不同饵料养殖黄喉拟水龟效果的研究

用5种不同的饵料(中华鳖配合饲料、蚯蚓、鲢鱼肉、福寿螺肉和河蚌肉)分别投喂黄喉拟水龟幼龟,结果表明,①投喂中华鳖配合饲料的黄喉拟水龟,其增重速度最快,平均日增重和蛋白质效率都最高,且耗料增重比最低,其后依次是: 蚯蚓＞鲢鱼肉＞福寿螺肉＞河蚌肉.②投喂福寿螺肉的黄喉拟水龟,其饵料成本最低,其后依次是: 中华鳖配合饲料＞蚯蚓＞河蚌肉＞鲢鱼肉.③中华鳖配合饲料是养殖黄喉拟水龟较好的饵料,但福寿螺、蚯蚓来源方便,也不失为养殖黄喉拟水龟的好饵料.     

不同蛋白质水平的饵料对黄喉拟水龟生长影响的研究

依据单因子梯度设计原理,采用进口鱼粉、豆粕为主要蛋白源制成蛋白质含量分别为50.2%、47.3%、44.3%和41.4%共4种试验饵料,研究不同蛋白质水平饵料对黄喉拟水龟生长的影响.结果 表明,经过120 d对80只黄喉拟水龟幼龟的饲养,当饵料的蛋白质含量为47.3%时,黄喉拟水龟的生长速度最快,均显著高于其他3个组(P<0.05);蛋白质效率最高,极显著高于50.2%组(P<0.01),也分别显著高于44.3%组和41.4%组(P<0.05);耗料增重比最低,分别极显著低于44.3%组和50.2%组(P<0.01),也显著低于41.4%组(P<0.05).但不同蛋白质水平的饵料对黄喉拟水龟龟体蛋白质含量没有明显的影响(P>0.05).     

三种饵料模式对中华绒螯蟹蟹种早期养殖性能、非特异免疫性能及抗病力的影响

为评估不同投喂模式对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)蟹种质量的影响,采用养殖实验、非特异性免疫指标分析和攻毒实验方法,比较了配合饲料、传统饵料和混合投喂模式培育扣蟹在成蟹养殖早期的养殖性能、免疫性能和攻毒后死亡率的变化。所检测的非特异性免疫指标包括碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酚氧化酶(PO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及血蓝蛋白(Hc)活性或含量。采用毒力较强的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophilia)Y-2-L-1菌株进行攻毒实验。结果显示:(1)无论雄蟹还是雌蟹,配合饲料组第一次蜕壳间期均短于传统投喂和混合投喂模式,且配合饲料组增重率(WGR)及体重特定增长率(SGR)均显著高于另外两组(P0.05);(2)就肝胰腺中非特异性免疫指标而言,无论雄蟹还是雌蟹,配合饲料组γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均高于另外两组,其中γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)差异显著;传统投喂组酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)和过氧化物酶(POD)含量均高于另外两组,其中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和一氧化氮(NO)含量差异显著;(3)就血清中各免疫指标而言,配合饲料组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性高于另外两组,但差异均不显著(P0.05),传统投喂组碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、丙二醛(MDA)及血蓝蛋白(Hc)等指标含量均高于另外两组,其中丙二醛(MDA)差异显著;(4)无论雄蟹还是雌蟹,传统投喂组扣蟹攻毒后12~96 h的累计死亡率一直高于配合饲料组和混合投喂组,配合饲料组和混合投喂组雄体攻毒后的累计死亡率接近,混合投喂组雌体累计死亡率居于传统投喂组和配合饲料组之间。综上,投喂配合饲料可以提高扣蟹在成蟹早期的养殖性能、免疫性能和攻毒后的成活率,有利于提高蟹种质量。     

