麦玉两熟高产农田生态系统氮素的合理调控：以山东省桓台县冬？…

探讨了麦玉两熟高产农田生态系统中化肥氮与有机肥之间的交互作用,并提出了安全合理的施Ｎ量,种植制度为冬小麦套种夏玉米,试验处理设氮肥（尿素）４个水平,有机肥（鸡粪）３个水平,采用了裂区试验设计,以有机肥为主区,氮肥为副区,结果表明在供热条件下,化肥氮与有机肥之间有显著的负交互作用,建议３００ｋｇ·ｈｍ＾－２作为供试条件下冬小麦套种夏玉米高产农田生态系统全年安全合理施Ｎ量。     

麦玉两熟高产农田生态系统氮素的合理调控──以山东省桓台县冬小麦套种夏玉米系统为例

探讨了麦玉两熟高产农田生态系统中化肥氮与有机肥之间的交互作用,并提出了安全合理的施N量。种植制度为冬小麦套种夏玉米,试验处理设氮肥(尿素)4个水平、有机肥(鸡粪)3个水平;采用了裂区试验设计,以有机肥为主区,氮肥为副区。结果表明在供试条件下,化肥氮与有机肥之间有显着的负交互作用;建议300kg·hm^-2作为供试条件下冬小麦套种夏玉米高产农田生态系统全年安全合理施N量.     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮的适宜含量

采用冬小麦季不同施氮处理(夏玉米季不施氮)研究了华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系夏玉米季土壤硝态氮的适宜含量.结果表明:在播前土壤无机氮含量较高的条件下,冬小麦季施用150kgN.hm-2即可满足冬小麦/夏玉米两季作物的氮素需求;各氮肥处理在冬小麦季的氮肥施用当季的利用率仅为11%～23%,在夏玉米季氮肥残效利用率则高达30%～52%.当夏玉米播前0～90cm土层硝态氮含量达到82kg.hm-2时,无需施氮即可保证夏玉米十叶期的生长,达到151kg.hm-2时,无需施氮即可保证整个生育期的生长.夏玉米十叶期和收获后0～90cm土层硝态氮含量低于46和65kg.hm-2时,则影响作物正常生长.综合考虑产量和环境效应,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中0～90cm土层硝态氮含量应控制在65～151kg.hm-2之间.     

不同的土壤培肥措施对低肥力农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

为了研究华北农田生态系统化肥、秸秆还田和有机肥等培肥措施对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响,在山东省桓台县冬小麦套种夏玉米种植模式下的低肥力生产系统中设置了田间试验。田间试验设7个处理,依序为:①全还 化肥(小麦秸杆 玉米秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a)),②全还 化肥 有机肥(小麦秸杆 玉米秸杆还田 有机肥),③麦还 化肥(小麦秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a)),④麦还 化肥 有机肥(小麦秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a) 有机肥),⑤化肥(600kgN/(hm2.a)),⑥麦还双倍 化肥(加倍小麦秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a)),⑦不施肥(对照)。1998年4月至1998年11月田间取样测定了土壤的微生物生物量碳。试验结果显示:在整个试验阶段提高施肥水平微生物生物量碳都明显增加。单施化肥可以增加土壤的微生物生物量碳,有机物配合施用化肥作用更加明显。不同秸秆还田方式(全还、双倍麦还和麦还)对微生物生物量碳影响的季节变化较大。有机肥对提高土壤微生物生物量碳的作用是很明显的。从微生物生物量碳的全年平均值来看,全还 化肥 有机肥处理>麦还 化肥 有机肥处理>全还 化肥处理>双倍麦还 化肥处理>麦还 化肥处理>化肥处理>对照。因此,低肥力的农田生态系统中最好的培肥措施是化肥配施有机物。     

