Social Behavior,Reproductive Strategies,and Population Genetic Structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lagothrix poeppigii</Emphasis> |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">Anthony?Di?FioreEmail author Robert?C?Fleischer |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Anthropology and Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University and NYCEP (New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology), USA;(2) Genetics Program, Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, USA;(3) Department of Anthropology, New York University, Rufus Smith Hall, Room 802/803, 25 Waverly Place, New York, 10003, NY |
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Abstract: | For species of primates in which females emigrate, we would expect males within groups to be related to one another. Kin selection
theory suggests that these males should associate preferentially with one another, be more affiliative and cooperative with
one another than females are, and compete less overtly with one another over reproductive opportunities than males in female
philopatric taxa do. Precisely these patterns of social behavior characterize well-studied populations of 2 of the 3 atelin
primate genera: spider monkeys (Ateles) and muriquis (Brachyteles). For the third atelin genus, Lagothrix, patterns of intragroup social behavior have been less well-documented. We studied the social and reproductive behavior of
lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) in Ecuador during a one-year observational study and subsequently used molecular techniques to investigate population genetic
structure and dispersal patterns for this taxon.
Among adult male woolly monkeys, both affiliative and agonistic interactions were rare, and males were seldom in close proximity
to one another. Relationships among male woolly monkeys are best characterized as tolerant, especially in the context of mating
wherein direct competition among males was minimal despite the fact that females mated with multiple males. Relationships
among females were likewise generally tolerant but nonaffiliative, though females often directed harassment towards copulating
pairs. Affiliative interactions that did occur among woolly monkeys tended to be directed either between the sexes—primarily
from female to male—or from younger towards older males, and the proximity partners of females tended to be members of the
opposite sex. These results suggest that bonds between the sexes may be more important than same-sex social relationships
and that direct female-female competition is an important feature of woolly monkey reproductive biology. Our genetic results
indicate that, as in other atelins, dispersal by females is common, but some male dispersal likely occurs as well. In some
but not all groups we studied, nonjuvenile males within social groups were more closely related to one another on average
than females were, which is consistent with greater male than female philopatry. However, differences in these patterns among
our study groups may reflect local variation in dispersal behavior. |
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Keywords: | atelins woolly monkeys Lagothrix social behavior mating strategies female competition PCR microsatellite population structure intragroup relatedness |
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