不同饵料对大口黑鲈生长性能和肠道微生物的影响

以冰鲜鱼、配合饲料和混合投喂3种饵料, 研究其对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性能和肠道微生物的影响。结果表明, 在生长性能方面, 配合饲料组试验鱼的末均重、体长、增重率和特定生长率均显著低于冰鲜鱼组和混合投喂组(P<0.05), 混合投喂组最后养成规格最大, 生长速度也最快, 但与冰鲜鱼组差异不显著(P>0.05)。在肠道微生物群落的丰富度与多样性方面, 配合饲料投喂组丰富度最高, 冰鲜鱼组最低, 但冰鲜鱼组多样性最高, 配合饲料投喂组次之, 混合投喂组最低。在门级水平上, 厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)是大口黑鲈肠道优势菌群。属级水平上, 冰鲜鱼组的优势菌属主要为支原体属(Mycoplasma)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)及聚球菌属(Synechococcus_CC9902); 配合饲料组优势菌属为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、罗姆布茨菌(Romboutsia)及分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium); 混合投喂组优势菌属则是支原体属(Mycoplasma)、厌氧氨氧化菌(Candidatus_Brocadia)及罗姆布茨菌(Romboutsia)。功能预测表明, 配合饲料投喂组大口黑鲈肠道菌群在“能量生产与转化”“碳水化合物运输和代谢”“氨基酸转运与代谢”和“脂质转运与代谢”等功能类群的相对丰度最高, 而冰鲜鱼组肠道菌群在“核苷酸的转运和代谢”“辅酶运输和代谢和翻译”“核糖体结构和生物发生”等功能类群的相对丰度占优。饵料对大口黑鲈的生长、肠道菌群组成和功能都具有显著的影响。研究为大口黑鲈的配合饲料开发和健康养殖提供了理论依据。     

配合饲料和鲢鱼肉对大鲵生长的比较试验

为探讨人工配合饲料和鲢鱼肉对大鲵生长、消化和抗氧化能力的影响, 试验选取初始体重为(20.99±0.15) g的大鲵幼体48尾, 随机分成2组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复8尾, 分别投喂人工配合饲料(粗蛋白55.67%, 粗脂肪6.83%)和鲢鱼肉(粗蛋白18.03%, 粗脂肪4.11%)共92d。结果显示: (1)饲料组大鲵的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质沉积率(PRR)和肌肉蛋白质合成能力均显著高于鱼肉组, 饲料系数(FCR)和存活率(SR)在两个试验组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)在大鲵摄食人工配合饲料后, 全鲵粗蛋白、皮肤胶原蛋白及粗灰分含量均显著高于鱼肉组(P<0.05), 而全鲵水分、粗脂肪与肌肉的粗脂肪和粗灰分含量显著低于鱼肉组(P<0.05)。(3)饲喂鲢鱼肉的大鲵胃蛋白酶活性显著高于饲料组(P<0.05), 而两个试验组的胃H+-K+-ATP酶和肠道消化酶活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。(4)饲喂人工配合饲料的大鲵肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于鱼肉组(P<0.05), 而肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于鱼肉组(P<0.05), 两个试验组的肠道抗氧化指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明, 在实验条件下, 大鲵可主动摄食人工配合饲料, 而且相比于投喂新鲜鲢鱼肉, 人工配合饲料饲喂大鲵, 在提高生长性能、促进大鲵合成皮肤胶原蛋白和肝脏抗氧化能力等方面更具优势, 说明人工配合饲料可以替代新鲜饵料成为大鲵的主要饵料。     

中药超微粉对早期断奶仔猪白细胞分类和抗氧化功能的影响

为了研制高效、安全、无污染的抗生素替代物作为断奶仔猪饲料添加剂,本研究观察了中药超微粉对21日龄断奶仔猪外周血白细胞分类和血清抗氧化功能的影响。结果表明,D7时,超微粉组MDA含量显著小于抗生素组和对照组(P<0.05),NO含量显著小于对照组(P<0.05);D14时,超微粉组NO含量显著大于抗生素组和对照组(P<0.05);D28时,超微粉组NEU计数和百分率及MON百分率均显著小于、LYM百分率显著大于对照组(P<0.05),N/L小于抗生素组(P>0.05)、显著小于对照组(P<0.05),SOD活性显著大于抗生素组和对照组(P<0.05),GSH活性显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。上述指标的变化,与该超微粉对断奶仔猪的防病促生长作用有一定联系。     

