+C. nonagriae (BEST) and, may represent a cryptic species. The concatenated five gene phylogenetic analyses did not support the overall separation and monophyly of clades associated with different host species, although some clades did show specific host associations, possibly due to localized host availability, rather than host specificity. Our results provide a framework for assessing whether distinct lineages represent cryptic species, and for examining parasitoid-host evolution and compatibility more generally. Given the limitations of morphological based identification for members of this complex, molecular identification is recommended prior to any biological control introductions.     

Characterization of abundance and diversity of lactic acid bacteria in the hindgut of wood- and soil-feeding termites by molecular and culture-dependent techniques

Lactic acid bacteria have been identified as typical and numerically significant members of the gut microbiota of Reticulitermes flavipes and other wood-feeding lower termites. We found that also in the guts of the higher termites Nasutitermes arborum (wood-feeding), Thoracotermes macrothorax, and Anoplotermes pacificus (both soil-feeding), lactic acid bacteria represent the largest group of culturable carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria (3.6-5.2x10(4) bacteria per gut; 43%-54% of all colonies). All isolates were coccoid and phenotypically difficult to distinguish, but their enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC) fingerprint patterns showed a significant genetic diversity. Six different genotypes each were identified among the isolates from R. flavipes and T. macrothorax, and representative strains were selected for further characterization. By 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain RfL6 from R. flavipes was classified as a close relative of Enterococcus faecalis, whereas strain RfLs4 from R. flavipes and strain TmLO5 from T. macrothorax were closely related to Lactococcus lactis. All strains consumed oxygen during growth on glucose and cellobiose; oxygen consumption of these and other isolates from both termite species was due to NADH and pyruvate oxidase activities, but did not result in H2O2 formation. In order to assess the significance of the isolates in the hindgut, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to compare the fingerprints of 16S rRNA genes in the bacterial community of R. flavipes with those of representative isolates. The major DNA band from the hindgut bacterial community was further separated by bisbenzimide-polyethylene glycol electrophoresis, and the two resulting bands were sequenced. Whereas one sequence belonged to a spirochete, the second sequence was closely related to the sequences of the Lactococcus strains RfLs4 and TmLO5. Apparently, those isolates represent strains of a new Lactococcus species which forms a significant fraction of the complex hindgut community of the lower termite R. flavipes and possibly also of other termites.