文心兰铁氧还蛋白基因克隆定位及表达分析

采用RACE-PCR法,从‘小樱桃’文心兰中克隆到一个全长989bp的铁氧还蛋白基因cDNA序列,命名为OnFd(登录号KX461907)。OnFd基因开放阅读框长为465bp,预测可编码154个氨基酸;gDNA和cDNA序列比对结果显示OnFd基因不含内含子。生物信息学分析表明,OnFd具有1个典型的[2Fe-2S]结构域;同源分析显示,OnFd与玉米Fd3的相似度最高(64.29%)。蛋白亚细胞定位结果显示OnFd定位于叶绿体。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现:OnFd基因在花中表达量最高,其次是叶与根,在假鳞茎中表达量最低;接种病原菌研究显示,文心兰感染软腐病后,各个部位的OnFd基因表达量均呈上升趋势,尤其是接种部位假鳞茎在接种病原菌1d后表达量便表现出极显著上调,并且在5个感病阶段的表达量是健康植株的2.83~3.98倍。研究表明,OnFd基因可能在文心兰响应抗软腐病过程中具有重要作用。     

高等植物铁氧还蛋白-NADP~+氧化还原酶研究进展

高等植物叶绿体定位的铁氧还蛋白-NADP+氧化还原酶(LFNR)负责催化光合线性电子传递的最后一步反应,催化电子由还原态的铁氧还蛋白(Fd)传递给NADP+。LFNR分布在叶绿体的3个不同的组分中,即叶绿体基质中、类囊体膜上和叶绿体内膜上。最近的研究表明,大多数膜定位的LFNR并非光合作用所必需的,叶绿体基质中的LFNR足以维持光合作用的正常进行。叶绿体中的两个蛋白——Tic62和TROL作为LFNR的锚定蛋白,可以与LFNR在类囊体膜上形成高分子量的蛋白复合体。Tic62-LFNR复合体主要负责在夜间保护LFNR的活性,但它不直接在光合作用中起作用。然而,TROL-LFNR复合体对植物的光合作用有一定的影响。本文将概述植物LFNR的最新研究进展。     

高等植物铁氧还蛋白-NADP＋氧化还原酶研究进展

高等植物叶绿体定位的铁氧还蛋白-NADP＋氧化还原酶（LFNR）负责催化光合线性电子传递的最后一步反应,催化电子由还原态的铁氧还蛋白（Fd）传递给NADP＋。LFNR分布在叶绿体的3个不同的组分中,即叶绿体基质中、类囊体膜上和叶绿体内膜上。最近的研究表明,大多数膜定位的LFNR并非光合作用所必需的,叶绿体基质中的LFNR足以维持光合作用的正常进行。叶绿体中的两个蛋白——Tic62和TROL作为LFNR的锚定蛋白,可以与LFNR在类囊体膜上形成高分子量的蛋白复合体。Tic62-LFNR复合体主要负责在夜间保护LFNR的活性,但它不直接在光合作用中起作用。然而,TROL-LFNR复合体对植物的光合作用有一定的影响。本文将概述植物LFNR的最新研究进展。     

文心兰原球茎液体增殖培养研究

以茎尖诱导形成的原球茎(protocorm-like bodies,PLBs)为外殖体,采用液体培养方式比较了不同浓度的激素配比、蔗糖浓度和添加不同量的新鲜椰汁对文心兰PLBs增殖的影响,并比较了相同培养基成分时液体培养PLBs增殖、分化成苗和固体培养PLBs增殖和分化成苗的差异。试验结果表明:不同浓度的外源激素及其配比对文心兰PLBs增殖生长影响较大,6-BA0.5 mg/L Ad 0.05 mg/L NAA0.05 mg/L的激素组合比较适合文心兰PLBs增殖;蔗糖浓度对文心兰PLBs增殖的影响也较大,适合文心兰PLB在液体培养条件下增殖的蔗糖浓度为7.5 g/L;添加5%新鲜椰汁不仅对文心兰PLBs增殖有促进作用,而且能改善PLBs的质量;适合文心兰PLBs增殖的培养基为MS 6-BA0.5 mg/L Ad 0.05 mg/L NAA0.05 mg/L 5%椰汁 蔗糖7.5 g/L。文心兰PLBs在5周内的增殖生长曲线呈倒"V"字形,第3周的增殖速度达最高峰,而固体培养基PLBs增殖速度较慢,生长曲线几乎成直线。液体增殖的PLBs分化成苗较固体培养增殖的PLBs差。     

