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1.
Kenji Kawanaka 《International journal of primatology》1984,5(5):411-434
In order to characterize the social unit in chimpanzees, about which several conflicting views have been proposed, the proximity
matrix among 55 recognized chimpanzees and the range covered by each of them are examined, on the basis of data obtained at
the Mahale Mountains during 12 months in 1978–1979. It is shown once again that chimpanzees have a bisexual social unit (unit-group).
Two such unit-groups were detected in the study area. All animals belonged to one of the two unit-groups except a few cycling
females (and a juvenile male accompanied by his cycling mother) which were seen to associate alternately with members of two
neighboring unit-groups, covering a whole range of one or even two unit-groups. The problem of such females is discussed in
relation to the spatial relationships between the two unit-groups. Reexamining the membership of a unit-group, it is demonstrated
that a unit-group was most likely patrilineal. While nulliparous females transferred between unit-groups, parous females tended
to remain in a unit-group where they first gave birth to infants and to have several offspring therein. This appeared significant
for ensuring recruitment of members of the next generation to a patrilineal unit-group. Although some adult males left their
natal unit-group, they never joined the other. Male departure from a unit-group seemed to be forced by the other males and
to be the sociological equivalent of going into exile, which is unique in nonhuman primates. 相似文献
2.
Shigeo Uehara 《Primates; journal of primatology》1986,27(1):1-13
Sex differences in animal prey intake were revealed by fecal analysis among wild chimpanzees of the large-sized M-group (ca.
100 members) in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania: prime adult or old males feed more on vertebrates, while adult
females more onCamponotus ants. By contrast, such differences were not obvious in the neighboring, small-sized K-group (ca. 20–30 members), despite
the similar environment in which the two unit-groups lived. Such sex and group differences may be explained in terms of various
factors, either ecological or social, or both, but social factors seem most responsible in particular for the group differences.
It seems likely that increased capture rate of vertebrates per unit-group in the larger-sized M-group results in increased
per capita intake of meat among prime adult or old males. Also, the more frequent interactions among prime adult or old males
of M-group appear to reduce the frequency of theirCamponotus ant-fishing behavior. 相似文献
3.
The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Toshisada Nishida 《Primates; journal of primatology》1968,9(3):167-224
There are more than six large groups of wild chimpanzees in the study area, which is in the north-eastern part of the Mahali Mountains of Western Tanzainia. One of these groups was provisionized, that is, customarily fed sugar cane and bananas. The characteristics of the social group of wild chimpanzees are clarified by long-term observation of the baited population. The chimpanzees live in a clear-cut social unit which consists of adult males, adult females, and immature animals. The permanency, stable membership, and integrative nature of the unit-group were confirmed during the course of this study. The size of unit-groups ranges from 30 to 80 head.The unit-group generally splits up into temporary subgroups that repeat joining and parting. The size of the subgroups of the baited population ranges from one to 28 head, the mean being 8.1 head. The centralization of a unitgroup is mainly sustained by the high sociability of adult males. The random nature of the membership of subgroups is emphasized in this paper, although subgroups are usually composed by social bonds on the basis of similar age, sex, blood relationship, and/or sexual attraction.The inter-unit-group interaction is peaceful; the subordinate unit-group avoids the dominant one. The home ranges of unit-groups overlap each other extensively, the overlapping areas being used flexibly by both unit-groups on the basis of dominance-subordination relationship. The member-exchange among unit-groups may sometimes occur, but the extent of openness or closedness of a unit-group has not been well elucidated.The research has been financed by the Scientific Research Fund of the Ministry of Education and in part by the Wenner-Gren Foundation. 相似文献
4.
Captive female common voles (Microtus arvalis) had a clear social preference for familiar males in a standard preference test. Cohabitation for a short period resulted
in preferences for familiar partners, and females spent eight times more time in body contact with a familiar male than with
an unfamiliar male. Females also displayed stranger-directed aggression. Our results suggest that the common vole is a species
with selective partner preferences and a tendency to form tight social relationships and stable male–female associations. 相似文献
5.
