茎瘤芥主要数量性状遗传力和遗传进度的初步研究

以23个茎瘤芥地方品种为试材估算了15个性状遗传力、遗传进度及遗传变异系数。结果表明各性状遗传力从大到小顺序为营养生长期、瘤茎膨大期、茎／叶、菜皮百分率、瘤茎产量、叶宽、瘤茎横径、出苗至瘤茎膨大始期、株鲜重、瘤茎纵径、叶长、菜形指数、开展度、瘤茎空心率、株高。瘤茎空心率、茎／叶、菜皮百分率和瘤茎产量的遗传变异较大,具有较大的选择潜力。在5％的选择率下,可获得较大的遗传进展。综合试验结果认为,瘤茎膨大期、营养生长期、茎／叶宜在早代进行一次性单株选择,菜皮百分率、瘤茎产量、叶宽等性状可适当加强早代选择。     

青天葵中氨基酸成分分析

<正> 青天葵为兰科植物毛唇芋兰Nervilia fordif(Hanoe)Schltr.的干燥叶,是广西名贵药材,历来靠采集野生入药。青天葵自然繁殖十分缓慢,每株每年只繁殖1—2株,单株产量极低,约O.1g干重,加上群众乱采滥挖,至使野生资源濒临灭绝,根本无法满足药用。近年我们进行了青天葵的人工栽培试验,已基本成功。关于青天葵的化学成分未见报道,我们首次对家种和野生青天葵中的游离氨基酸进行了分析。     

不同水稻品种在不同光照条件下的光合特性及干物质积累

对12个杂交水稻品种在两类生态条件下的光合特性及干物质积累进行了研究.结果表明：水稻适应环境的能力主要由其自身因素决定,品种之间存在较大差异.品种间的净光合速率和叶绿素含量差异均比生态区域间的差异更显著.产量与总干物质量和净光合速率呈显著正相关,决定系数R2分别为0.584和0.590,与茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率相关不显著.与低光强地区相比,高光强地区叶片厚度和干物质积累量增加,茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率降低.在光照充足的条件下,产量中来自于后期光合积累物质的比例较大;在光照不足的条件下,产量中来自于前期干物质积累及其转运的比例较大.     

不同水稻品种在不同光照条件下的光合特性及干物质积累

对12个杂交水稻品种在两类生态条件下的光合特性及干物质积累进行了研究.结果表明:水稻适应环境的能力主要由其自身因素决定,品种之间存在较大差异.品种间的净光合速率和叶绿素含量差异均比生态区域间的差异更显著.产量与总干物质量和净光合速率呈显著正相关,决定系数R²分别为0.584和0.590,与茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率相关不显著.与低光强地区相比,高光强地区叶片厚度和干物质积累量增加,茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率降低.在光照充足的条件下,产量中来自于后期光合积累物质的比例较大;在光照不足的条件下,产量中来自于前期干物质积累及其转运的比例较大.     

广西青天葵野生资源现状

以走访调查和实地调查相结合的方法对青天葵野生资源在广西的分布、药材品种、群落特征、资源蕴藏量等情况进行了调查。结果表明:青天葵在广西主要分布在石灰岩地区,其药材品种按商品规格分为小叶和大叶2种,小叶青天葵为该文的调查对象毛唇芋兰,大叶青天葵为同属植物毛叶青天葵,亦当作青天葵出售和使用;青天葵生长群落结构在不同产区略有差异;由于人为过度采挖和生态环境条件的变化,广西青天葵野生资源的分布面积逐年减缩,蕴藏量急剧减少。经调查,广西青天葵野生资源蕴藏量(鲜品)仅为4 815 kg。建议采取各种积极的措施保护青天葵野生资源,保证青天葵的可持续利用。     

胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa培育方法研究

【目的】为探索胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus高产培育新方法。【方法】胭脂虫的室内培养模式有采摘茎片培育模式和种植培育模式两种。本研究在采摘茎片模式下开展了培育环境构筑、平铺培育、接种方式、蔗糖培育等培育技术的研究;在种植模式下进行了接种方式、轮放培育和寄主高度控制的培育技术研究。【结果】探索出胭脂虫在两种模式下的新培育方法。【结论】在采摘茎片培育模式下,采用松针覆土保湿效果较好;平铺培育产量较高,值得推广;悬挂培育宜采用网兜内置谷草接种方式。蔗糖对胭脂虫有明显助食作用,喷洒适当浓度的蔗糖有助于提高胭脂虫的产量。在种植模式下,宜进行轮放培育,寄主植株高度控制在100 cm之内且茎片级数在4级之内,可避免植株倒伏及断离。采用纱网撒种方式,可节约接种环节中大量人力。     