有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦产量和硝态氮残留淋失的影响

针对渭北旱塬氮肥施用不合理的问题,通过不同氮肥用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg N·hm^-2)与有机肥(30 t·hm^-2)配施,明确渭北旱塬麦田配施有机肥条件下合理的氮肥用量以及配施有机肥的减氮增产作用和对硝态氮残留淋失的影响.结果表明: 与单施化肥处理相比,有机无机肥配施可以在减少27.1%的氮肥用量情况下,提高14.7%的小麦籽粒产量,其中,施氮量150 kg·hm^-2配施有机肥处理的产量最高;有机无机肥配施可以促进小麦籽粒氮素吸收,氮肥利用率提高20.2%,尤其当氮肥用量为150 kg·hm^-2时,氮肥利用率达到最高值(42.0%);配施有机肥还能减少氮肥当季残留量和小麦生育期硝态氮向深层土壤淋溶,降低夏闲期淋失层硝态氮的淋失比例,当施氮量低于115 kg·hm^-2时,配施有机肥可以降低夏闲期硝态氮淋失量.基于本研究,推荐渭北旱塬在配施有机肥30 t·hm^-2的基础上,氮肥用量150 kg·hm^-2左右可实现小麦高产,提高氮肥利用率,防止氮肥过量残留.     

渭北旱塬兼顾冬小麦产量和环境效益的农田适宜氮肥用量

为了明确渭北旱区兼顾冬小麦产量和环境效益的农田系统适宜氮肥用量,通过连续3年的田间试验,研究了冬小麦产量、氮肥利用效率、氮素表观损失和土壤氮素平衡对施氮量的响应.结果表明: 随着氮肥用量的增加,不同年份冬小麦产量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而累计氮肥表观利用率表现为显著降低趋势,3季冬小麦均在施氮150 kg·hm^-2时达到相对较高的产量和氮肥表观利用率;随着施氮量的增加,氮肥残留显著增加,当施氮量在75～150 kg·hm^-2时,表观损失量和损失率变化不明显,而施氮超过150 kg·hm^-2,表观损失量和损失率显著增加.综合考虑保证冬小麦既可获得相对较高的产量和氮肥利用率,又能保持收获前后土壤硝态氮库的基本稳定,同时也可将氮肥表观损失降至较低水平,150 kg·hm^-2是渭北旱区冬小麦较为合理的施氮量.     

减氮配施不同种类有机肥对玉米物质分配、转运与产量的影响

为倡导减量施用化学氮肥,探索科学施肥模式,以达到绿色、稳产、高产的种植目标,通过田间试验,以空白处理(CK0)、常规施氮(CK1)为对照,设置减氮比例和配施有机肥两因素试验,减氮比例设减氮20%(A1)、减氮40%(A2);配施有机肥设:不配施有机肥(B0)、配施普通有机肥(B1)、配施生物有机肥(B2),研究了减氮配施不同种类有机肥对玉米物质积累分配、转运及产量的影响,为玉米化学氮肥减量增效技术提供科学依据。结果表明:随化学氮肥施用量的减少,玉米干物质积累量及产量降低;配施有机肥显著提高了干物质积累量、籽粒分配比例、吐丝后干物质对籽粒的贡献率和产量;减氮20%配施普通有机肥、生物有机肥处理较不配施有机肥处理,两年干物质积累量平均分别提高了31.38%和46.29%(P<0.05);产量分别提高了19.57%和23.78%,较常规施氮处理产量分别提高了7.15%和10.95%;减氮40%配施普通有机肥、生物有机肥处理较不配施有机肥处理,两年干物质积累量平均分别提高了19.68%和35.13%;产量分别提高了6.33%和7.48%(P<0.05),而产量较常规施氮处理分别降低了10.42%和9.44%(P<0.05);适量减氮并配施有机肥可促进玉米物质积累,改善穗部性状,最终提高产量;本试验条件下,配施1500 kg·hm^-2有机肥可实现化学氮肥减量20%并使玉米增产,且配施生物有机肥增产效果最好。     

有机肥对陇东黄土旱塬冬小麦产量和土壤养分的调控效应

以冬小麦'陇鉴301'为材料,在大田条件下于2005～2008年在甘肃陇东旱塬研究了不同有机肥料对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:不同化肥有机肥料配施处理对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率和土壤养分含量有明显的调控效应,并以氮磷化肥与生物有机肥配施处理表现最佳,其籽粒产量、水分利用效率和土壤养分含量最高.与单施化肥对照相比,氮磷化肥配施生物有机肥处理3年平均籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别显著增加17.53%和16.42%,3年平均土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别提高11.4%、8.9%、0.2%、19.7%.因此,氮磷化肥与生物有机肥配施可以有效改善陇东黄土旱塬区农田土壤肥力,提高冬小麦水分利用效率,显著增加冬小麦产量,可能是该区农田目前最佳的施肥方式.     