文心兰25条miRNA前体序列特性及其表达分析

为了解文心兰miRNA的序列特性及其在不同组织部位中以及软腐病侵染过程中的表达规律,该研究对文心兰转录组及miRNA数据库中的25条miRNA前体(pre miRNA)序列和15条成熟体序列进行序列特性分析,并对25条pre miRNAs在文心兰不同组织部位及软腐病侵染的假鳞茎中的表达情况进行实时荧光定量分析。结果显示：（1）文心兰25条pre miRNAs序列可分为13个家族,其中包含15条成熟体序列。（2）Mfold二级结构预测显示,文心兰25条pre miRNAs的最小折叠自由能在-32.04~ -120.98 kal/mol之间,均可以形成典型、稳定的发夹结构。（3）序列比对分析发现,同一家族的前体与成熟体存在一个约20个碱基长度的保守区域,推测该区域可能为文心兰miRNA成熟体所在区域。其中,13个前体家族中,有10个家族的成熟体可以完全定位于其前体中。（4）实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,在文心兰不同组织部位中,miR159 unigene0037857、miR167 unigene0011236、miR167 unigene0002619、miR169 unigene0022341、miR172 unigene006514、miR396 unigene19032、miR398 unigene0009996、miR2950 unigene0006151、miR2950 unigene0006422等pre miRNAs在叶片中大量累积可能有利于其叶的形态建成;miR162 unigene0003615、miR162 unigene0013441、miR166 unigene0011870、miR168 unigene0009958等pre miRNAs同时在根和叶中均大量表达有利于其根和叶的发育;而miR171 unigene0045985、miR396 unigene0011179、miR396 unigene0011180在根和茎中的大量表达可能有利于其根和茎的发育。（5）在软腐病病菌侵染文心兰假鳞茎的过程中,miR159 unigene0037857、miR167 unigene0011236、miR396 unigene0011179、miR396 unigene0011180、miR396 unigene0019032、miR845 unigene0012489的表达总体呈下降趋势;miR162 unigene0040566、miR166 unigene0011870、miR168 unigene0009958、miR171 unigene0045985在软腐病菌液侵染4 h其表达量升高,之后表达量下调;miR162 unigene0003615、miR167 unigene0002619、miR168 unigene0047942、miR169 unigene0022341、miR845 unigene0012489在菌液侵染过程中其表达量呈现先下降后上升的趋势,并在侵染8 h后表达量达到最低。研究表明,文心兰pre miRNAs 13个家族不同成员在进化进程中具有高度保守性与特异性的结构特点,并可能广泛参与文心兰不同组织的生长发育及参与软腐病菌侵染的响应。     

文心兰COL基因的分离及其表达分析

CONSTANS(CO)及CONSTANS-like(COL)基因在光周期调控植物开花中起到重要的作用。该研究以文心兰(Oncidium)品种‘金辉’为材料,分离了CO同源基因OnCOL2及另外2个COL基因(OnCOL8和OnCOL9),它们分别编码326、411和291个氨基酸;生物信息分析预测它们均定位于细胞核;OnCOL2、OnCOL8有2个锌指B-box结构域和1个CCT结构域,而OnCOL9缺少B-box结构域。多序列比对及进化树分析结果表明,所有COL蛋白可划分为3组,OnCOL2与OnCOL8、OnCOL9分到了2个不同组中。OnCOL2与建兰(Cymbidium ensifolium)CeCOL(90.77%)高度相似;OnCOL8与OnCOL9在进化关系上更为接近,分别与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtCOL9和AtCOL10关系最近,它们在B-box和CCT结构域都极为保守。表达分析结果表明OnCOL2、OnCOL8与OnCOL9分别在花、根和假鳞茎中表达量最高,在叶片中的表达呈周期性变化趋势,且在长、短日照条件下表达的峰值及时间均存在差异,在花芽分化时期的叶片中表达量均显著上调。研究表明,OnCOL2、OnCOL8与OnCOL9基因均受到生物钟和日长调节,在光周期途径中,可能通过上调它们的表达以促进文心兰花芽的形成。该研究结果为进一步研究基因功能及光周期调控文心兰开花机制奠定了基础。     