茎瘤芥不同生长期植株营养特性及其与产量的关系

在涪陵区选取30个茎瘤芥种植农户,采用大田调查和室内化学分析方法,研究了茎瘤芥不同生长期（苗期、快速膨大期、采收期）叶片和茎瘤10种必需营养元素含量的变化特征及其与产量的关系。结果表明：茎瘤芥在整个生育期内,除K、S含量较高外,其余大、微量元素均在大多植物含量范围内;不同生育期茎瘤芥叶片、茎瘤中各养分含量变化具有明显的规律性,苗期叶片大量元素含量次序为N>K>Ca>P>S>Mg,快速膨大期和采收期叶片大量元素含量次序均为N>K>Ca>S>P>Mg,茎瘤中大量元素含量次序均为K>N>P>S>Ca>Mg,3个生长期叶片和茎瘤的微量元素含量,除快速膨大期茎瘤中略有不同（Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu）外,其余均为Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu;从苗期到快速膨大期再到采收期养分变化规律看,叶片中N、P、K、Fe、Cu和Zn含量呈降低趋势,而Ca、Mg、S和Mn则呈现先降低后升高的趋势,从快速膨大期到采收期茎瘤中除N、S、Fe和Cu元素呈降低趋势外,其余养分元素均呈上升趋势。从茎瘤芥不同器官养分含量高低看,快速膨大期和采收期叶片中N、P、K、Cu和Zn含量较茎瘤中低,而Ca、Fe和Mn含量的变化特点则相反,S和Mg差异较小,表明茎瘤芥不同部位对不同养分的敏感程度各异。相关分析表明,各生育期不同器官的Mg、Fe、Mn和Zn与产量呈显著或极显著的负相关关系,K、Cu与产量呈正的相关关系。通过逐步回归分析建立茎瘤芥各生育期植株营养元素与产量的回归预测模型,其中苗期叶片营养元素与产量的最优回归方程为Y= 36768 3583XK-6.328XFe-76.09XMn;快速膨大期叶片和茎瘤营养元素与产量的最优回归方程分别为Y=50458 21557XP 7925XCa-88092XMg-1145XCu和Y=32487 7294XK-116122XMg;采收期叶片和茎瘤营养元素与产量的最优回归方程分别为Y=36064 3413XK-30.15XFe和Y= 11791 7334XK-385XZn。因此,在茎瘤芥各生长期均应注意钾肥的合理施用,快速膨大期应重视磷肥的施用。而几种微量元素和镁素对茎瘤芥产量的负效应,则可通过增施充分腐熟的有机肥料加以调控。     

南药青天葵全球产地生态适宜性分析

搜集青天葵Nervilia fordii主产区及野生分布区的分布样点,应用药用植物全球产地生态适宜性区划信息系统(GMPGIS)对南药青天葵进行全球产地生态适宜性分析。对青天葵各生态因子进行聚类分析,得到青天葵在全球范围的生态适宜区和潜在的人工栽培区。中国、巴西、越南、老挝等11个国家和地区境内皆有青天葵生长的适宜区;其中适宜区面积最大的为中国,总面积为406 980.1 km~2,占全部面积的69%;青天葵在中国的适宜分布区主要位于广西、广东、福建、海南、云南等省(区)。GMPGIS分析结果为青天葵的人工栽培提供科学依据,有助于保护青天葵药用资源,以期促进稀缺药用资源青天葵的区划研究和人工栽培。     

南荻野生居群的表型多样性及土壤养分对其表型的影响

为明确中国南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)野生居群的分布及其表型多样性,该研究对54个南荻野生居群的8种表型性状的多样性进行分析,并测定其土壤pH和肥力指标,分析土壤对南荻部分重要表型的影响及其相互关系。结果表明:(1)8种表型性状在居群间和居群内都存在极显著差异(P0.01),且差异主要来自于居群内。(2)8种表型性状相互间具有明显的相关性,节数和茎粗与株高均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),分枝数和株高与干物质产量均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),茎密度与大部分性状呈负相关关系,而最大节长与除株高外的其他表型性状都无显著相关性。(3)8种表型性状可降维成4个主成分因子(产量因子、株型因子、茎密度因子和最大节长因子),其累计贡献率为84.436%。(4)54个南荻野生居群可聚为两类,第Ⅰ类材料包含23个居群,材料来自长江下游及长江东北部,其株高较矮、产量较低,但茎密度、最大节长较大;第Ⅱ类材料包含31个居群,材料来自洞庭湖及长江中下游和长江西北部,其植株高大、产量高,而茎密度和最大节长较小。(5)大多数南荻生长的土壤pH接近中性且肥力较差,土壤有机质含量、速效钾含量对南荻株高和产量的影响最大,其直接通径系数分别为0.443、0.318及0.429、0.259。     