发酵饲料对日本沼虾生长性能、抗氧化能力及肠道微生物的影响

为探究发酵饲料在日本沼虾中的养殖效果,设计5个试验组,分别投喂L1(100%基础饲料组)、L2(87.5%基础饲料+12.5%发酵饲料)、L3(75%基础饲料+25%发酵饲料)、L4(50%基础饲料+50%发酵饲料)和L5(100%发酵饲料)。试验选取大小相近的日本沼虾(0.09±0.01) g进行为期56d的养殖试验,评估日本沼虾生长性能,抗氧化指标和肠道微生物组成。结果显示,饲料经过发酵后可溶蛋白和小肽含量得到显著提高(P<0.05),饲料有益菌含量增加,霉菌得到抑制。养殖试验表明各组存活率均在80%以上,增重率呈先上升后下降趋势, L3和L4组增重率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饵料系数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。L3、L4和L5组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于L1组(P<0.05), L2、L3和L4组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于L1组(P<0.05),L2和L5超氧阴离子清除率显著高于L1组(P<0.05)。各试验组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。肠道微生物测序结果显示,...     

不同养殖方式下黄喉拟水龟的增重及其经济效益的对比研究

分别采用常温养殖法和“两头加温”养殖法对黄喉拟水龟进行为期两周年的养殖对比研究,结果表明,常温养殖法养殖的黄喉拟水龟平均个体重由16 g增加到306.6 g,平均日增重0.40 g,生长增重模式为：W常=14.3186（1.0042）D（r=0.9613,F=2026.38）,饵料系数为8.35,成活率75%,增重1 kg活体需成本59.45元;“两头加温”法养殖的黄喉拟水龟平均个体重由16 g增加到642.3 g,平均日增重0.86 g,生长增重模式为：W加=19.2088（1.0048）D（r=0.9661,F=142.35）,饵料系数为7.82,成活率为90%,增重1 kg活体需成本93.63元.试验期间,采用“两头加温”法养殖的黄喉拟水龟获利4481.80元,是常温养殖法78.56元的57倍.     

蚕蛹基础日粮中添加不同脂肪源对框鳞镜鲤生长、体成分及健康状况的影响

将324尾健康框鳞镜鲤Cyprinus carpio var. specularis (10.700.70) g随机平均分配在室内循环水养殖系统的12个养殖缸里。在蚕蛹基础饲料中分别添加2%的大豆油(SO)、菜籽油(RO)、鱼油(FO)及混合油(MIX, 大豆油:菜籽油:鱼油=1:1:1), 配制4组等氮(36.5%)等脂(7.0%)饲料, 饲养58d后, 探讨框鳞镜鲤对不同脂肪源的利用效果。结果表明:(1)大豆油组终末体重显著大于混和油组, 肠长比显著大于其他各组, 肥满度和肠指数显著大于鱼油组(P0.05); 肝胰脏指数混合油组显著低于鱼油组和大豆油组, 菜籽油组显著低于大豆油组(P0.05); (2)全鱼水分大豆油组显著高于菜籽油组和混合油组, 粗脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05); 肌肉水分大豆油组显著大于鱼油组和混合油组(P0.05); 不同脂肪源对框鲤全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白和灰分、肌肉粗脂肪、肝胰脏的一般体成分无显著影响(P0.05); (3)肝胰脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成基本反映了饲料的脂肪酸组成; 肝胰脏PUFA水平大豆油和菜籽油组相近, 均显著高于鱼油组(P0.05); 肌肉PUFA水平大豆油组显著高于鱼油组(P0.05), 肌肉HUFA水平菜籽油组显著高于鱼油组和混合油组(P0.05); (4)除菜籽油组血清GLU水平显著高于大豆油组外(P0.05), 4种脂肪源对框鲤其他血清生化指标水平没有显著影响(P0.05); (5)组间血清T-SOD活性没有显著差异(P0.05), 大豆油组GSH-XP活性显著大于其他各组(P0.05), MDA水平显著低于鱼油组及混合油组(P0.05), 鱼油组血清AKP活性显著低于其他各组(P0.05); 鱼油组肝胰脏T-SOD活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05), AKP活性显著高于菜籽油组和混合油(P0.05), GSH-XP活性显著高于混合油组(P0.05), MDA水平各组无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述, 框鳞镜鲤对大豆油的利用效果最好, 其次是菜籽油、鱼油和混合油利用效果较差。       