不同土壤培肥措施对华北高产农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

为研究华北高产农田生态系统中化肥、有机肥和秸秆还田等培肥措施对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响,在山东省桓台县冬小麦套种夏玉米的种植模式下设置了田间试验。田间试验设10个处理,依序为:①全还(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田),②麦还(小麦秸秆还田),③全还 化肥1(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 600kgN/(hm2·a)),④麦还 化肥1(小麦秸秆还田 600kgN/(hm2·a)),⑤全还 化肥2(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 480kgN/*hm2·a)),⑥麦还 化肥2(小麦秸秆还田 480kgN/(hm2·a)),⑦全还 化肥3(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 720kgN/(hm2·a)),⑧麦还 化肥3(小麦秸秆还田 720kgN/(hm2·a)),⑨全还 化肥1 有机肥(小麦秸秆 玉米秸秆还田 600kgN/(hm2·a) 有机肥)和⑩化肥1(600kgN/(hm2·a))。1998年4月至1998年11月田间取样测定了土壤的微生物生物量碳。试验结果表明:在高投入的高肥力农业生态系统中,单施化肥土壤的微生物生物量碳下降,化肥抑制了土壤微生物的活性,但是由于有机物的投入,这种抑制作用会减弱。化肥和秸秆还田配合施用时,增量和减量化肥对微生物生物量碳的影响不明显,秸秆还田配合施用化肥能够明显减弱化肥对微生物的抑制作用。有机肥对微生物生物量的促进作用是很明显的。不同秸秆还田方式对微生物生物量碳的影响季节变化较大,但从全年平均值来看全还处理对土壤微生物量碳的影响大于麦还处理。试验中不同处理间微生物量碳有下列趋势:化肥1<麦还 化肥1<麦还 化肥2<全还 化肥2<麦还 化肥3<全还 化肥1<全还 化肥3<麦还<全还<全还 化肥1 有机肥。因此,在高投入集约化的高肥力农田生态系统中,提倡秸秆还田和多施有机肥。     

冬小麦／夏玉米轮作体系中土壤氮素矿化及预测

应用田间试验结果研究了冬小麦和夏玉米生长期的土壤氮素矿化量,并用间隙淋洗好气培养试验结合一级动力学模型对田间氮素矿化量进行了预测。结果表明,土壤氮素矿化量在年际间和作物间的变异很大,夏玉米季一般高于冬小麦季,从而导致夏玉米季施用氮肥的增产作用不明显,冬小麦季矿化量占当季作物最高吸氮量的31％～60％,夏玉米季占62％～108％,加上起始Nmin的供氮,造成了作物产量尤其是夏玉米产量对施入氮肥反应不明显,土壤氮素净矿化量均随土壤供氮量的增加而显著减少,在一般供氮量范围内(0～300kgN·hm^-2)均表现为净矿化,一级动力学模型只能预测作物整个生育期土壤氮素矿化总的趋势,并不能反映某一阶段矿化量的变化,但模型能在种植作物以前估计出土壤氮素净矿化量,从这个意义上说,模型的预测作用仍是不可低估的。     