甘蔗割手密远缘杂交后代产量性状的遗传及分离

利用甘蔗品种Co419与野生种割手密云南75-1-2远缘杂交,ROC25与远缘杂交后代云野02-356进行回交,分别获得F1和BC1群体,利用R软件,分析了两个群体全部真实性后代产量性状的遗传和分离表现.结果表明,杂交后代产量性状的广义遗传力皆较高,BC1群体株高、有效茎和蔗茎产量等性状的广义遗传力较F1群体有增大的趋势;主要性状均表现出明显的正态分布特性,产量因素与甘蔗产量、甘蔗有效茎数与株高表现出明显的正相关;F1株高、有效茎、蔗茎产量和宿根性表现出明显的超亲优势.     

Effects of different nutrient sources on plasticity of reproductive strategies in a monoecious species,Sagittaria graminea (Alismataceae)

Varied nutrient sources can influence the plasticity of reproductive strategies in monoecious species differently. We examined the plasticity of sexual and clonal reproductive components in distinct nutrient sources in a monoecious species, Sagittaria graminea Michx. The results showed that for aboveground reproductive components, in rich-phosphorus and low-nitrogen conditions, the species produced more male flowers, whereas female flowers did not significantly increase in number compared to low-phosphorus and low-nitrogen conditions (control). In rich-nitrogen and low-phosphorus conditions, the species produced more flowers, particularly female, and more seeds, compared to the control conditions. In the rich-nitrogen and rich-phosphorus conditions, plants increased male flowers, female flowers, total flower number, synchronously, as well as seed production. For the belowground reproductive components, in the rich-phosphorus conditions, the plants produced bigger corms than in the rich-nitrogen and control conditions, which further enhanced their competitiveness against companion species. In rich-nitrogen conditions, the plants produced more medium and small corms, and relatively more and longer stolons, which were useful in expansion and invasion of more space. Furthermore, the species displayed trade-off relationships between the aboveground and belowground reproductive components in unbalanced nutrient conditions (add-N or add-P). However, in low nutrient levels (control) or in nutrient abundant (add-N + P) conditions, there were no significant trade-off relationships between the aboveground and belowground reproductive components, based on quantities.     

Harvesting of Onion Grass,Romulea rosea L. by Sulphur‐crested Cockatoo,Cacatua galerita Latham

The harvesting of Onion Grass (Romulea rosea) corms by flocks of Sulphur‐crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) is well known. Individual birds and large flocks feed on the weed in pastures, grasslands and recreational turf. Flocks of Sulphur‐crested Cockatoo were observed feeding on Onion Grass at seven sites along the Maribyrnong River at Keilor, Victoria. Flock size and feeding habits were noted, as were the depth of corms, the time taken to remove corms from the ground and the number of eaten and lifted but uneaten corms. From the data collected, it was estimated that an individual bird can extract and eat about 200 plants per hour and that even a small flock can consume several thousand plants in a feeding session. Corms were typically within 20 mm of the soil surface and were removed primarily by the cockatoo with its beak, but the left foot was sometimes used to excavate the corm from the soil. Flock feeding sessions lasted from about 0.5 to 2.5 hours, but feeding by individual or pairs of birds was often shorter. Plants that had been removed from the soil appeared to have intact corms, but all that was left were the outer scales. Of the plants removed from the soil, only 6% had intact corms attached. The removal of large numbers of Onion Grass plants could impact on their population numbers over time if there was repeated annual harvesting.     