D. Dudley Williams 《Aquatic Ecology》2007,41(2):309-317
Three main hypotheses have been put forward to explain size-assortative pairing in gammarid amphipods: microhabitat separation,
sexual selection and loading constraint. In order to determine which hypothesis best explains this phenomenon in the estuarine
species Gammarus zaddachi, I first measured the body lengths and dry weights of precopula pairs collected from two field sites with substantially different
current speeds. Second, I performed three laboratory experiments in order to estimate the importance of the following processes:
(1) male choice; (2) male–male competition and (3) male–female acceptability. The loading constraint hypothesis seemed best
supported by the data in that field-collected male G. zaddachi size correlated well with female size in precopula pairing in both fast and slow flowing water. In the laboratory, males
preferred females of their same size group (large versus small), and ‘won’ them in the male–male competition experiments.
Size-assortative pairing is thus likely a consequence of the loading constraints imposed upon these males by virtue of them
having to carry and manoeuvre their partners through flowing water, while attempting to maintain station in an optimal microhabitat.
Males may therefore forego the largest, most fecund females, in favour of a practicable payload (small male–large female pairings
were rare). However, there seems to be a lower limit to this selection, indicated by the high degree of cannibalism on small
females by large males. 相似文献
6.
Mewa Singh Tephillah Jeyaraj U. Prashanth Werner Kaumanns 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(1):167-176
Socioecology suggests that female distribution in space is determined by the distribution of food resources and the male distribution
is influenced by female distribution. Though studies have traditionally focused on females, males have received increasing
attention in recent years. We compared male–male relationships in lion-tailed macaques and bonnet macaques. Because bonnet
macaques have a high adult male:female sex ratio and are seasonal breeders whereas lion-tailed macaques have a low adult male:female
sex ratio and are largely aseasonal breeders, we predicted that bonnet macaque males would be spatially and socially more
tolerant of each other and would have less linear dominance relationships than lion-tailed macaques. We recorded male–male
and male–female relationships in 1 group of wild macaques of each species via scan sampling and 1–0 sampling. The results
revealed that lion-tailed macaque males largely remained at a distance from each other whereas bonnet macaque males remained
in close proximity to one another. Lion-tailed macaque males were more agonistic toward each other whereas bonnet macaque
males showed more affiliative interactions. The dominance hierarchy among lion-tailed macaque males was more linear than among
bonnet macaque males. Our data support the hypothesis that the study of spatial structuring, temporality of interactions,
and linearity of social relationships may contribute to a better understanding of macaque social systems. 相似文献
7.
Kenji Kawanaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1982,23(4):558-562
In the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, a case of encounter between chimpanzees of different unit-groups was observed in June 1979,
where two young adult males and two adult females of the M-group came across four adult females and a juvenile male of the
K-group. While the participants did not explicitly show any agonistic behavior but greeted and groomed each other, they repeatedly
defecated during the interactions. This clearly indicated that they were put under unusual strain, which could be considered
to be brought on because they were cognizant of that the opponents were not the members of their own unit-group. It can be
said, therefore, that in chimpanzees, even females identify themselves with a particular unit-group, and that a chimpanzee
unit-group should be regarded as a bisexual unit. 相似文献
8.
Scientists usually attribute sexual differences in sociality to sex-specific dispersal patterns and the availability of kin within the social group. In most primates, the dispersing sex, which has fewer kin around, is the less social sex. Chimpanzees fit well into the pattern, with highly social philopatric males and generally solitary dispersing females. However, researchers in West Africa have long suggested that female chimpanzees can be highly social. We investigated whether chimpanzees in the Taï Forest (Côte d’Ivoire) exhibit the expected sexual differences in 3 social parameters: dyadic association, party composition, and grooming interactions. Though we found a significant sexual difference in each of the 3 parameters, with males being more social than females, the actual values do not reveal striking differences between the sexes and do not support the notion of female chimpanzees as asocial: females had dyadic association indices comparable to mixed-sex dyads, spent ca. 82% of their time together with other adult chimpanzees, and had a comparable number of grooming partners. Further, female associations can be among the strongest bonds within the community, indicating that both sexes can have strongly favored association partners. The findings are in contrast to reports on East African chimpanzees, the females of which are mainly solitary and rarely interact with other females. Our results suggest that researchers cannot generally regard chimpanzee females as asocial and need to redefine models deriving patterns of sociality from dispersal patterns to integrate the possibility of high female sociality in male philopatric systems. 相似文献
9.