从菠菜叶绿体分离纯化Fd-NADP还原酶

叶绿体光合电子传递链光系统I(PSI)还原端的成员,包括非血红铁硫蛋白Ferredoxin(Fd)和Fd—NADP~+还原酶。此酶是一种水溶性的黄素蛋白,它调节光还原的Fd到NADP~+之间的电子传递,暗中催化Fd和 NADP~+的可逆氧化还原,故又称作Fd—NADP~+氧化还原酶,它又有转氢作用,通过此酶可还原 NAD,FMN,FAD,吲哚染料等。还原酶和 Fd,NADP~+有强亲和力,Fd和 NADP~+以1:1的比例与还原酶形成复合物。还原酶的分子量为40000,含1FAD/分子蛋白,是一电子或二电子受体。     

文心兰试管苗分化及育苗技术研究

文心兰原球茎分化苗过渡驯化培养试验表明,改良1号+椰子汁100g/L的培养基有利于原球茎分化成苗,能促进分化苗生长健壮、整齐度好。壮苗与生根培养试验表明,以改良1号为基本培养基,加入香蕉泥100g/L、活性炭1g/L,在较强光照(2 000~3 000 lx)下培养,植株各项生长指标表现较好,有利于后期炼苗成活;以三角瓶为定瓶容器培养,植株接种效率最高、污染率最低;选取3cm高的植株定瓶,可显著提高文心兰工厂化组培育苗的工作效率。     

超声波处理对文心兰类原球茎增殖及分化的影响

采用不同频率不同时间超声波处理文心兰类原球茎(PLBs)和无菌苗,以探讨适宜的类原球茎增殖、分化及生根条件,结果表明:25 kHz超声波处理组PLBs平均增殖率比40 kHz超声波处理组高23.4%,其中25 kHz超声波处理3 min促进PLBs增殖效果较佳,PLBs平均增殖率比对照高49.5%;25 kHz超声波处理组PLBs平均分化芽数比40 kHz超声波处理组高28.3%,其中25 kHz超声波处理6 min促进分化效果较佳,平均分化芽数比对照高98.8%,25 KHz超声波处理组无菌苗平均根长与平均根数比40 kHz处理组高10.1%和13.6%,其中25 KHz超声波处理3 min促进生根效果较佳,无菌苗平均根长与平均根数比对照组高75.0%和37.5%.     

文心兰FT同源基因的克隆及其表达分析

FT(Flowering Locus T)及其同源基因被认为是植物开花、花发育相关的重要基因。为了深入研究FT同源基因的功能以及文心兰开花的分子机理,该研究以文心兰品种‘金辉’为试验材料,基于转录组测序结果,克隆获得‘金辉’FT同源基因,命名为OnFT(GenBank登录号为MK967676)。OnFT基因编码区长度为537 bp,共编码178个氨基酸;生物信息学分析表明,该蛋白质分子量约为19.99 kD,可能是一种亲水性不稳定蛋白质,属于PEBP家族蛋白;基于FT的系统进化分析表明,文心兰与同科植物桃红蝴蝶兰的亲缘关系较近。qRT-PCR分析结果显示,OnFT在文心兰不同组织的表达差异较大,在花中表达量最高,在根中几乎不表达;OnFT基因在幼嫩花芽中的表达量较低,并且在花的成熟过程中逐渐增加;OnFT基因在叶片和假鳞茎中的表达量随成熟度的增长均呈先上升后降低的变化趋势,在中苗期的叶片和抽芽期的假鳞茎中表达量较高。     

The Sweet Pepper Ferredoxin-Like Protein (pflp) Conferred Resistance Against Soft Rot Disease in Oncidium Orchid

Genetic engineering to date has not been used to introduce disease resistance genes into the orchid gene pool. The ferredoxin-like protein gene originally isolated from sweet pepper is thought to function as a natural defense against infection due to its antimicrobial properties. Hence it was reasoned that introduction of this gene might produce Oncidium plants resistant to Erwinia carotovora, the causal agent for the soft rot disease. An expression vector containing sweet pepper ferredoxin-like protein (pflp) cDNA, hph and gusA coding sequence was successfully transformed into protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Oncidium orchid, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105. A total of 17 independent transgenic orchid lines was obtained, out of which six transgenic lines (-glucuronidase (GUS) positive) were randomly selected and confirmed by Southern, northern and western blot analyses. A bioassay was conducted on the transgenic lines. Transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance to E. carotovora, even when the entire plant was challenged with the pathogen. Our results suggest that pflp may be an extremely useful gene for genetic engineering strategies in orchids to confer resistance against soft rot disease.     