根茎型植物扁秆荆三棱对光照强度和养分水平的生长响应及资源分配策略

自然界中光照和养分因子常存在时空变化,对植物造成选择压力。克隆植物可通过克隆生长和生物量分配的可塑性来适应环境变化。尽管一些研究关注了克隆植物对光照和养分因子的生长响应,但尚未深入全面了解克隆植物对光照和养分资源投资的分配策略。以根茎型草本克隆植物扁秆荆三棱(Bolboschoenus planiculmis)为研究对象,在温室实验中,将其独立分株种植于由2种光照强度(光照和遮阴)和4种养分水平(对照、低养分、中养分和高养分)交叉组成的8种处理组合中,研究了光照和养分对其生长繁殖及资源贮存策略的影响。结果表明,扁秆荆三棱的生长、无性繁殖及资源贮存性状均受到光照强度的显著影响,在遮阴条件下各生长繁殖性状指标被抑制。且构件的数目、长度等特征对养分差异的可塑性响应先于其生物量积累特征。在光照条件下,高养分处理的总生物量、叶片数、总根茎分株数、长根茎分株数、总根茎长、芽长度、芽数量等指标大于其他养分处理,而在遮阴条件下,其在不同养分处理间无显著差异,表明光照条件可影响养分对扁秆荆三棱可塑性的作用,且高营养水平不能补偿由于光照不足而导致的生长能力下降。光照强度显著影响了总根茎、总球茎及大、中、小球茎的生物量分配,遮阴条件下,总生物量减少了对地下部分根茎和球茎的分配,并将有限的生物量优先分配给小球茎。总根茎的生物量分配未对养分发生可塑性反应,而随着养分增加,总球茎分配下降,说明在养分受限的环境中球茎的贮存功能可缓冲资源缺乏对植物生长的影响。在相同条件下,根茎生物量对长根茎的分配显著大于短根茎,以保持较高的繁殖能力;而总球茎对有分株球茎的生物量分配小于无分株球茎,表明扁秆荆三棱总球茎对贮存功能的分配优先于繁殖功能。研究为进一步理解根茎型克隆植物对光强及基质养分环境变化的生态适应提供了依据。     

DORMANCY OF GLADIOLUS CORMS VI. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE TREATMENT ON BREAKING DORMANCY OF GLADIOLUS CORMS STORED IN A STORAGE ROOM AND OF THOSE GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT DAY-LENGTH

A high temperature treatment at 35? for 5 days followed by alow temperature treatment at 0-5? for 25 days was given at fifteen-dayintervals to five groups each of two varieties (White Gold andCardinal Prince) stored in a storage room from September 27to November 26. The temperature treatment was apparently effectivefor sprouting of corms of both varieties at earlier period,but rather inhibitory at later period of dormancy. The plants of two varieties (Early Red and Spot Light) grownunder short day-length (9 hr) showed slightly earlier floweringand corm-forming than those grown under natural long day-length.These plants were harvested from July 1 to Septmber 1 at twentydayintervals, and sprouting of their corms with and without temperaturetreatment similar to the previous method was investigated. SpotLight corms did not sprout irrespective of temperature treatment.Early Red corms always sprouted earlier in the temperature-treatedlots, whereas they sprouted a little later in the non-treatedlots. The temperature treated corms grown under the short day-lengthshowed delaying and low percentage of sprouting. On the contrary,in the non-treated lots, sprouting of corms grown under thelong day-length was slower than those grown under the shortday-length. ¹Contribution No. 24 from Laboratory of Horticulture (Olericultureand Floriculture), Kyoto University. (Received May 23, 1960; )     

Studies with Liatris spicata Willd. 1. Effect of Temperature on Sprouting, Flowering and Gibberellin Content

Dormancy was induced during storage of Liatris spicata cormsgrown in Israeli summer conditions, but plants left in soilcontinued vegetative growth. Corms of winter-grown plants sproutedfreely. Treatment with GA₃ restored both sprouting and floweringin summer-grown corms, but in winter corms GA₂ was effectiveonly after corms were stored at low temperature. All the plantsflowered after 4 weeks at 2 °C and GA³ treatment. The content of gibberellins in the main bud of freshly excavatedcorms decreased during the first 18 d of storage but increasedto the initial level after 4 months of cold storage. The numberof flowering stems increased to 2.5 per corm when corms werecold-stored up to 75 d, but decreased with a longer storage. Liatris spicata, dormancy, flowering, gibberellin, sprouting     

The Edible Plant Dichelostemma capitatum: Its Vegetative Reproduction Response to Different Indigenous Harvesting Regimes in California