Hiroshi Ihobe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(2):163-179
Male-male relationships among wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) in two adjacent unitgroups (E1 and E2 groups), which were formed by division of the E group, were studied at Wamba, in the
Central Zaire Basin, by analyzing the proximity and social interactions among males. Dominant-subordinate relationships between
a male-male dyad were easily recognized from the directions of individual agonistic interactions. Male bonobos rarely joined
forces in aggression. Clear differences in social status existed between adult and adolescent male bonobos in both groups,
as reported in the case of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The presence of mothers in the unit-group greatly influenced the dominant-subordinate relationships among males through
strong mother-son bonds in both groups. However, the extent of the mother-son bonds differed between the groups. Males in
the E2 group participated more frequently in agonistic or affinitive interactions than did males in the E1 group. Males in
the E1 group were divided spatially into several clusters, while there were cohesive relationships among the adult males in
the E2 group. The difference in intensities of mother-son bonds between the groups may be explained by the distribution of
males at the time of the division of the E group. Differences in male-male relationships between bonobos and chimpanzees seem
to be related to differences in intra- and inter-unit-group competition among males between the two species. Male chimpanzees
may achieve coexistence by manipulating ambivalent relationships that are caused by intra- and inter-unit-group competition
among them, while male bonobos may achieve coexistence by decreasing intra- and inter-unit-group competition among them. 相似文献
10.
Susan Perry 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(1):51-70
During the course of a study of social relationships in wild, white-faced capuchins at Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rice (May 1990–May
1993), the alpha male was deposed by a subordinate male. The rank reversal was preceded by a decline in proximity maintenance
by females to the alpha male, and an increase, in the amount of aggression directed toward the alpha male by the beta female
and her female coalition partners. At the time of the rank reversal, females switched from giving thegargle vocalization exclusively to the old alpha male to gargling to the new alpha male; however, juveniles were less consistent
with regard to which male they gargled to. At the time of the rank reversal, most adult females reduced the time spent in
proximity and grooming with the old alpha male, and increased the time spent in proximity and grooming with the new alpha
male. In contrast, juveniles' patterns of affiliation with males did not change in a predictable way following the reversal.
The social strategies employed by capuchin monkeys during this rank reversal are compared with those of chimpanzees. 相似文献
11.
Furuichi T 《Evolutionary anthropology》2011,20(4):131-142
Although chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are closely related, females of the two species show surprisingly large differences in many behavioral aspects. While female chimpanzees tend to range alone or in small parties during non-estrous periods, female bonobos aggregate even more often than do males. Female chimpanzees do not have frequent social interactions with other females, whereas female bonobos maintain close social associations with one another. Although the ranging patterns of chimpanzee parties are generally led by males, female bonobos often take the initiative in ranging behavior. While female chimpanzees usually do not exhibit estrus during postpartum amenorrhea or pregnancy, female bonobos exhibit a prolonged pseudo-estrus during such non-conceptive periods. Studies of these two species have also shown great differences in agonistic behaviors performed by males. Male chimpanzees frequently fight with other males to compete for estrous females, but male bonobos seldom do so. While there are many records of infanticide by male chimpanzees, there is no confirmed record of such an event among bonobos. Several cases of within-group killing among adult male chimpanzees have been reported, but there is no such record for bonobos. While intergroup conflicts among chimpanzees sometimes involve killing members of the other group, intergroup conflicts among bonobos are considerably more moderate. In some cases, bonobos from two different groups may even range together for several days while engaging in various peaceful interactions. I will address two important questions that arise from these comparisons, exploring why females of such closely related species show such clear differences in behavior and whether or not the behavioral characteristics of female bonobos contribute to the peaceful nature of bonobo society. 相似文献
12.
We investigated the relative importance of olfaction versus vision in the mate-finding behavior of Agrilus planipennis. When coupled in male–female, male–male and female–female pairs, attempts to mate occurred only in the male–female pairs,
suggesting that beetles can identify the opposite sex before attempting to mate. In a set of sensory deprivation experiments
with male–female pairs, we evaluated whether males could find females when deprived of their sense of olfaction, vision or
both. Males whose antennae were blocked with model paint took significantly longer to find females and spent less time in
copula compared to untreated males. Males whose eyes were similarly blocked did not differ in their mate finding capacity
compared to untreated males. In a third experiment that compared both olfaction and vision, olfactorily impaired beetles never
mated whereas the mate finding potential of visually impaired beetles did not differ from that of untreated beetles. Our results
indicate that males can identify females before coming into physical contact with them, and that at short range (≤5 cm), volatile
cues detected by olfaction are involved in mate finding by A. planipennis. 相似文献
13.