Ectopically expressed sweet pepper ferredoxin PFLP enhances disease resistance to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum affected by harpin and protease‐mediated hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis

Plant ferredoxin‐like protein (PFLP) is a photosynthesis‐type ferredoxin (Fd) found in sweet pepper. It contains an iron–sulphur cluster that receives and delivers electrons between enzymes involved in many fundamental metabolic processes. It has been demonstrated that transgenic plants overexpressing PFLP show a high resistance to many bacterial pathogens, although the mechanism remains unclear. In this investigation, the PFLP gene was transferred into Arabidopsis and its defective derivatives, such as npr1 (nonexpresser of pathogenesis‐related gene 1) and eds1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1) mutants and NAHG‐transgenic plants. These transgenic plants were then infected with the soft‐rot bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, ECC) to investigate the mechanism behind PFLP‐mediated resistance. The results revealed that, instead of showing soft‐rot symptoms, ECC activated hypersensitive response (HR)‐associated events, such as the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), electrical conductivity leakage and expression of the HR marker genes (ATHSR2 and ATHSR3) in PFLP‐transgenic Arabidopsis. This PFLP‐mediated resistance could be abolished by inhibitors, such as diphenylene iodonium (DPI), 1‐l ‐trans‐epoxysuccinyl‐leucylamido‐(4‐guanidino)‐butane (E64) and benzyloxycarbonyl‐Val‐Ala‐Asp‐fluoromethylketone (z‐VAD‐fmk), but not by myriocin and fumonisin. The PFLP‐transgenic plants were resistant to ECC, but not to its harpin mutant strain ECCAC5082. In the npr1 mutant and NAHG‐transgenic Arabidopsis, but not in the eds1 mutant, overexpression of the PFLP gene increased resistance to ECC. Based on these results, we suggest that transgenic Arabidopsis contains high levels of ectopic PFLP; this may lead to the recognition of the harpin and to the activation of the HR and other resistance mechanisms, and is dependent on the protease‐mediated pathway.     

AtWRKY63基因过表达拟南芥对核盘菌抗性的研究

为研究草酸在核盘菌致病过程中可能的作用,以模式植物拟南芥为材料,采用30mmol/L草酸喷施3周龄拟南芥,发现草酸显著诱导拟南芥AtWRKY63的表达。通过构建AtWRKY63过表达载体转化拟南芥,获得过表达AtWRKY63的纯系转基因植株,再用核盘菌活体接种拟南芥,结果表明过表达AtWRKY63植株对核盘菌的抗性显著增强。组织化学染色结果表明,AtWRKY63是通过诱导植物的氧爆发,抑制核盘菌菌丝的生长来抵御核盘菌的侵染;qRT-PCR对拟南芥转录水平分析表明,AtWRKY63可能激活了过表达植株的水杨酸与茉莉酸依赖的抗病信号途径,从而增强对核盘菌的抗性。     

OsIMA1增强水稻对镉逆境的适应性

铁(Fe)是植物生长发育所必需的营养元素而镉(Cd)是对植物有害的元素且对植物Fe和Cd的吸收存在拮抗作用。OsIMA是一类正调控水稻Fe吸收的一类小肽,其过表达可以促进Fe的积累。为探究OsIMA是否参与水稻对Cd胁迫的适应性,该研究以水稻为研究材料,利用荧光定量PCR分析了OsIMA基因的表达水平,通过遗传转化和CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建了OsIMA1过表达植物和ima1突变体植物,评估了OsIMA1过表达和突变体植物在Cd逆境条件下的株高,并利用电联耦合等离子体质谱法测量了根和地上部的Fe和Cd含量。结果表明:(1)Cd处理后,OsIMA1和OsIMA2的转录水平上调。(2)OsIMA1过表达植物比野生型植物对Cd胁迫更耐受。(3)ima1功能缺失突变体比野生型植物对Cd胁迫更敏感。(4)OsIMA1过表达植株根系的Cd含量较高,而ima1突变体植株地上部的Cd含量较高。综上所述,OsIMA1通过限制Cd从根向地上部的转运以增强水稻对Cd逆境的适应能力,该研究结果为定向培育耐Cd作物提供了理论参考。     