Subcellular localization of proteases in wheat and corn mesophyll protoplasts

Mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from the leaves of wheat and corn seedlings. After purification the protoplasts were judged to be free of contaminating proteases in the isolation enzymes based on specific activity of the proteases in comparison to leaf tissue and their response to inhibitors that “differentiated” between leaf and isolation enzyme proteases. Wheat protoplasts showed rates of photosynthesis of 95 to 100 micromoles O₂ per milligram chlorophyll per hour, while corn exhibited rates of 35 to 85 micromoles O₂ per milligram chlorophyll per hour, indicating the intactness of the chloroplasts within the protoplasts. These chloroplasts were isolated from the protoplasts using the procedure of Robinson and Walker (1979 Arch Biochem Biophys 196: 319-323). Yields of 91 and 82% intact chloroplasts were obtained from wheat and corn, respectively, based on the distribution of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in wheat and NADP-malate dehydrogenase in corn. Vacuoles were obtained from the protoplasts using a modification of the techniques of Wagner and Siegelman (1975 Science 190: 1298-1299) and Saunders (1979 Plant Physiol 64: 74-78). The vacuoles were at least 98% free of protoplast contamination as determined by assaying for “marker” enzymes of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Assuming one vacuole per protoplast, the vacuoles contained 4% of the soluble protein of the protoplasts in wheat and 8% in corn. All the proteolytic activity associated with the degradation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the protoplasts could be accounted for by that localized within the vacuoles. Although the isolated chloroplasts always retained about 13% of the proteolytic activity of the protoplasts, this could be accounted for by that which became associated with the chloroplasts during their isolation.     

Fate of Escherichia coli during ensiling of wheat and corn

A recombinant Escherichia coli strain carrying a plasmid with an antibiotic resistance marker and expressing the green fluorescent protein was inoculated at a concentration of 3.8 x 10(8) CFU/g into direct-cut wheat (348 g of dry matter kg(-1)), wilted wheat (450 g of dry matter kg(-1)), and corn (375 g of dry matter kg(-1)). The forages were ensiled in mini-silos. The treatments included control (no E. coli added), application of tagged E. coli, and delayed sealing of the inoculated wheat. Three silos per treatment were sampled on predetermined dates, and the numbers of E. coli were determined on Chromocult TBX medium with or without kanamycin. Colonies presumptively identified as E. coli were also tested for fluorescence activity. Addition of E. coli at the time of ensiling resulted in a more rapid decrease in the pH but had almost no effect on the chemical composition of the final silages or their aerobic stability. E. coli disappeared from the silages when the pH decreased below 5.0. It persisted longer in silages of wilted wheat, in which the pH declined more slowly. Control silages of all crops also contained bacteria, presumptively identified as E. coli, that were resistant to the antibiotic, which suggests that some epiphytic strains are naturally resistant to antibiotics.     

麦秸翻压还田对隔茬冬小麦旗叶抗性的生理效应

为了揭示秸秆翻压还田对冬小麦旗叶叶片衰老及抗性指标的变化规律,试验设置4个小麦秸秆翻压还田量(0、4500、6000、7500kg/hm2),测定分析了冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及可溶性蛋白质含量等抗性指标。结果表明,秸秆还田可明显减缓冬小麦植株衰老过程中叶片叶绿素的降解和光合速率下降,并有效调节叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性下降、可溶性蛋白质含量下降和丙二醛(MDA)含量的增加,延缓了冬小麦生育后期叶片的衰老;通过对各抗性指标与光合速率的相关性分析表明,各抗性指标在抑制冬小麦衰老过程中的作用大小依次为:丙二醛>可溶性蛋白质>POD活性>SOD的活性(丙二醛-0.999**;可溶性蛋白质0.997**;POD活性0.976*;SOD活性0.954*)。综合各处理的抗性指标得出,处理Ⅲ(6000kg/hm2)在提高作物后期抗逆性能力方面表现较好,处理Ⅳ(7500kg/hm2)表现较差。     

Modeling biophysical controls on canopy foliage water 18O enrichment in wheat and corn

Leaf water ¹⁸O enrichment is an important factor controlling the H₂¹⁸O, C¹⁸OO, and O¹⁸O exchanges between the biosphere and the atmosphere. At present, there is limited capacity to explain the enrichment mechanisms in field conditions. In this study, three models of varying complexity were used to simulate the leaf water ¹⁸O enrichment at the canopy scale. Comparisons were made among the models and with high‐frequency isotopic measurements of ecosystem water pools in wheat and corn. The results show that the steady state assumption was a better approximation for ecosystems with lower canopy resistance, that it is important to consider the effect of leaf water turnover in modeling the enrichment and not necessary to deal with time changes in leaf water content, and that the leaf‐scale Péclet effect was incompatible with the big‐leaf modeling framework for canopy‐air interactions. After turbulent diffusion has been accounted for in an apparent kinetic factor parameterization, the mean ¹⁸O composition of the canopy foliage water was a well‐behaved property predictable according to the principles established by leaf‐scale studies, despite substantial variations in the leaf water enrichment with leaf and canopy positions. In the online supplement we provided a discussion on the observed variability of leaf water ¹⁸O composition with leaf and canopy positions and on the procedure for correcting isotopic measurements for organic contamination.     