For species of primates in which females emigrate, we would expect males within groups to be related to one another. Kin selection
theory suggests that these males should associate preferentially with one another, be more affiliative and cooperative with
one another than females are, and compete less overtly with one another over reproductive opportunities than males in female
philopatric taxa do. Precisely these patterns of social behavior characterize well-studied populations of 2 of the 3 atelin
primate genera: spider monkeys (Ateles) and muriquis (Brachyteles). For the third atelin genus, Lagothrix, patterns of intragroup social behavior have been less well-documented. We studied the social and reproductive behavior of
lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) in Ecuador during a one-year observational study and subsequently used molecular techniques to investigate population genetic
structure and dispersal patterns for this taxon.
Among adult male woolly monkeys, both affiliative and agonistic interactions were rare, and males were seldom in close proximity
to one another. Relationships among male woolly monkeys are best characterized as tolerant, especially in the context of mating
wherein direct competition among males was minimal despite the fact that females mated with multiple males. Relationships
among females were likewise generally tolerant but nonaffiliative, though females often directed harassment towards copulating
pairs. Affiliative interactions that did occur among woolly monkeys tended to be directed either between the sexes—primarily
from female to male—or from younger towards older males, and the proximity partners of females tended to be members of the
opposite sex. These results suggest that bonds between the sexes may be more important than same-sex social relationships
and that direct female-female competition is an important feature of woolly monkey reproductive biology. Our genetic results
indicate that, as in other atelins, dispersal by females is common, but some male dispersal likely occurs as well. In some
but not all groups we studied, nonjuvenile males within social groups were more closely related to one another on average
than females were, which is consistent with greater male than female philopatry. However, differences in these patterns among
our study groups may reflect local variation in dispersal behavior. 相似文献
14.
Takeshi Furuichi 《International journal of primatology》1989,10(3):173-197
The unit-group of Pan paniscustends to form one large mixed party consisting of most of its members. Females usually stay in the party irrespective of their
estrous state. They aggregate in the center of the party; and, older females stay in the most central part. Adult and adolescent
sons of the old adult females stay in the central part more than males without mothers in the unit-group do. Females leave
their natal unit-groups as older juveniles or in early adolescence and. settle in another unit-group after visiting several.
Newly immigrated young females are eager to have social interactions with senior females to improve their social positions.
Females become less eager to interact socially with other females when they have their own offspring. The strong bond between
mother and son continues into his adulthood; and, females in old age become important members of the unit-group, both as the
targets of association for younger females and as the mothers of highranking males. High social status of females seems related
to their cohesive grouping tendency. The consistency of the multimale/multifemale party and the existence of prominent mother-offspring
subunits are unique characteristics of P. paniscusamong the Pongidae. This social structure may provide a feasible model of the basic society from which human society evolved. 相似文献
15.
Dominance among male chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park,Tanzania: A preliminary study
Hitoshige Hayaki Michael A. Huffman Toshisada Nishida 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(2):187-197
Dominance relationships among male chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, were analyzed. Although all
adolescent males were unequivocally subordinate to all adult males, dominance relationships within the age classes were much
less clear. Especially among adolescent males, few pant-grunts or agonistic interactions occurred. While adolescent males
frequently pant-grunted at adult males, these latter males, except the alpha and the youngest, rarely pant-grunted to one
another. This suggests that a difference of social status exists between adolescent and adult males. Adult males rarely display
overt dominance to one another probably because the presence of other males affects their interactions. Moreover, they seem
to try to keep their dominance relationship ambiguous when making it overt is not advantageous to them. This may be a political
way for males to coexist with one another in a unit-group. 相似文献
16.
Kenji Kawanaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(3):285-305
The behavior and social interactions of young male chimpanzees were studied in relation to their age change. The data were
obtained at the Mahale Mountains National Park, during a four-month period in 1986. Early adolescent males, becoming independent
of their mothers, spend a long time near adults of both sexes. Late adolescent males are not tolerated by the senior males.