针对性输液知识教育在门诊输液病人中的应用研究

目的 探讨针对性输液知识教育在门诊输液病人中的应用.方法 对220例门诊输液的患者随机分为观察组及对照组,以发放自行设计制作针对性输液知识教育卡的门诊输液患者为观察组,以同期未发放针对性输液知识教育卡的门诊输液患者为对照组,观察两组问的药物相关知识掌握、焦虑担心、配合度、满意度.结果 观察组对药物相关知识的掌握、配合度、满意度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),观察组的焦虑担心显著低于对照组(P<0.001).结论 在门诊输液病人中开展针对性输液知识教育,可规范门诊输液流程,提高健康教育效果及输液安全.     

Influence of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, body composition and utilization efficiencies of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus L.

Growth, body composition and feed utilization were evaluated for Arctic charr fed a control diet and nine practical diets formulated to contain three protein levels (34, 44 or 54%) at each of three lipid levels (10, 15 or 20%). Fish were raised for 24 weeks at 12° C. Increasing either dietary protein and/or lipid resulted in improved weight gain, feed efficiency and energy retained. Protein efficiency ratio and protein retained were directly related to dietary lipid and inversely related to dietary protein. A sparing effect of lipid on protein was evident where, at each protein level, Arctic charr utilized protein more efficiently with each increase in dietary lipid. Levels of 34% protein and/or 10% lipid were well below the requirements for Arctic charr (initial weight, 4.6 g). Within the range tested, the dietary combination of 54% protein with 20% lipid maximized weight gain and feed efficiency and resulted in fish with low liver and body lipid contents. However, if lowest feed cost per kg gain is an important factor, the 44% protein—20% lipid diet would be less expensive to use, although it results in a minor reduction in growth potential.     

鲩鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus鱼种生长阶段蛋白质最适需要量的研究

采用蛋白质梯度饲养法,进行了三期试验。试验饲料分别以酪蛋白和鱼肉蛋白为蛋白源,饲料蛋白质含量范围为0.44-50.16%,在水温26-30.5℃条件下,研究了鲩鱼鱼种生长阶段(平均体重2.4-8.0克)在日投喂量占体重5-9%情况下,饲料蛋白质最适需要量,经采用直线回归和抛物线回归计算确定为22.77-27.66%。鲩鱼对饲料蛋白质利用率,随饲料蛋白质含量增高而下降,成负的直线相关关系:Y=29.2786-0.5296X。在蛋白质最适需要量范围,鲩鱼对蛋白质利用率波动于14.72-17.11%。       

军曹鱼营养需求与饲料研究进展

目前, 养殖鱼类已成为满足人类对水产品需求的主要来源。军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)具有生长速度快、肉质细嫩鲜美、营养价值高等特点, 已成为我国南方重要的海水网箱养殖鱼类。然而, 目前饲养军曹鱼仍主要依靠冰鲜杂鱼, 特别是大规格鱼的养殖, 这严重制约其养殖业的健康发展, 研发适合不同生长阶段需要的配合饲料非常必要。文章重点总结了军曹鱼对蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量营养素等的需求, 饲料中鱼粉和鱼油替代研究, 饲料添加剂应用及其饲料产业发展现状, 以期为军曹鱼营养需求和配合饲料开发的深入研究提供参考。     

Effect of water temperature and dietary starch on growth and metabolic utilization of diets in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles

We evaluated the effect of dietary starch level on growth performance, feed utilization, whole-body composition and activity of selected key enzymes of intermediary metabolism in gilthead sea bream juveniles reared at 18 and 25 degrees C. A diet was formulated to contain 48% crude protein, 12% lipids and 30% gelatinized maize starch (diet 30GS). Two other diets were formulated to include the same level of ingredients as diet 30GS except for the gelatinized starch, which was included at 20% (diet 20GS) or 10% (diet 10GS). No adjustment to diet composition was otherwise made. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of gilthead sea bream (30 g initial mass) for 8 weeks, on a pair-feeding scheme. The higher temperature improved growth performance but the opposite was true for feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio. Independently of temperature, growth performance, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were lower in fish fed diet 30GS. No effect of temperature or dietary starch level on whole-body composition was noticed. Hepatosomatic index and liver glycogen were higher at 18 degrees C and, within each temperature, in fish fed diet 30GS. Glycemia was not affected by temperature, but was lower in fish fed diet 10GS. Data on enzyme activities showed that increasing water temperature enhances liver glucokinase (GK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities, suggesting that gilthead sea bream is more apt to use dietary starch at higher temperatures. No effect of temperature was noticed on hexokinase (HK), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities. Dietary starch enhanced PK and FBPase activities while depressed GDH activity, suggesting a lack of significant regulation of hepatic glucose utilization and production in this species. HK, GK and G6PD activities were unaffected by dietary composition. Irrespectively of water temperature, gelatinized starch may be included up to 20% in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles; at higher dietary levels, growth and efficiency of feed utilization are depressed.     

Amino acids modulates the intestinal proteome associated with immune and stress response in weaning pig

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of free amino acids supplementation to protein restricted diet on the intestinal morphology and proteome composition in weaning pigs. Weanling piglets were randomly fed one of the three diets including a corn-soybean based control diet and two lower protein diets with or without free amino acids supplementation for 2 weeks. The jejunum samples of piglets were collected for morphology and proteome analysis. Compared with the control diet, the protein restricted diet had a significant lower average daily gain and higher feed conversion rate. Free amino acids supplementation to the protein restricted diet significantly improved average daily gain and higher feed conversion rate, compared with the protein restricted diet. The villous height in pigs fed the protein restricted diet was lower than that of the control and free amino acids diet. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we identified 16 differentially expressed protein spots in the jejunum of the weaning piglet. These proteins were related to stress and immune response, the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and tissue structure. Based on the proteome and ELISA analysis, free amino acids diet significantly down-regulated the jejunal expression of stress protein heat shock 60 kDa protein. Our results indicated that amino acids supplementation to the protein restricted diet could enhance weight gain and feed efficiency in weanling pigs through improving intestinal nutrient absorption and transportation, gut health, and mucosal immunity.     

Value of freshly produced lucerne juice as a source of supplemental protein for the growing pig

An experiment was described, involving 48 individually-fed pigs from 20 to 60 kg liveweight, in which the value of freshly produced lucerne juice as a source of protein was determined. The juice was the product of a green-crop fractionation process and was produced daily except Sundays. It was given without any preservatives within 22 h of production, twice daily. The juice was supplied in amounts required to replace half of the protein supplied by the 7% of white-fish meal in a control diet; it was given on the basis of its true protein content which was forecast to have an average value of 2.0%.Compared with the control pigs fed on an all-meal diet, those given juice grew at the same rate but had a significantly poorer feed:gain ratio and greater daily feed intake. They also had a thicker backfat layer and somewhat poorer commercial grading.Accepting these limitations, it was concluded that fresh lucerne juice, produced daily, could be given to the growing pig to supply half of the normal protein supplement in its diet.     

The sulfatides and some histochemical correlations of the lachrymal glands involved in salt secretion in Chelonia.

High concentrations of sulfolipids (four fractions having different hexose/sulfate ratio), intense enzyme activity (ATPase, oxoreductases) and evidence of mucines (staining with PAS and Alcian blue) in intercellular spaces were found in the lachrymal glands of Caretta caretta and Malaclemys terrapin adapted to sea water. In addition, the supranuclear region of the gland cells in Malaclemys terrapin is filled with mucin granules. These biochemical and histochemical observations indicate that these glands have a function in salt secretion in both species and are also consistent with a function of mucous secretion exclusively in Malaclemys terrapin. Limited signs of hypotrophy are not accompanied by changes in concentrations of sulfolipids in Malaclemys terrapin adapted to fresh water; only the reactions for enzyme activities are less intense. The mucous secretion is not affected, whereas, in correlation with changes in salt secretion, the change in ATPase activity is mot conspicuous. The correlations between the different components of the gland and salt secretion are compared with salt glands of birds and elasmobranchs.     

Influence of maternal diet during lactation and use of formula feeds on development of atopic eczema in high risk infants.