Overexpression of (At)NPR1 in rice leads to a BTH- and environment-induced lesion-mimic/cell death phenotype

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense response that protects plants against a broad spectrum of pathogens. A central regulator of SAR in Arabidopsis is NPR1 (nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes). In rice, overexpression of Arabidopsis NPR1 enhances plant resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. This report demonstrates that overexpression of (At)NPR1 in rice also triggers a lesion-mimic/cell death (LMD) phenotype. The LMD phenotype is environmentally regulated and heritable. In addition, the development of lesions and death correlates with the expression of rice defense genes and the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Application of the salicylic acid (SA) analog, benzo(1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioc acid S-methyl ester (BTH), potentiates this phenotype Endogenous SA levels are reduced in rice overexpressing (At)NPR1 when compared with wildtype plants, supporting the idea that (At)NPR1 may perceive and modulate the accumulation of SA. The association of (At)NPR1 expression in rice with the development of an LMD phenotype suggests that (At)NPR1 has multiple roles in plant stress responses that may affect its efficacy as a transgenic tool for engineering broad-spectrum resistance.     

Inactivation of pqq genes of Enterobacter intermedium 60-2G reduces antifungal activity and induction of systemic resistance

Enterobacter intermedium 60-2G, a phosphate solubilizing bacterium, has the ability to induce systemic resistance in plants against soft rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora. Glucose dehydrogenase, an enzyme that utilizes pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as a cofactor, is required for the synthesis of gluconic acid by E. intermedium 60-2G. Here, we report that the pqqA and pqqB genes are required for phosphate solubilization and induced systemic resistance against a soft rot pathogen in tobacco. Mutations in either the pqqA or pqqB gene abolished the production of 2-ketogluconic acid and eliminated the ability of E. intermedium to solubilize hydroxyapatite. Addition of gluconic acid to the growth media restored the ability of the pqqA mutant to produce 2-ketogluconic acid. Interestingly, both pqqA and pqqB mutants of E. intermedium lost their ability to inhibit the growth of the rice pathogen Magnaporthe grisea KI-409. Additionally, induced systemic resistance against the soft rot pathogen was attenuated in the pqq mutants. These functions were restored by complementation with the wild-type pqq gene cluster. Our findings suggest that PQQ plays an important function in beneficial traits including phosphate solubilization, antifungal activity, and induced systemic resistance of E. intermedium, possibly by acting as a cofactor for several enzymes including glucose dehydrogenase.     

Involvement of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase for improved tolerance against drought stress

In order to understand the role of cytosolic antioxidant enzymes in drought stress protection, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) plants overexpressing cytosolic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (cytsod) (EC 1.15.1.1) or ascorbate peroxidase (cytapx) (EC 1.11.1.1) alone, or in combination, were produced and tested for tolerance against mild water stress. The results showed that the simultaneous overexpression of Cu/Znsod and apx or at least apx in the cytosol of transgenic tobacco plants alleviates, to some extent, the damage produced by water stress conditions. This was correlated with higher water use efficiency and better photosynthetic rates. In general, oxidative stress parameters, such as lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, and H(2)O(2) levels, were higher in non-transformed plants than in transgenic lines, suggesting that, at the least, overexpression of cytapx protects tobacco membranes from water stress. In these conditions, the activity of other antioxidant enzymes was induced in transgenic lines at the subcellular level. Moreover, an increase in the activity of some antioxidant enzymes was also observed in the chloroplast of transgenic plants overexpressing cytsod and/or cytapx. These results suggest the positive influence of cytosolic antioxidant metabolism on the chloroplast and underline the complexity of the regulation network of plant antioxidant defences during drought stress.