Although such animals do not stop traveling together with their seniors, they are separated from the other members including
the males of their own age class, and each of them lives a relatively lonely life. Where seniors are not nearby, they perform
charging displays in front of estrous females. Young adult males tend to remain in the proximity of the alpha male, and can
associate with their seniors without pant-grunting. Although some young adult males dominate over some senior males, increasingly
performing charging displays, they do not appear to be permitted to associate intimately with their seniors; they are not
yet considered to have attained social maturity. Prime and senior males are strongly bonded with one another, being able to
associate intimately with those of their own or senior age classes including the alpha male. A young adult male's rise in
rank is not connected with joining the “adult male-cluster,” nor does a senior male's decline necessarily means his dropping
out from the cluster: the social position of male chimpanzees cannot be understood solely from their agonistic dominance rank.
The alpha male plays a leading part in integrating the males of the unit-group. Young adult males and their seniors tend to
associate most frequently with him, and all the males of the early adolescent or senior age classes pay attention to his movements. 相似文献
17.
Rossana Perrone Omar Macadar Ana Silva 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2009,195(5):501-514
Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus (pulse-type weakly electric fish) is a gregarious species that displays reproductive behavior and agonistic encounters between
males only during the breeding season. During social interactions, in addition to its basal electric organ discharge (EOD),
fish emit social electric signals (SESs) in the contexts of reproduction and intrasexual aggression. We reproduced natural
behavior in laboratory settings: SESs recorded in the field are indistinguishable from those observed in our experimental
setup. SESs are nocturnal, change seasonally and exhibit sexual dimorphism. This study provides an exhaustive characterization
and classification of SESs produced by males and females during the breeding season. In male–female dyads, males produce accelerations
and chirps while females interrupt their EODs. The same SESs are observed in male–male dyads. We present a novel, thorough
classification of male chirps into four independent types (A, B, C, and M) based on their duration and internal structure.
The type M chirp is only observed in male–male dyads. Chirps and interruptions, both in male–female and male–male dyads, are
emitted in bouts, which are also grouped throughout the night. Our data suggest the existence of a sophisticated electric
dialog during reproductive and aggressive interaction whose precise timing and behavioral significance are being investigated. 相似文献
18.
Opportunistic and restrictive matings among wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains,Tanzania 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The mating patterns of free-ranging chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, were studied. Opportunistic mating (non-competitive and temporary mating) was frequently
observed in a large-sized unit-group, among young, low-ranking males, and among young, newcomer, non-ovulating females. Restrictive
mating (a continuous sexual relationship between a particular pair which includes possessiveness and consortship) was frequently
observed in a small-sized unit-group, among middle- and old-aged, high-ranking males, and among old, resident, ovulating females.
Relations between those characteristics, such as group size and composition, ages of the individuals of both sexes, female
estrous stages, and life history, and the 2 mating patterns are discussed. 相似文献
19.
The courtship behavior of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Red-headed Amazon River Turtle) in captivity was studied to examine female receptivity and male response to female rejection.
We observed 20 females and 39 males in 150 sessions (3–6 h/day for a total of 450 h). In 36% of the trials, there was no interaction
between males and females, and 20% of the trials resulted in copulations. All males introduced into tanks approached females,
and eventually there was aggression among the males. In 48% of the experiments, females also searched for or approached males.
When males initially approached females, they either accepted the male’s advances (14%), rejected the male passively (38%),
or rejected the male aggressively (48%). In 86% of the cases where males were rejected, 4% attempted to approach females again,
and in 51% they were ultimately successful. 相似文献
20.
Recent studies have indicated that mating success of large malesmay improve under increasing levels of mating competition. Thisoutcome is explained 1) if male mating competition is overridingfemale preferences for male traits that are unrelated to, ornegatively correlated with, male size and dominance and, inso doing, dictates the distribution of matings or 2) if femalesalter their preferences with respect to large males when male–malecompetition is intense. Under both hypotheses, one could expectlarge, dominant males to be more successful under intense competitionthan under weak competition. However, only the first explanationpredicts that male mating success under intense competitionshould be determined by dominance; traits that are unrelatedto male dominance should be uncorrelated to mating success.In contrast, if females change their preferences (explanation2), males with traits beneficial to females independent of thecompetitive environment can maintain a high mating success underall levels of male–male competition. We tested these alternativesusing a small marine fish, the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus.The mating success of large males increased under conditionsallowing intense male competition, whereas females showed apreference for good nest building independent of the level ofcompetition. These findings suggest that females are in controlof their choice by altering their preference for male size inresponse to the intensity of male–male competition ratherthan female preference being overshadowed by male dominance.This plasticity of preferences implies that the strength ofsexual selection is not constant at the population level. 相似文献