OBJECTIVE--To examine the effects of maternal diet during lactation and the use of formula feeds on the development of atopic eczema in infants at risk. DESIGN--Mothers who planned to breast feed exclusively were randomly allocated to either a restricted diet (avoiding milk and other dairy products, eggs, fish, peanuts, and soybeans) or a diet without restrictions. Mothers who did not plan to breast feed were randomly allocated to using one of three formula feeds. SETTING--Child health centre in Canada. SUBJECTS--97 Mothers who chose to breast feed and 124 mothers who did not. INTERVENTIONS--Restricted diet for 49 mothers who breast fed. Casein hydrolysate formula, soy milk formula, or cows'' milk formula for infants not breast fed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Development of eczema in babies. RESULTS--Infants were followed up over 18 months and examined for eczema. Eczema was less common and milder in babies who were breast fed and whose mothers were on a restricted diet (11/49 (22%) v 21/48 (48%)). In infants fed casein hydrolysate, soy milk, or cows'' milk 9/43 (21%), 26/41 (63%), and 28/40 (70%), respectively, developed atopic eczema. CONCLUSIONS--In families with a history of atopic disease [corrected] mothers who breast feed should avoid common allergenic foods during lactation. If they choose not to breast feed a hydrolysate formula should be used.     

cAMP-dependent signaling regulates the adipogenic effect of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

The effect of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) on adipogenesis and obesity is controversial. Using in vitro cell culture models, we show that n-6 PUFAs was pro-adipogenic under conditions with base-line levels of cAMP, but anti-adipogenic when the levels of cAMP were elevated. The anti-adipogenic action of n-6 PUFAs was dependent on a cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase expression and activity. We show that n-6 PUFAs were pro-adipogenic when combined with a high carbohydrate diet, but non-adipogenic when combined with a high protein diet in mice. The high protein diet increased the glucagon/insulin ratio, leading to elevated cAMP-dependent signaling and induction of cyclooxygenase-mediated prostaglandin synthesis. Mice fed the high protein diet had a markedly lower feed efficiency than mice fed the high carbohydrate diet. Yet, oxygen consumption and apparent heat production were similar. Mice on a high protein diet had increased hepatic expression of PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha) and genes involved in energy-demanding processes like urea synthesis and gluconeogenesis. We conclude that cAMP signaling is pivotal in regulating the adipogenic effect of n-6 PUFAs and that diet-induced differences in cAMP levels may explain the ability of n-6 PUFAs to either enhance or counteract adipogenesis and obesity.     

Nutritional evaluation,using rats,of diets based on cereals and ethanol-grown yeast

Six experiments on growing rats were conducted to measure the nutritive value of diets based on cereals (wheat and barley, 1:1) and ethanol-grown yeast. Optimum protein provision in isonitrogenous diets (11.3% crude protein) determined on the basis of live weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio was found to be 60 and 40% for cereal and yeast protein, respectively, corresponding to a diet containing 84.5% cereals and 13.2% yeast (Experiments 1 and 2). The addition of single amino acids (l-lysine, 0.05–0.15%; dl-methionine, 0.1–0.3%) or their combinations (l-lysine + dl-methionine, 0.05 + 0.1%; 0.1 + 0.1%; 0.05 + 0.2%; and 0.1 + 0.2%) to the diet containing 13.2% yeast had no significant effect on either growth rate or feed efficiency (Experiments 3 and 4). A non-fortified diet alone proved to be comparable in nutritive value to a standard diet containing high-quality protein components.The diet with yeast providing 20% and cereals providing 80% of the total protein (5.55% yeast, 92.15% cereals) with combined supplement of amino acids ($\text{dl}\text{-methionine}\text{0.2\% +}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{0.2\% +}\text{l}\text{-isoleucine}\text{0.1\%}$; Experiment 5) promoted growth rate and feed efficiency similar to the standard diet, in spite of the fact that the experimental diet protein-content was about 3% lower. In a separate experiment (Experiment 6), similar results were achieved with the supplement of l-lysine alone (0.15% of the diet).As suggested by the results of model experiments on rats, the nutritive value of diets based on cereals and ethanol-grown yeast, possibly supplemented with amino acids, is comparable with that of diets containing animal protein components.