High Plains wheat mosaic virus: An enigmatic disease of wheat and corn causing the High Plains disease

Brief historyIn 1993, severe mosaic and necrosis symptoms were observed on corn (maize) and wheat from several Great Plains states of the USA. Based on the geographical location of infections, the disease was named High Plains disease and the causal agent was tentatively named High Plains virus. Subsequently, researchers renamed this virus as maize red stripe virus and wheat mosaic virus to represent the host and symptom phenotype of the virus. After sequencing the genome of the pathogen, the causal agent of High Plains disease was officially named as High Plains wheat mosaic virus. Hence, High Plains virus, maize red stripe virus, wheat mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) are synonyms for the causal agent of High Plains disease.TaxonomyHigh Plains wheat mosaic virus is one of the 21 definitive species in the genus Emaravirus in the family Fimoviridae.VirionThe genomic RNAs are encapsidated in thread‐like nucleocapsids in double‐membrane 80–200 nm spherical or ovoid virions.Genome characterizationThe HPWMoV genome consists of eight single‐stranded negative‐sense RNA segments encoding a single open reading frame (ORF) in each genomic RNA segment. RNA 1 is 6,981‐nucleotide (nt) long, coding for a 2,272 amino acid protein of RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase. RNA 2 is 2,211‐nt long and codes for a 667 amino acid glycoprotein precursor. RNA 3 has two variants of 1,439‐ and 1,441‐nt length that code for 286 and 289 amino acid nucleocapsid proteins, respectively. RNA 4 is 1,682‐nt long, coding for a 364 amino acid protein. RNA 5 and RNA 6 are 1,715‐ and 1,752‐nt long, respectively, and code for 478 and 492 amino acid proteins, respectively. RNA 7 and RNA 8 are 1,434‐ and 1,339‐nt long, code for 305 and 176 amino acid proteins, respectively.Biological propertiesHPWMoV can infect wheat, corn (maize), barley, rye brome, oat, rye, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and foxtail barley. HPWMoV is transmitted by the wheat curl mite and through corn seed.Disease managementGenetic resistance against HPWMoV in wheat is not available, but most commercial corn hybrids are resistant while sweet corn varieties remain susceptible. Even though corn hybrids are resistant to virus, it still serves as a green bridge host that enables mites to carry the virus from corn to new crop wheat in the autumn. The main management strategy for High Plains disease in wheat relies on the management of green bridge hosts. Cultural practices such as avoiding early planting can be used to avoid mite buildup and virus infections.     

Ensiling whole-crop wheat and corn in large containers with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri

The effect of applying Lactobacillus buchneri, alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum, at ensiling, on the aerobic stability of wheat and corn silages was studied in 50-l plastic containers. Treatments comprised control (no additives), L. plantarum, L. buchneri and a combination of L. plantarum+L. buchneri. After 3 months of storage, the wheat silages treated with L. buchneri had higher acetic acid contents than the control or L. plantarum-treated silages, and were free of mold, whereas the top layers of the control or L. plantarum-treated silages were moldy. In an aerobic stability test the L. buchneri-treated silages were stable, whereas those treated with L. plantarum deteriorated. In the corn silages the effects of L. buchneri were not as clear and the top layer was moldy in all silages. However, L. buchneri also improved the aerobic stability of the corn silage, as indicated by lower yeast numbers, less CO₂ production and stable pH. It is concluded that L. buchneri has a potential as a silage additive that protects the silage upon aerobic exposure. The 50-l plastic containers can serve as an appropriate model to test silage additives before conducting full-scale farm experiments. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 7–11 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000207 Received 17 April 2001/ Accepted in revised form 25 August 2001