To more thoroughly understand the ecological effects of harvesting geophytes for food by American Indians, an investigation of the ethnobotany and population dynamics of Dichelostemma capitatum (blue dicks), an attractive source of nutrition to many California Indian groups was undertaken. Some cultural groups harvest the corms and replant the cormlets, spare plants, and harvest after seeding to ensure replenishment of seed. Some Indian elders equate judicious harvesting with the maintenance and enhancement of field populations of this geophyte. A field experiment was conducted to determine the degree to which differences in intensity and timing of harvest, with and without replanting of cormlets, have any effect on corm and cormlet production. We found that harvesting at 100% intensity, through digging up all plants and corms, and without replanting cormlets at the seed stage, significantly reduces numbers of corms and cormlets compared to the controls (no harvest). However, harvesting at 50% intensity, through digging up half of all plants and corms at the flowering or seed stages, without replanting cormlets, was not significantly different from the controls (no harvest). The results suggest that harvesting blue dicks corms with a digging stick in the latter way could yield a sustainable level of harvest. Indigenous harvesting and management regimes may offer some of the best examples of long-term uses and management of the regional flora without detriment to its biodiversity. Restorationists are urged to study and experimentally mimic indigenous disturbance regimes and their ecological effects known to occur historically in various ecosystems. In some cases, areas will greatly benefit from the reintroduction of management and harvesting regimes that authentically simulate ancient indigenous interactions.     

The induction of contractile roots in Gladiolus grandiflorus

The number of contractile roots formed in gladioli was inversely related to the depth of the planted corm. Below a certain depth, no contractile roots were produced. Large corms did not produce contractile roots at any planting depth but produced two or more small corms. Depth perception is a function of two independent mechanisms, namely, temperature fluctuations in the root-initiation zone and the amount of light perceived mainly by the upper sheath leaf, the length of which varies with planting depth. Various growth substances applied to the leaves or corms did not induce contractile roots in dark-grown plants but roots were induced by indole-3-butyric acid in both small and large corms grown at constant temperatures and light. Abscisic acid retarded the formation of contractile roots under inductive conditions.Abbreviations CR contractile root(s) - IBA indole-3-butyric acid     

Gladiolus “grassy top” disease recorded in Czechoslovakia and increased susceptibility of affected corms toFusarium sp.

Gladiolus “grassy top” disease was recorded in Czechoslovakia. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections prepared from dwarfed leaves sprouting in spring from corms of affected gladiolus plant showed a very high accumulation of mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) in sieve tubes. These corms were stored during the winter period in a cold glasshouse and their overground plant parts were removed only before planting in spring. In autumn, when the corms were dug up in the field, those of affected plants were mostly infected withFusarium sp. while those of apparently healthy ones were intact. This observation may indicate a conspicuously increased susceptibility of affected corms to the fungus.     

Induction and characterization of in vitro corms of diploid-taro

When in vitro plantlets were cultured in Murashige and Skoog liquid medium supplemented with 8–10% sucrose and 22–44 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, all of the stem explants formed corms. 170–850 μM paclobutrazol increased corm formation, whereas 1700 μM paclobutrazol inhibited corm development. Inclusion of 66 μM 6-benzylaminopurine in 170 μM paclobutrazol treatment resulted in smaller corms, and bigger corms formed in the combination of 1700 μM paclobutrazol and 66 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. No corms formed in 63–630 μM cycocel treatments. In vitro corm growth was also affected by the culture methods. Deep-layer agitated culture yielded corms of up to 2.03 g, with an average fresh weight of 0.7 g, 40 days after induction. In thin layer cultures, corms were up to 1.87 g, with an average fresh weight of 0.5 g. SDS-PAGE analysis of water-soluble proteins revealed changes of polypeptides with corm growth. Compared to smaller ones, corms over 0.2 g had higher dry matter, carbohydrate and anthocyanin content. These corms had a 99–100% survival rate upon transplanting directly to soil after storage at 4 °C for 10 months. This study indicates that the most economic production method of diploid taro seed corm is by thin-layer liquid culture in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 22–44 μM benzylaminopurine and 8–10% sucrose for 6 weeks. The formed corms can be stored at 4 °C up to 10 months and transplanted directly into soil without acclimatization. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Embryo origin and development in Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae)

Abstract

Fruit and seed set were obtained in the triploid Crocus sativus (saffron) either by hand crossing with pollen of the diploid C. cartwrightianus or by free pollination. The morphology of the capsules and seeds was similar in both Crocus species. The embryo is comparatively small, whereas the endosperm is formed of numerous layers of cells with hemicellulose-thickened walls and a cytoplasm containing few lipid and protein reserves. Seed germination gave rise to a white prophyll from which a green leaf emerged. At the base of this leaf, a small corm without tunics developed, which, after leaf desiccation, became dormant. These corms sown separately in pots were again capable of growth and emitted a single long green leaf. Vegetative development of new corms was similar in the diploid and hybrid saffron plants. In sites of past saffron cultivation the beds were found to contain degenerated corms and corms at different development stages. The absence of fruit and seed set in emasculated and self- and out-pollinated plants suggests that saffron does not form apomictic embryos.